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1 GR 10 Trig Ratios Functions and Investigation Exercise Questions
1 GR 10 Trig Ratios Functions and Investigation Exercise Questions
The 4 steps to find the trig ratios of any angle: Note : The results for 0º and 360º are the same.
→ SUMMARY
1. Place the ø in STANDARD POSITION (starting at OX ) . . . end arm
O
θ
X θ: 0° 90° 180° 270° 360°
2. Pick a point (x; y) on the end arm of the ø beginning arm
sin θ: 0 1 0 -1 0
– we'll call its distance from the origin r
cos θ: 1 0 -1 0 1
3. Write down x = y = r =
(hypotenuse)
(x; y) tan θ: 0 ±∞ 0 ±∞ 0
r y
(opposite)
4. Apply the DEFINITIONS θ
O
x The Answer Series Maths study guides offer a key to exam success.
(adjacent)
y x y In particular, Gr 10 Maths 3 in 1 provides a superb foundation
sin θ = cos θ = tan θ =
r r x for the major topics in Senior Maths.
'Wheels' of values
The Critical Values of y = tan θ
As θ : 0º → 360º
` The range of tan values is (- ∞ ; ∞) !
sin θ: 1 cos θ: 0 So, we need tan values 'more often' than for sine and cosine.
sin θ cos θ
θ θ Remember : 2 45º 1 tan 45° = 1
0 0 -1 1
45º
1 II I
tan 135º = -1 . . . quadrant II -1 135° +1
-1 0 45°
tan 225º = +1 . . . quadrant III
225°
In these 2 'wheels' of values we are considering angles from 0º to 360º, going 315°
tan 315º = -1 . . . quadrant IV +1 -1
anticlockwise from the line OX . We read the 'critical values'; i.e. the sine and III IV
cosine values of multiples of 90º accordingly, as indicated on the wheels.
Check these values on your calculator. Use the definition
Also, confirm them by placing each angle in standard position. . . . y
tan θ =
x
Copyright © The Answer 2
Gr 10 Maths – Trig Ratios & Functions
(- 1; 1)
225º
The Quadrants
2
135º O O We have observed the relationship between angles (0º to 360º) and their
1 315º
-1 O (-1; -1)
2
2
trigonometric ratios (sin θ, cos θ, tan θ), both on the 'wheels' and on the graphs.
(1; -1)
The wheels The graphs
x = -1 ; y = 1 x = - 1 ; y = -1 x = 1 ; y = -1 * We observe the angles, and * We write down the values of the angles
1 1 -1 * write down the ratio values. on the x-axis, and
â tan 135º = = -1 â tan 225º = = 1 â tan 315º = = -1
-1 -1 1 * observe the values of the ratios.
See where the quadrants lie in both cases.
The quadrants : I II III IV
The intervals : 0º → 90º 90º → 180º 180º → 270º 270º → 360º
As θ : 0º → 360º ∞ tan θ
tan θ: -1 - + +1 sin θ : II 1 I y
I II III IV
θ
45º θ
0 0 1-
0 0
O 90° 180° 270° 360°
θ
+1 + - -1 III -1 IV
-1 -
∞ y = sin θ
Note where sin θ > 0
(and where it is negative)
y
I II III IV
cos θ : II 0 I
1-
The graph of y = tan θ for θ ∈ [0º; 360º] θ
O 90° 180° 270° 360°
x
0 1
y = tan θ y -1 -
The dashed lines, y = cos θ
III -1 IV
x = 90º and x = 270º, are called
I II III IV
asymptotes Note where cos θ > 0
1 (and where it is negative)
The range: (- ∞ ; ∞)
O x tan θ :
45º 90º 135º 180º225º 270º315º 360º
There is no amplitude, but the
-1 ∞
period of this graph is 180º. II -1 +1 I 1
- +
θ
An asymptote is a line which a curve 45º
approaches but will never touch or cut. 0 0 90° 180° 270° 360° θ
x = 90º x = 270º
-1
+1 + - -1
III ∞ IV
1.1 Fill in the sin θ values (correct to 2 decimal digits) of these angles -1
θ 0º 20º 45º 70º 90º 110º 135º 160º 180º Compare the values –
what do you notice? Investigating the values of tan θ for θ ∈ [ 0º; 360º ]
sin θ
Use the accompanying 3.1 Fill in the tan θ values (correct to 2 decimal digits) of these angles
θ 180º 200º 225º 250º 270º 290º 315º 340º 360º table to plot points,
even approximately, θ 0º 20º 45º 70º 90º 110º 135º 160º 180º Again, compare
sin θ
on the set of axes. the values –
tan θ
what do you notice?
1.2 Draw the graph of y = sin θ on the following set of axes : θ 180º 200º 225º 250º 270º 290º 315º 340º 360º
y tan θ
1
3.2 What is happening at 90º? And at 270º?
0,5
We maybe need to investigate more values, Round off to the
namely those just before and after 90º and 270º : nearest whole number
0 45º 90º 135º 180º 225º 270º 315º 360º θ
-0,5 θ 80º 85º 89º 89,9º 90º 90,1º 91º 95º 100º
tan θ 6 11 57 572 ? - 572 - 57 -11 -6
-1
θ 260º 265º 269º 269,9º 270º 270,1º 271º 275º 280º
tan θ 6 11 57 572 ? - 572 - 57 -11 -6
Quadrant
sin θ cos θ tan θ
number 9. Function notation
increases / decreases increases / decreases increases / decreases If f(x) = sin x ; g(x) = cos x and h(x) = tan x
θ: 0º 90º
from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . .
then f(0º) = . . . . . . . . . . ; g(0º) = . . . . . . . . . . and h(0º) = ..........
increases / decreases increases / decreases increases / decreases
θ: 90º 180º f(90º) = . . . . . . . . . . ; g(180º) = . . . . . . . . . . and h(315º) = . . . . . . . . . .
from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . .
increases / decreases increases / decreases increases / decreases
θ: 180º 270º
from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . .
10. Solving Equations
increases / decreases increases / decreases increases / decreases
θ: 270º 360º
from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . . from . . . . . to . . . . .
Solve the following equations where 0º ≤ θ ≤ 360º, Remember:
correct to the nearest whole number. Use the tables and graphs
in 1, 2 and 3
10.1 Solve for θ :
5. Positive / Negative (a) sin θ = 0 (b) sin θ = 1 (c) sin θ = -1
I II III IV I II III IV (d) sin θ = 0,34 (e) sin θ = - 0,34 (f) sin θ = 1,9
sin θ positive sin θ negative (g) sin θ = 0,94 (h) sin θ = - 0,94 (i) sin θ = -1,3
cos θ positive cos θ negative
10.2 Solve for θ :
tan θ positive tan θ negative
(a) cos θ = 0 (b) cos θ = 1 (c) cos θ = -1
(d) cos θ = 0,34 (e) cos θ = - 0,34 (f) cos θ = 1,9
(g) cos θ = 0,94 (h) cos θ = - 0,94 (i) cos θ = -1,3
6. Maximum / Minimum
10.3 Solve for θ :
sin θ cos θ tan θ
(a) tan θ = 0 (b) tan θ = 1 (c) tan θ = -1
Maximum value
(d) tan θ = 0,36 (e) tan θ = - 0,36 (f) tan θ = 2,75
Minimum value
(g) tan θ = - 2,75 (h) tan θ = 572 (i) tan θ = - 572
(j) tan θ is undefined when θ = ?
(h) & (i): correct to 1 decimal digit
7. Features of the graphs
Amplitude Period Range
y = sin θ
y = cos θ
y = tan θ
1- 1-
See figures 1 to 6 alongside where the following graphs are drawn for θ : 0º → 360º :
O 90° 180° 270° 360° θ O 90° 180° 270° 360° θ
Figure 1 & 2 both show the graph y = sin θ ;
-1 - -1 -
Figure 3 & 4 both show the graph y = cos θ and
-2 - -2 -
Figure 5 & 6 both show the graph y = tan θ .
-1 - -1 -
1 0 ∞
-1 -+ +1 For A & B
θ θ y = 2 sin θ y = sin θ y = sin θ + 1
0 0 -1 1 θ 45º
0 0 Amplitude
Range
-1 0 Period
+1 +- -1
∞
For C & D
y = - cos θ y = cos θ y = cos θ - 1
2. Compare : A and B to the given graph of y = sin θ in figures 1 & 2; Amplitude
Range
C and D to the given graph of y = cos θ in figures 3 & 4; and Period
Figure 5 (for E) Figure 6 (for F) The following table will help you make conjectures about the variations :
y = 3 sin θ 3 -3 ≤ y ≤ 3 3 -3 360º
2 y = - 2 sin θ 2 -2 ≤ y ≤ 2 2 -2 360º
1 y = sin θ - 1 1 -2 ≤ y ≤ 0 0 -2 360º
1 1
2
y = 2 cos θ 2 -2 ≤ y ≤ 2 2 -2 360º
O 90° 180° 270° 360° θ
- 1 O y = cos θ + 2
2 90° 180° 270° 360° θ 1 1≤y≤3 3 1 360º
-1
y = - cos θ 1 -1 ≤ y ≤ 1 1 -1 360º
-1
y = 2 tan θ ycR 180º y = 90º & y = 270º
-2
y = - tan θ ycR 180º y = 90º & y = 270º
Study the 'variations' carefully once you've drawn the graphs yourself by plotting points.
In each case, notice how the graph was different to the basic graph,
i.e. y = 2 s in θ vs. y = sin θ, etc.
The aim of the exercise has been for you to understand the effect of the values
of a and q - the parameters - in the graphs :
y = a s in x + q y = a cos x + q y = a tan x + q
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learners. Visit our website to find appropriate resources for your success !
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