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E-Rock Index Properties PDF
E-Rock Index Properties PDF
Mass
Easily determined properties useful in the quantitative description of rocks :-
1. POROSITY
ROCK MASS
2. DENSITY
INTACT ROCK AND
3. ACOUSTIC VELOCITY
DISCONTINUITIES
4. PERMEABILITY
5. STRENGTH
6. DURABILITY
Laboratory
Specimen
Index properties determined in the laboratory relate most closely to
the behaviour of INTACT ROCK. They are of lesser importance and
Block of Joints
require caution when used in the prediction of ROCK MASS behaviour Intact Rock
Material
POROSITY
TYPICAL
POROSITY
Porosity shows some useful empirical correlations :- VALUES
For similar rock types porosity also shows correlations Porosity decreases
with :- with depth
Porosity increases
NEGATIVE : Geological age due to weathering
Depth of burial
1
POROSITY v DEPTH AND UCS
DENSITY OR UNIT WEIGHT
Uniaxial Compressive Strength, MPa
250 UCS reduction
0 Increasing
overburden 200 Rock density is often a function of porosity since most rocks
Depth below surface (km)
2 NEGATIVE : Porosity
ρ and γ
0.05 0.1 0.3 0 10 20 30 Weathering
Porosity, %
Log Porosity
2
ACOUSTIC VELOCITY LABORATORY ACOUSTIC VELOCITY TESTING
• Acoustic velocity in rock cores is easily determined by measuring the
travel time of vibrational waves introduced by piezoelectric crystals. Transmitter
• Compression (P) and shear (S) waves can be measured but the more
standard index tests use only P-wave velocity Pulse Power
Specimen
• The transmitted wave velocity depends on rock elastic properties and Generator Amplifier Preamplifier
density. Fractures cause marked changes in elastic properties and
transmission velocities are sensitive to fracturing. Receiver
Oscilloscope
Receiver Transmitter
Transducers S-wave
P-wave
Oscilloscope
Geophones
ACOUSTIC VELOCITY
3
MINERALS Vp(m/s) ROCKS Vp (m/s) ROCK QUALITY CLASSIFICATION IN
Olivine 8400 Gabbro 6800-7200 RELATION TO EXCAVATION
Pyrite 8000 Basalt 6500-7200
Dolomite 7500 Dolomite 6500-7000 6
EH Blast to fracture
Epidote 7450 Limestone 5500-6500
2
Magnetite 7400 Sandstone 5000-6000 VH
TYPICAL
Amphibole 7200
ACOUSTIC 0.2
H
Blast to loosen
Calcite 6600
VELOCITY M
0.06
Plagioclase 6250 VALUES L Rip
0.02 Dig
Quartz 6050 VL
Muscovite 5800 VL L M H VH EH
0.03 0.1 0.3 1 3 10 30
Orthoclase 5800 Point Load Strength
MN/m 2
4
ROCK STRENGTH DESIGNATION AND
CRUDE TEST CRITERIA FOR ESTIMATING
INTACT ROCK STRENGTH IN FIELD (ISRM)
STRENGTH
POINT LOAD TEST
5
Point load tester POINT LOAD SPECIMENS can be tested as :-
Hardened conical Diametral test :- loaded across the diameter of the core
platens L
L>0.5D
D
W
L>0.5D
L
Irregular lump:- should be spheroidal.
D
DIAMETRAL TEST The ISRM suggested method includes
a size correction procedure to determine Is50 from
diametral, axial and irregular lump tests.
P50 = 18kN
250
10 1.0
P (kN)
6
UCS, MPa
0.6
2
0.2
VALID TESTS Co = 22Is(50)
100 200 500 1000 2500 40 80 100 140 50
De2 (mm2) De (equivalent ) core
diameter (mm) 0 6 10 14
Is(50)
Graphical Procedure Size Correction Factor INVALID TESTS
6
RANGE OF UCS VALUES FOR INTACT ROCK
POINT LOAD INDEX VALUES
Material Point Load Index (MPa) P
Tertiary Sandstone and claystone 0.05-1.0 Co=P/A
Coal 0.2-2.0
Limestone 0.25-8.0
Mudstone, shale 0.2-8.0
Volcanic Flow rocks 3.0-15.0
Dolomite 6.0-11.0
REBOUND TESTS
SCHMIDT HAMMER
Originally used for non destructive testing of concrete. Four types
of hammer available with varying impact energy. The rebound of
the hammer mass after impact on the rock surface can be read
directly from the instrument casing (Schmidt hardness number.)
7
HARDNESS
SLAKE DURABILITY
CONE INDENTORS
Changes in rock properties due to processes of chemical and
Several tests are available for measuring the hardness of rocks, most
mechanical breakdown (eg. exfoliation, hydration, solution,
adapted from metallurgy and called Indentation tests
oxidation, abrasion etc.) can be very important in engineering
The hardness values obtained from the indentation tests have been
applications. A good index test of rock degradability is the Slake
correlated with unconfined compressive strength, Co.
Durability Index.
ABRASIVENESS Apparatus :-
• 140mm diameter drum with 100mm long 2mm mesh walls.
• trough to contain drum + water
CERCHAR ABRASIVENESS TEST • motor drive (20rpm)
A sharp hardened steel stylus is passed across the rock surface for
a distance of 10mm under a load of 7kgf .. the unit of abrasiveness
is related to the dimension of the scratch..measured using optical
techniques.
SLAKE DURABILITY
SLAKE DURABILITY APPARATUS Method
1. Sample consisting of 10 spheroidal lumps each approx 50g
is placed in the drum and weighed.
2. Drum is placed in trough filled with water at 20oC to a
100mm level just below drum axis and rotated at 20rpm for 10
Drum lid minutes.
Mesh Cylinder 3. Drum is removed and material retained dried at 105oC
4. Cycle is repeated and the dried material retained after 2
cycles weighed.
8
SWELLING PRESSURE AND STRAIN
SLAKE DURABILITY
CLASSIFICATION The Swelling pressure index is a measure of the pressure necessary to
constrain at constant volume, an undisturbed rock specimen immersed
in water. The apparatus used is similar to a soil consolidometer.
DURABILITY Cycle 1 (% retained) Cycle 2. (% retained Swelling Pressure = F/A F = Max axial swelling Force
Very High >99 >98 Index, Isp A = Cross sectional area of
High 98-99 95-98 specimen.
Medium-High 95-98 85-95
Medium 85-95 60-85
The Swelling strain index is a measure of the axial swelling strain
Low 60-85 30-60
Very Low <60 <30 developed when a radially confined undisturbed rock specimen is
immersed in water.
Standpipe
Rigid Plate
Porous plate
Ring
Sample
Porous plate