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Electromagnetic Scattering and Radiation by Surfaces of Arbitrary Shape in Layered Media, - I Theory
Electromagnetic Scattering and Radiation by Surfaces of Arbitrary Shape in Layered Media, - I Theory
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Abstmct- An accurate and general procedure is developed for the surface current representation free of line or point charges at
analysis of electromagnetic radiation and scattering by perfectly con- subdomain boundaries. This technique also employs a testing
ducting objects of arbitrary shape embedded in a medium consisting of scheme where the derivatives of the scalar potential are in ef-
an arbitrary number of planar, dielectric layers. The key step in this pro-
cedure is the formulation of the so-called mixed-potential electric field
fect replaced by finite differences. More recently, Schaubert,
integral equation (MPIE) that is amenable to an existing advanced so- Wilton, and Glisson [9] extended this procedure to volume
lution technique developed for objects in free space, and which employs integral equations for penetrable bodies, which they modeled
the method of moments in conjunction with a triangular-patch model of in terms of tetrahedral elements.
the arbitrary surface. Hence, our goal is to immediately increase analy- The procedures described above were originally developed
sis capabilities in electromagnetics, yet remain compatible with the large
existing base of knowledge concerning the solution of surface integral
for antennas and scatterers residing in a homogeneous space.
equations. In this first part of a two-part paper, three alternative forms Although this restriction is not severe in some aerospace appli-
of the MPIE in plane-stratified media are developed and their proper- cations where the effect of the environment can be neglected,
ties are discussed. In the second part, one of the developed MPIEs is it does exclude many problems of practical interest where the
implemented to analyze scatterers and antennas of arbitrary shape that
proximity of the earth must be taken into account. Indeed, in
penetrate the interface between contiguous dielectric half-spaces.
many cases the influence of the ground or the ocean, which
often can be adequately represented by a model consisting of
I. INTRODUCTION one or more planar, dielectric layers, is the dominant effect in
the problem. Therefore, in this paper we seek to develop, for
son [ 181 has used a similar approach to solve the problem of a 21-2
vertical cylinder penetrating the interface between contiguous
half-spaces. Wilton and Singh [19] have applied an MPIE to
analyze a periodic array of slots in a conducting screen backed
with a layered dielectric. Michalski, Smith, and Butler [ZO],
[21] have used an MPIE to solve the problem of a horizontal
two-element wire array above and on opposite sides of the in-
e
terface between two media. As was pointed out in [22], 1231, 0
the success of these efforts can be attributed to the fact that fn-i
the structures considered could only support either vertical or
horizontal components of the current. To our knowledge, an -n
MPIE for arbitrarily shaped objects in a layered medium was tLn+l,%
first published in [23]. However, it was assumed in that paper Fig. 1. Scatterer of arbitrary shape embedded in a layered dielectric
that the antenna or scatterer was confined to a single layer. medium.
In a two-dimensional case, an MPIE has been derived by Xu
t241. The main results are in Section 111, where we develop in de-
Numerous papers have been published on the subject of tail three alternative mixed-potential formulations for arbitrar-
antennas and scatterers in layered media, but- with the ex- ily shaped PEC objects in layered media. Some tedious de-
ception of the geophysics literature- most of them deal only tails concerning the derivation of the Green’s function for a
with planar geometries, such as microstrip antennas, transmis- stratified medium are relegated to Appendices I and 11. The
sion lines, etc. Since the emphasis here is on objects of arbi- discussion of the various formulations is given in Section IV,
trary shape, we reference only a few of these papers, to con- and the conclusion in Section V.
serve space. The problem of arbitrarily shaped thin wires that In Part I1 of this paper [30], one of the developed MPIEs
are near to or penetrate an interface between contiguous half- is implemented to analyze PEC scatterers and antennas of ar-
spaces has been solved by Burke and Miller [25]. However, bitrary shape that penetrate the interface between contiguous
their approach, which is implemented in the powerful Nu- dielectric half-spaces.
