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Q4: How Use of Building Energy Code in Building Envelope Can Save Energy? ........................................... 21 What Are Energy Codes?
Q4: How Use of Building Energy Code in Building Envelope Can Save Energy? ........................................... 21 What Are Energy Codes?
Q2- Explain recirculation and 100% exhaust requirement for different areas of hospitals? ....................... 3
Q6. What are the TYPES OF INSULATION AVAILABLE IN PAKISTAN FOR ROOF INSULATION n THEIR
PROPERTIES? ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Q.9 HOW SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING CAN B USED ABSORTION CHILLERS? ............................................... 10
Q3: Draw a diagram for AHU showing use of heat recovery wheel? ......................................................... 15
Q11: Compare the effect of south and west glass on cooling load? .......................................................... 19
Q4: How use of building Energy Code in building envelope can save energy? ........................................... 21
Energy Efficiency:
1. The DCV system offers an obvious advantage compared to conventional
Constant Air Volume flow (CAV) systems. Due to decreased average
airflow rates, less energy is needed for fan operation and for heating and
cooling of the supply air.
2. A DCV system based on air-quality control adapts the airflow rate to the
actual pollution load, which often is proportional to the occupancy .The
bigger the variation between the minimum and peak loads, the more energy
savings can be expected with a DCV system.
It is 100% electrometric, premium grade, architectural finishing coating. It has been specifically created for
the use where atmospheric condition in which no effects of Salts, Acids, Oil, Heavy rains, and Ultra
Violet Rays resistance up to 85% by mixing of various chemicals and to achieve magnetic field.
It is Fire Resistance Class “A” non-toxic lead and asbestos free. It also reduced the high inside
building temperature by reflecting the radiant heat waves.
light weight,Thermo tiles available in diferent textured design and plane surface hi finish for top roof and walls and
in various sizes and thikness . thermo tiles available with temperature limits -40*C to 220*C . avalabe 1 inch thick to
2.5 inch
Fibreglass Batts are another widely used roof insulation product. Fibreglass offers another
effective barrier to heat transfer, due to the natural trapped air spaces within the material.
This means that air will not move out of these spaces and thus helps in preventing heat loss.
Another benefit of fibreglass is its non-corrosive nature.
Fibreglass has no effect on the corrosion of steel or aluminium and can be applied directly on
sheet metal
10,000 /
CLASS 4 10 1020 / 30 352 / 10 0
350
352,000 /
CLASS 7 10,000 350,000 N/A 70
10,000
3,520,000
CLASS 8 100,000 3,500,00 N/A 700
/ 100,000
ISO standard requires results to be shown in cubic meters (1 cubic meter = 35.314
cubic feet)
class 1
Class 10
Class 100
400 to 480 air changes per hour (60-80% ceiling coverage)
99.99% HEPA filters
Raised floor assures optimal performance. Low wall returns work when they are no
further than 12' from the center of the room¹
Gasketed ceiling grid
Class 1,000
Class 10,000
Class 100,000
numbers Maximum concentration limits (particles/m^3 of air) for particles equal to and
(N) larger than the considered sizes shown below
0.1m m 0.2m m 0.3m m 0.5m m 1m m 5.0m m
ISO 1 10 2
ISO 2 100 24 10 4
ISO 3 1 000 237 102 35 8
ISO 4 10 000 2 370 1 020 352 83
ISO 5 100 000 23 700 10 200 3 520 832 29
ISO 6 1 000 000 237 000 102 000 35 200 8 320 293
ISO 7 352 000 83 200 2 930
ISO 8 3 520 000 832 000 29 300
ISO 9 35 200 000 8 320 000 293 000
The table is derived from the following formula:
where:
Human comfort requirements typically call for temperatures in the range of 72F to 75 F, The human
comfort zone is generally in the range of 30% to 70% relative humidity
Pressurization
Rooms in a clean facility should be maintained at static pressures higher than atmospheric to prevent
infiltration by wind. Positive differential pressures should be maintained between the rooms to ensure air
flows from the cleanest space to the least clean space.
Air supply to the cleanroom should provide a room air-change rate of > twenty (20) per hour .Air
cleanliness will be enhanced by higher airchange rates, e.g. > 30/h - typically, heat load calculations
result in such a rate. When the doors are open, the supply-air volume should maintain an outward flow of
air.
Filtration
–HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filtered prior to entering cleanroom. Removes 99.99% of
particles (typically 0.3um).
HUMANS IN CLEANROOMS
bypass type
Pressure dependent.
Pressure dependent type VAVs save energy while both types help in maintaining temperature
of the zone that it feeds.
The absorption chiller, in the most simplistic sense, allows a building to use
thermal collectors to power its air-conditioning. The water heated by solar
energy in these collectors is used to initiate a thermal dynamic process
involving low-pressure chambers that chills water to around 44 degrees
Fahrenheit. The chilled water is then brought to a series of copper pipes
that efficiently cool air blown through the pipes and into the home. Except
for a few pumps, the system is entirely passive, has no moving parts and
requires no electrical input.
OR:
Solar air conditioning refers to any air conditioning (cooling) system that
uses solar power.
WORKING
Single, double or triple iterative absorption cooling cycles are used in different solar-
thermal-cooling system designs.
The more cycles, the more efficient they are.
Efficient absorption chillers require water of at least 190 °F (88 °C). Common,
inexpensive flat-plate solar thermal collectors only produce about 160 °F (71 °C) water.
In this…
The molecules of one substance are adsorbed on the internal surface of another
substance.
