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Dot Product Workshop
Dot Product Workshop
Dot Product Workshop
a · b = a1b1 + a2b2
a · b = |a||b|cos θ
or
θ=
Examples
Find a · b:
1. Given |a| = 8, |b| = 4 and θ = 60°
a · b = |a||b|cos θ = (8)(4)cos(60°) = 12(1/2)
a·b=6
cos α =
cos β =
cos γ =
Example
Find the direction angles of the vector a:
Given a = 3i – j + 4k
|a| = √(9+1+16) = √(26)
cos α = 3/√(26) α = cos-1(3/√(26)) = 0.94 rad
cos β = -1/√(26) β = cos-1(-1/√(26)) = 1.8 rad
cos γ = 4/√(26) γ = cos-1(4/√(26)) = 0.67 rad
Projections
Scalar projection of b onto a:
compa b =
Solution:
F and d are force and displacement vectors
W = F · d = |F||d|cosθ = (25)(50)cos(60°)
W = 625 J
Application Example 2
Problem: Given a constant vector field F = 7i + 3j – k find the
work done from point P(5,3,-4) to the point Q(1,4,-7)
Solution:
d = <1 – 5, 4 – 3, -7 – (-4)> = <-4, 1, -3>
W = F · d = <7,3,-1> · <-4,1,-3>
= (7)(-4) + (3)(1) + (-1)(-3) = -28 + 4 +3
W = -21 J
Vectors
Given a vector in any coordinate system, (rectangular,
cylindrical, or spherical) it is possible to obtain the
corresponding vector in either of the two other coordinate
systems
ax ax ax
ax cos Φ -sin Φ 0
ay sin Φ cos Φ 0
x = ρ cosΦ az 0 0 1
y = ρ sinΦ
z=z
Rectangular to Spherical
Dot products of unit vectors in spherical and rectangular
coordinate systems
ar Aθ aΦ
ax sin θ cos Φ cos θ cos Φ -sin Φ
ay sin θ sin Φ cos θ sin Φ cos Φ
x = r sinθ cosΦa cos θ -sin θ 0
z
y = r sinθ sinΦ
z = r cosθ
Conversion
Given a rectangular vector A = Axax + Ayay + Azaz , we want to
find the vector in cylindrical coordinates A = Aρaρ + AΦaΦ + Azaz
E = r ar (spherical)
References
• Calculus – Stewart 6th Edition, Section 13.3 “The Dot Product”