merical Electromagnetics Code (NEC) [26], is not easily ex-
11. PRELIMINARIES
tendable to arbitrary surfaces. From the many works devoted
to electromagnetic modeling of buried inhomogeneities in the Statement of the Problem
context of geophysical prospecting, we only mention the re- Consider a medium consisting of n + l dielectric layers sepa-
cent representative papers by Hohmann [27] and Wannamaker , rated by n planar interfaces parallel to the x y plane of a Carte-
Hohmann, and SanFilipo [28]. These authors use the vol- sian coordinate system and located at z = ZI,l = l , 2, . . . ,n ,
ume integral equation technique in conjunction with a rather as illustrated in Fig. 1. The medium of the ith layer is char-
crude- but entirely adequate in the quasi-static regime- MM acterized by permeability pi and permittivity ~ i ,which may
procedure employing piecewise constant current expansion be complex if the medium is lossy. Let the PEC object (or
and point-matching [ 11. To overcome the problems associated collection of objects) in Fig. 1 occupy p layers with indices
with the singular behavior of the electric Green’s function, 11,12, . . . ,1,, where 1 5 p 5 n + 1. For later convenience,
Hohmann [27] employed a mixed-potential formulation, but define the ordered set of indices L = {I 1,12, . . . , l p } in which
only to the primary (or whole-space) component of the ker- l k < l k + l . Let si denote the surface of the object(s) in the ith
nel; the part comprising the Sommerfeld integrals was left layer and let n; be a unit vector normal to S ; . The quantity
in the slowly convergent field form. Mention should also be of interest is the surface current density J(r) excited on the
made of the work by Karlsson and Kristensson [29], who em- object(s) by a given time-harmonic incident electric Einc.The
ployed the extended boundary condition integral equation in eJwttime variation is assumed and suppressed.
conjunction with the T-matrix approach to compute the field
scattered by obstacles buried in a stratified ground. However, Electric Field Integral Equation
this method is only applicable to closed, smooth bodies and The EFIE for the current density J on the surface S of the
is only practical for simple shapes. PEC object(s) embedded in a layered medium is obtained by
The outline of Part I of this paper is as follows. Section enforcing the boundary condition [311
I1 contains the statement of the problem and a general dis-
cussion of various forms of the EFIE in a layered medium. - nm x EL(r) = n, x E$(r), r on S , , m EL (1)
MICHALSKI AND ZHENG: ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING AND RADIATION. PART I 337
where r is the position vector defined with respect to a global of Gyi are less attractive for our purpose than (7) and (81,
coordinate origin, E',"' is the "incident" electric field (i.e., and are not considered here.
the field in the absence of the object) in the mth layer, and Substitution of ( 2 ) into (1) yields
ES, is the scattered field in the mth layer. For the structure
of Fig. 1, ES, and the scattered magnetic field HS, can be n, x ~ ~ o A " ( r+V4"(r)]
) = n, x EE(r),
expressed as itL
ronS,, m E L (9)
- ES,(r) = z L j w A " ( r ) + V+"(r)] (2)
itL which, by invoking (4) and (3,can be further transformed to
1
HS,(r) = -V x EA"(r) (3)
pm ;EL
where A" is the magnetic vector potential in the mth layer = n, x EF(r), r on S , , m E L . (10)
due to the current density J in the ith layer, and is given as This equation is referred to as vector-potential EFIE [33],
since it involves only the magnetic vector potential. Although
A"(r) = J,GT(rlr') . J(r')dS' (4) (10) has often been used in MM analyses of straight wire an-
tennas or planar scatterers, the presence of the mixed tangen-
and 4,;(r) is the corresponding scalar potential which is re- tial derivatives makes it less suitable for objects of arbitrary
lated to A"(r) through the Lorentz condition shape. By introducing the differential operator under the inte-
gral sign in (lo), we may obtain another form of the EFIE. in
jw which the dyadic kernel is the Green's function for the electric
+"(r) = -V . A"(r)
k2, field. However, this EFIE is not attractive because the kernel
is highly singular (a distributional interpretation of the kernel
where k$ = W ~ E ~ , In , , ,G?'