ENERGY SAVINGS:
For lighting, energy savings can be up to 75% of the original circuit load,
which represents 5% of the total energy consumption of the residential
and commercial sectors.
Energy savings potential from water heating, cooling, or hot water
production, can be up to 10%, which represents up to 7% of the total
energy consumption of the domestic residential and commercial sectors.
An effective building management system will help save energy and drive
down costs.
Individual room control can help save 30% on heating/cooling costs – even
more if used in combination with automatic window blind control.
Some of the most common strategies that BASs employ to cut energy
use include:
Heat recovery wheels can recover about 85% of heat from ventilation
air, transferring it to incoming fresh air, which then needs minimal
additional heating to reach the required temperature for the building.
High efficiency cross flow wheel type / plate type heat recovery can be supplied
as an integral part of the unit for energy conservation.
Applications
Heat Recovery
At the core of an HRV is the heat transfer module. Both the exhaust and outdoor air streams pass through the
module, and the heat from the exhaust air is used to pre-heat the outdoor air stream. Only the heat is transferred;
the two air streams remain physically separate. Typically, an HRV is able to recover 70 to 80 percent of the heat from
the exhaust air and transfer it to the incoming air. This dramatically reduces the energy needed to heat outdoor air
to a comfortable temperature.
Air Exchange
The HRV system installed in an R-2000 home can change all the air in the house over a three-hour period.
Most HRVs are also equipped with automatic humidity sensors that increase the ventilation rate when needed – for
instance, when you use the shower. Exhaust air is normally collected from the kitchen and bathroom areas, where
most moisture and odours are created.
As shown in the diagram below, a heat recovery ventilator (HRV) consists of two separate air-
handling systems – one collects and exhausts stale indoor air; the other draws in outdoor air and
distributes it throughout the home.
Heat Recovery
At the core of an HRV is the heat transfer module. Both the exhaust and outdoor air streams pass through the
module, and the heat from the exhaust air is used to pre-heat the outdoor air stream. Only the heat is transferred;
the two air streams remain physically separate. Typically, an HRV is able to recover 70 to 80 percent of the heat from
the exhaust air and transfer it to the incoming air. This dramatically reduces the energy needed to heat outdoor air
to a comfortable temperature.
Air Exchange
The HRV system installed in an R-2000 home can change all the air in the house over a three-hour period.
Most HRVs are also equipped with automatic humidity sensors that increase the ventilation rate when needed – for
instance, when you use the shower. Exhaust air is normally collected from the kitchen and bathroom areas, where
most moisture and odours are created.
In south facades, the total translucent surface area and the orientation influence the
increease of the cooling loads of the air conditioning system. In west facades, for
the same area of windows, a greater increase of cooling load is observed. A
decrease in the cooling load, in a warm-humid climate, is a result of using
windows or curtain walls with spectrally selective glass of low solar gain.
Nevertheless, traditional solutions, such as external shading, balconies
and vegetation in windows, have a significant effect in reducing cooling energy;
for they are the most energy efficient and economic design strategies.
Let’s take a typical building block and discuss effects of building orientation on cooling load.
The effect of building orientation, or the direction of transparent glass surfaces, has
been shown in Table2. The cooling load will be minimum when all the transparent
surfaces are kept facing SOUTH. Load for other building orientations have,
therefore been compared with this minimum load. Percent increase in each case
has also been shown in this table. It is observed that the west facing glass surfaces
result into maximum cooling load, which is 26.43 % higher than the minimum.
East and west window orientations and horizontal orientation (skylights) all
result in more undesired heat gain in the summer than winter. East and west sun
glare is also more difficult to control for occupant comfort because of low sun
angles in early morning and late afternoon.
Q4: How use of building Energy Code in building envelope can save energy?
Code Benefits:
The benefits of adopting and implementing building energy codes affect our world on the individual,
societal and global levels, and their long-term policy implications—on issues ranging from sustainable
growth and climate protection to global health and energy security—are significant and widespread.
The primary function of energy codes, of course, is to reduce building energy consumption, which
reduces global greenhouse gas emissions and pollution from the burning of fossil fuels. However, it also
lessens national peak energy demand and dependency on imported energy sources, which increases
utility system reliability and national energy security, respectively. Moreover, energy codes create a
more comfortable living and working environment through improved indoor air quality, and they help
occupants save money by reducing energy bills, which stimulates the economy.
Today’s energy, economic, and environmental challenges—combined with the fact that buildings
consume nearly 40% of the nation’s energy—make energy codes a central part of a sustainable future.
ENERGY CODES not only save money, but also help to reduce needless consumption of energy to heat,
cool, light, ventilate and provide hot water for newly built residential and commercial buildings
constructed without adequate energy efficiency features
Building sector is a major consumer of energy resources, with its lighting, heating and air-conditioning
loads (especially in extreme climatic zones of the country)
Manometers
Taking pressure measurements in HVAC systems has been a standard method of checking system
performance in mechanically ventilated buildings for many years. Manometers are instruments used to
measure low pressures, such as duct static pressures and differential pressures, across filters or
between rooms. When connected to a pitot tube, velocity pressures can be measured in ducts and then
converted to velocity or volume units of measured
Temperature:
bimetallic thermocouple probe is typically used to measure the stack temperature. Measurements of
the stack gas temperature and the combustion air temperature are required to establish the heat loss from
the exhaust gases and determine combustion efficiency.
From book:
Pg-421-423, 433
Sound Device: