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Fuller in Philadelphia Keynote at Drexel University, October 14, 2013
Fuller in Philadelphia Keynote at Drexel University, October 14, 2013
Prepared for
Fuller in Phila Symposium
ExCITe Center
Drexel University
Prepared by
Tim Wessels
Fuller Staff Member (19731979)
October 14th, 2013
Overview
In 1972, Bucky Fuller was invited to relocate his office and archives from
Southern Illinois University in Carbondale to the University City Science
Center (UCSC) in Philadelphia as the World Fellow in Residence. Funding,
office and archive space was provided by the UCSC and a consortium of
local colleges and universities, which included the University of
Pennsylvania, Bryn Mawr College, Haverford College and Swarthmore
College.
Fuller’s decadelong tenure in Philadelphia witnessed a number of
significant events and developments that would mark this period as one of
his most productive. Bucky lived the last decade of his life completing and
perfecting projects he had pursued over the course of his 56year
experiment in Dymaxion living.
My Participation
After a series of fortuitous events in 1972, I found myself on the receiving
end of an invitation to come to Philadelphia and work for Bucky in his office
and archives starting in May of 1973. Upon my arrival I remember being
impressed with the sheer size (and weight) of Bucky’s archives, which were
stored in his office at 3508 Market Street and in a caged space in 3401
Market Street, which happens to be the current address of the ExCITe
Center where we are today. His office later moved to 3500 Market Street in
the Monell Chemical Senses Center building.
My official duties with regard to Bucky’s archives included management of
the LECO Photo Index, nonLECO photos, 35mm transparencies and a
travelling exhibit of large format photos of various Fullerrelated projects
that were loaned for display in exhibits, museums and at Bucky’s speaking
engagements.
My other office tasks included working with authors and publishers on
photo selections and reproduction rights for articles and books. I fulfilled
orders for Bucky’s Dymaxion map projections and his books, which he
bought in bulk from the publishers before they were remaindered. I also
provided personal service to Bucky, which included driving him from his
apartment in the Society Hill Towers to his UCSC office and meeting him or
dropping him off at the Philadelphia International airport.
Finally, there were “oneoff” projects having to do with museum exhibitions
and model building projects, which I worked on in conjunction with my
colleagues in Bucky’s office.
The following are my personal selection of six significant events that
transpired while being with Bucky in Philadelphia in the 1970s.
Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking...the book
In my estimation, the single most important thing completed by Bucky in
Philadelphia was his magnum opus Synergetics: Explorations in the
Geometry of Thinking published by Macmillan. The publication of Bucky’s
work on his energeticsynergetic geometry had been anticipated for a long
time. However, it was during Bucky’s time in Philadelphia in the 1970s that
the project was finally organized and edited sufficiently to be turned over to
the publisher.
Part of the backstory was the latest in a series of “editors” for Synergetics
was replaced by E.J. Applewhite in the late 1960s. Ed Applewhite was a
longtime friend and cousin of Bucky’s who was retired from a threeletter
government intelligence agency. Fortunately, Ed Applewhite was up to the
monumental task of cataloging and indexing pretty much everything Bucky
ever wrote or said about his explorations in energeticsynergetic geometry.
This task was done manually as personal computers, like the Apple II, that
would have been able to assist in the project were still a few years away
from being commonly available. So the media Ed worked in was index
cards and lots of them.
On a quasiregular schedule Bucky worked on Synergetics at Ed’s home in
Washington, D.C. because thousands of index cards are not very portable.
Ed set aside a space in his home, which he called “Buckminster Abbey”
where the two of them could grind on the content of Synergetics. Ed’s job
was to keep confronting Bucky with what he had previously said or wrote
with the intention of getting Bucky to clarify his thinking.
After the publisher received the
Synergetics draft, galleys were printed and
sent back to Bucky for approval. The galleys invited more editing and
“confronting” between Bucky and Ed Applewhite. A downturn in business
at Macmillan made the publication of Synergetics problematic, so any delay
in completing the project was not in Bucky’s best interest.
When Synergetics was published in 1975, several copies of the hardbound
first edition were delivered to the office. I remember Bucky being
presented with a copy of Synergetics to hold. He gave the book a warm
hug, and probably a sigh of relief. However, there was so much material
left out of
Synergetics that it called for the publication of Synergetics 2 a
few years later.
For the uninitiated, reading Synergetics is an arduous task that is probably
best done in something similar to a study group, where the members of the
group can make more effective use of their time understanding Fuller’s
unique use of language.
Another approach would be to read A Fuller Explanation by Amy
Edmondson. Ms. Edmondson came to Fuller's office not long after I
departed and for the next three years she applied herself to the discipline of
Bucky’s energeticsynergetic geometry. She realized that while the subject
was worth learning, the barrier to entry was high, which inspired her to write
a booklength explanation of Synergetics to facilitate understanding the
subject.
Prior to Ms. Edmundson’s work, Ed Applewhite wrote a short book titled
Cosmic Fishing , in which he recounted the experience of working with
Bucky to edit the material that was published in Synergetics . Ed’s account
is more like a “fly on the wall” observation and a commentary with Bucky on
the process than it is an explanation of Synergetics . Both books are worth
reading if you are interested in Synergetics .
Everything I Know...the marathon lecture
It was rumored back in the day that every now and then, Bucky would
speak extemporaneously and at great length regarding the state of of his
knowledge of the universe. He referred to these brain dumps as
Everything I Know.
Now a typical Fuller lecture, which he delivered approximately 100 times a
year, would usually last several hours or more. But when it came to
speaking about everything he knew, Bucky could take upwards of 40 hours
to complete the task. And it so happened in 1975 that Bell Telephone of
Pennsylvania gave Bucky the use of a small television studio, a camera
operator and an engineer to record what was probably his last Everything I
Know discourse before a small group of invited guests.
This Everything I Know event was delivered over the course of two weeks
in the evening from approximately 6:00 PM to 10:00 PM each night. My
colleague Robert Kahn and I amassed a collection of 35mm slide images
from the archive covering a range of topics that we felt sure Bucky would
touch upon over the course of the 40 hours. When we detected a familiar
thread in Bucky’s lecture we would load images that were appropriate and
they would be displayed to him on a monitor. This gave him the ability to
let us know if we had guessed correctly or not by his reaction to them. A
chromakey (blue screen) effect was used in the recording which placed
Bucky in front of the image he was seeing in the monitor. Needless to say,
we had to stay on our toes and listen carefully in order to be prepared.
Bucky’s Everything I Know event was completed in 42 hours.
The video and sound recording was made on 2inch, broadcast quality
tape. These tapes were large, heavy and expensive. They also limited the
direct use of them until they were transferred to more accessible video
formats. You have to remember that this was the mid 1970s and there was
no inexpensive video recording/playback technology available to anyone
who wanted to make a recording. The initial attempts to transfer the
recordings from the 2inch masters to other video formats revealed some
distortion in the audio quality. I believe at some point the original
recordings of Bucky’s Everything I Know discourse were transferred to
either Sony BetaMax or JVC VHS video cartridges for wider distribution.
These video recording and playback formats were developed in the
midtolate 1970s and became widely available, but VHS eventually
became the more popular format because it was less expensive to build the
recorder/players.
Today, you can view compiled and edited versions of these same
Everything I Know lectures on YouTube. In his archives, there are
probably hundreds of audio recordings of Fuller lecturing. If a sponsoring
organization was making an audio or video recording of his lecture, then a
copy was to be given to Bucky. So, while there are a lot of recordings of
Fuller lecturing, the 42hours of the 1975 Everything I Know event was a
rare and unique experience.
Rowing needles on the Schuylkill River...the artifact
Bucky’s rowing needles are something that may not be on everyone’s top
10 list, but their development continued while Bucky was in Philadelphia.
Bucky was a lifelong sailor and spent many summers of his youth and as
an adult sailing the waters of Penobscot Bay, Maine, from the harbor on
Bear Island, which was the family’s rustic summer retreat for decades.
For those of you who are unfamiliar with them, the rowing needles consist
of two floating pontoons with a single seat located on a bridging structure
that connects the two floating pontoons or needles. Instead of sitting in a
rowing shell where you are at the water line, you sit well above the water.
The design of the rowing needles allows you to row them not only on rivers,
but in open water as well, which was an important consideration on Bear
Island.
As you will see in a short video, the initial design of the rowing needles was
based on the use of aluminum pontoons for flotation. A newer design that
was tested by Bucky in Philadelphia was based on fiberglass pontoons.
The still photographs you will see were taken by me at the University of
Pennsylvania Barge Club on the Schuylkill River in the fall of 1973. The
rowing needles were delivered to Bucky by Hans Meyer who brought them
from Michigan strapped to the top of his van.
What is interesting about this particular design was how Bucky continued to
apply himself to the task of gaining experiential information about how his
rowing needles “artifact” were able to perform.
In June of 2009, Bucky’s rowing needles were featured as part of the
Buckminster Fuller Challenge Award presentation in Chicago by the
Buckminster Fuller Institute. The rowing needles were deployed on the
Chicago River in an event organized by the Carl Solway Gallery and the
Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs.
World Game...the participatory event
Bucky had a long term interest in gathering and displaying information on
world resource trends going back to the late 1930s when he was a science
and technology consultant to Fortune magazine. In the 1960s Bucky called
for a Design Science Decade, which included an inventory of world natural
resources and how they related to human trends and needs. Fuller’s
intention was to show that with the application of “design science” the
world’s resources could be used to provide everyone on the planet with a
high standard of living.
In 1967 Fuller proposed that his World Game or World Peace Game (an
alternative to war games) be an integral part of the United States exhibition
at the Expo ‘67 World’s Fair in Montreal, Canada. A Fuller & Sadao
geodesic dome design had already been selected as the exhibit structure
and Bucky proposed that a large, lighted Dymaxion map be used to display
in “realtime” the trending of world resources. The dome was built but the
World Game exhibit was not included.
