Mansoura university

Faculty of veterinary medicine

An essay about E.coli

Prof dr : Gamal Abdelgaber Mohammed Younis

Student name : Sara Abdallah Mohammed Farhoud

Introductoin

Milk is regarded to be a whole food. This is due to containing nutrients which

are essential for the growth of the human body. It’s a good source of protein and
having an abundance of vitamins and minerals, particularly calcium.

Milk as any type of food , can be a affected by many types of pathogenic

microorganisms that not only have an effect on animal and animal welth , but
humans as well .

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of infecting microorganisms in the family of gram-
negative bacteria known as enterobacteriaceae , and it’s responsible for the
numerous reports of contaminated foods .
The E. coli that are responsible for the large number of reports of contaminated
foods that produce Shiga toxin, it’s called that because the toxin is virtually
identical to that produced by Shigella dysenteria type 1.

E. coli and related bacteria inhabitant gut flora, and fecal–oral transmission is the
major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause disease.
Cells can survive outside the body for a limited amount of time, which makes
them ideal for testing environmental samples for fecal contamination.
Review
On study was made in livestock at 29 county and three large state agricultural
fairs in the United States found that E. coli O157:H7 may be isolated from 13.8%
of beef cattle, 5.9% of dairy cattle, 3.6% of pigs, 5.2% of sheep, and 2.8% of
goats.1

E.Coli is a type of bacteria that may found in milk , it’s gram

negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of
the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-
blooded organisms . 2

E. coli can live on different substrates as mixed-acid fermentation in anaerobic

conditions, producing lactate, succinate, ethanol, acetate, and carbon dioxide.3

There are different types of E.coli , the major types are : 4

1_ Enterotoxigenic E.coli , (ETEC) that cause diarrhea but without fever mainly in
humans, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, dogs, and can produce two enterotoxins,The
larger of the two proteins, LT enterotoxin. The smaller protein, ST enterotoxin .

ETEC strains are noninvasive, and they do not leave the intestinal lumen. ETEC is
the leading bacterial cause of diarrhea in children in the developing world, it also
cause what is known with traveler's diarrhea.
2_Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) which cause diarrhea in humans, rabbits, dogs,
cats and horses as ETEC, EPEC, but with difference in the molecular mechanisms
of colonization and etiology. EPEC lack ST and LT toxins,. Adherence to the
intestinal mucosa causes a rearrangement of actin in the host cell and cause
inflammatory action.

3_Enteroinvasive E.coli that affect humans and cause profuse diarrhea and high
fever.

4_Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) ,the strain O157:H7 which causes bloody

diarrhea and no fever and produce cytotoxins .
5_ Enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC) ,which found in man and they have fimbriae
which aggregate tissue culture cells,they bind to the intestinal mucosa and cause
watery diarrhea without fever.

6_ Adherent-Invasive E. coli (AIEC) that also found in man and have the ability
to invade intestinal epithelial cells and proliferate intracellularly. It is likely that
AIEC are able to proliferate more effectively in hosts with defective natural
immunity.

E. coli O157:H7 are remarked to be dangerous, as with very low infectious dose
it can make effect , and also the difficulty to kill these bacteria. 5

A few organisms as 20 one may be sufficient to infect a person and, as a result,

may kill them. And unlike generic E. coli, the O157:H7 serotype multiplies at
temperatures up to 44 Fahrenheit, survives freezing and thawing, is heat-
resistant, grows at temperatures up to 111 F, resists drying, and can survive
exposure to acidic environments.

At the end the most thing make it even more of a threat, is the easily transmission
from person to an other. 5,6

A study on USA revealed that There is little of information on the vehicles of

transmission for human non-O157 STEC infections, but contaminated raw dairy
products, and water have been implicated.7

Lab diagnosis of e.coli can be done by isolation suspected samples,which

appears under microscope as gram-negative rods without particular cell
arrangement, by inocultoin on either MacConkey agar or EMB agar or on both .
ON MacConkey they appear deep red colonies as they are lactose fermenter , and
on EMB agar they produce black colonies with greenish black metallic sheen .
E. coli is also lysine positive, and grows on TSI with a (A/A/g+/H2S-)
profile, IMViC is {+ + – -}; as it is indole-positive (red ring) and methyl red-positive
(bright red), but VP-negative (no change-colourless) and citrate-negative (no
change-green colour).
 Tests for toxin production can use mammalian cells in tissue culture, which are
rapidly killed by shiga toxin. 8

E.coli , gram-negative bacteria can resist many antibiotics which may be either
due to the overuse of antibiotic or due to specific genes .
Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics has recently become a problem, as strains
of bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases have become more
common. 9
These beta-lactamase enzymes make most of the he penicillins and
cephalosporins ineffective Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing E.
coli(ESBL E. coli) .they are also highly resistant high numbers of antibiotics, and
infections by these strains become diffecult to treat .