A World Game Institute was created by Bucky in 1972 in conjunction with
Medard Gabel from Fuller’s office, Howard Brown from Earth Metabolic
Design and others. During the 1970s, the annual World Game Conference
became a significant educational event. World Game showcased some of
the country’s finest thinkers and practitioners from a wide range of
disciplines and its participants generated various scenarios for “making the
world work” for everyone.
After the 1970s, World Game continued as an educational simulation
experience produced for a widerange of audiences in government,
corporate and educational institutions.
For Fuller, World Game was a way to present data on world resource
trends so as to demonstrate scientifically and without bias that there could
be enough of everything to go around, if it was accomplished through the
use of design science to reduce material and energy requirements while
delivering better performance and efficiencies in the use of resources
needed to sustain human habitation on planet Earth.
Man Transforms...the exhibit
In 1976 the CooperHewitt Museum in New York City was to become the
Smithsonian’s national design museum. The inaugural exhibit was titled
Man Transforms and a number of designers, including Bucky, were invited
to participate in the show.
With Synergetics just recently having been published, Fuller decided that
the appropriate subject matter for his participation would be a series of
models depicting important aspects of his energeticsynergetic geometry.
An experienced exhibit craftsman was contracted to execute building
models for the show based on Fuller’s ideas. Some of the models were to
be mechanically operated by the exhibit visitors and some were to be
observed demonstrating some important properties or transformations of
energeticsynergetic geometry.
Late in the process Bucky decided that another model should be added, so
it too had to be designed and executed in time for the installation of the
exhibit. It might have been a model too far as it proved to be a mechanical
nightmare to keep it working properly. The model was a tetrahedron that
wrapped and unwrapped a “ribbon” of nylon parachute cloth around its
faces as it raised and lowered itself from a height above the floor.
For those of you who may not know, the CooperHewitt Museum is located
in the old Andrew Carnegie mansion in New York City on 2 East, 91st
Street. Mr. Carnegie was short in stature so all of the door entrances to
rooms in the mansion were lower than usual, which meant that every part
of the exhibit had to be small enough to pass through the doorways into the
rooms before it could be assembled.
Final assembly and fine tuning of this late entry took most of the night
before the exhibit was to open. I don’t recall getting much sleep that night
as we struggled to get the model working properly. The exhibit did open as
scheduled but the model in question seemed to require constant attention
to keep it in working order.
The importance of Bucky’s exhibit in Man Transforms was to allow visitors
to see and manipulate models that demonstrated behaviors and principles
that had recently been published in his book Synergetics: Investigations in
the Geometry of Thinking . Using models to explain Synergetics was
something Fuller was familiar with doing for many years. It was not
surprising that given the opportunity to do this in a public exhibition, Bucky
used the occasion to invite visitors to do the same type of experiential
learning that had served him so well throughout his life.
The Geodesic Dome...perfected
The geodesic dome is the most publicly recognized artifact associated with
Buckminster Fuller. Tens of thousands of domes have been designed and
built for a variety of purposes since the early 1950s. I’d like to refer to one
particular dome design that was perfected in the late 1970s while Fuller
was in Philadelphia.
In 1965 Bucky was granted a US Patent for the MONOHEX or Fly’s Eye
Dome. The dome was erected using preformed saddleshaped members
to create both the structure and the openings in the dome. The openings
were circular and above the troughs created by connecting the structural
members. Because of their “drum” like quality the openings could be
covered and used for a variety of purposes without having to worry
excessively about how to get them to shed water properly.
People who built geodesic domes for shelter back in the day had to grapple
with how to get the seams along the faces of their dome waterproofed.
This singular problem probably doomed more domes to be eventually
abandoned by their occupants than anything else. The Fly’s Eye Dome,
while not having been deployed for use as a residence, appeared to solve
this problem in the formation of its structural component. The
saddleshaped structural members were manufactured using composite
materials, but it is conceivable that other types of materials could be used
to “stamp” them out or form them using mass production techniques.
Several Fly’s Eye Domes were fabricated up to a 50footindiameter
structure. It was during Fuller’s time in Philadelphia that the Fly’s Eye
Dome was perfected. To quote Bucky: "Since 1977 was the fiftyyear
target date, I began the prototyping of my Fly's Eye dome, which embodied
design attention to all that I had learned not only throughout that fiftyyear
development period but in all my thirtytwo earlier years."
The short video you are about to see of Bucky sitting on one of the
structural members of a completed Fly’s Eye Dome prototype pretty much
says it all. This dome design is beautiful to behold, which leads me to
conclude that it was done right. The Fly’s Eye is the dome perfected.
Thank you for your attention. I will now show you the short videos I
mentioned and share with you some photographs I took of Bucky on the
rowing needles, Bucky with his Philadelphia office staff, Bucky attending a
World Game Conference seminar and the University City Science Center
as it existed in 1973. I would also like to hear from you if you care to talk
about the projects that I believe were significant during Bucky’s last decade
in Philadelphia.