L L(4), . is the dyadic Green's func-
is required), which makes the evaluation of the integrals re-
tion which represents the magnetic vector potential in region
quired by the MM procedure difficult when the observation
m due to a unit-strength, arbitrarily oriented current dipole
point is within the integration interval [34]. Also, the required
in region i. can be found by solving the inhomogeneous
differentiation of the Sommerfeld-type integrals adversely af-
Helmholtz equation
fects their convergence. These difficulties can be avoided if
+
(0' k2,)GT(rlr') = -p,iS(r - r') (6)
only one of the operators nabla, the divergence, is introduced
inside the integral of (10) and then transferred, by a series
where I is the idemfactor, subject to the condition that the of transformations, to act on the current. The result is the
tangential component of ES, and HS, be continuous across the mixed-potential EFIE discussed below.
interfaces between dielectric layers. As is well known [15],
for a horizontal, say, x-directed dipole, two components of the Mixed -Poten tial EFIE (MPIE)
vector potential are required to satisfy the boundary conditions We note that (9) would be in the desired mixed-potential
at the interfaces. Traditionally [32], the z component has been form if the scalar potential were expressed in terms of the
selected in addition to the x component. The Green's function surface charge density q(r). With this goal in mind, we sub-
in this case takes the form [23] stitute (4) into (5) and introduce the operator nabla under the
integral signal (this step can be justified [35],[36]) to obtain
+
G:' = (XX jiji)G!?i + ZXG: + +
ZYG,",' ZZGE. ( 7 )
However, one may as well postulate the y component of the 4"(r) = $ i , p .C:'(rlr')] . J(r')dS'. (11)
vector potential to accompany the primary x component [ 131.
This strategy leads to an alternative form of the Green's func- Obviously, our objective would be achieved if we transferred
tion, the divergence operator to act on the current, in view of the
GI' = XkG,": + + + +
jijiGy; ( X j i jiX)G,": ZZGE. (8) equation of continuity, V . J = - j u g . It is shown below that
this can only be accomplished if a scalar function G r can be
We note that, except for G z , the corresponding components found, such that
in (7) and (8) are different, even though the same notation is
used. The entries of the dyadics in (7) and (8) in the Fourier
transform domain are listed in Appendix 11. Their inversion
in accord with Appendix I leads to improper integrals of the In a homogeneous medium, where C r may be interpreted as
Sommerfeld [ 151 type. the Green's function for the scalar potential, this is a quite
Still other Green's functions, in addition to those in (7) and trivial task. If the medium is stratified, however, G r satis-
(8), are possible. For example, one can obtain another form of fying (12) does not in general exist [23], which can be at-
G;' by postulating that the y and z components of the vector tributed to the fact that the scalar potentials of point charges
potential, instead of the x and z or x and y components, ac- associated with horizontal and vertical current dipoles in a
company an x-directed dipole. However, this and other forms layered medium are in general different [14]. Hence, in or-
338 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 38, NO. 3. MARCH 1990
1
$V . Gzi(rlr’) = 7V’KTi(rlr’) +jwP”(r(r’). (13)
km JW
We note that (13) would have the desired form (12) if it were
not for the “correction term” comprising Pm’.However, it
is shown below that this term may be incorporated into the
vector potential kernel. We also note that the choice of K r
and Pmi in (13) is not unique, giving rise to many possible
formulations. Three particularly useful choices are discussed
in detail in Section 111.
Upon substituting (13) into (1 1) and using a vector identity
[37, p. 4871 and the Gauss theorem [37, p. 5031, we can
express the scalar potential as
Js,
+ j w i , P m i ( r l r ’ ) . J(r’)dS’
(b)
Fig. 2 , (a) Arbitrarily shaped surface penetrating two-adjacent interfaces.
(b) Detail of contour C , with unit vectors U,, 1, , and a,.
where C; and C;- 1 are the contours formed by the intersection
of the surface S; with the interfaces at z = z; and z = z;-I, commodate these terms. As a matter of fact, the “correction
respectively, and U; and U;_l are the unit vectors perpendic- term” VP” could also be handled in this manner, instead of
ular at r’ to C; and C;-l, respectively, in the planes tangent being incorporated into the vector potential kernel via (16).
to S; Fig. 2 . Substituting (14) into (9), we finally obtain
111. INTEGRAL EQUATION FORMULATION
In this section we present three different mixed-potential
EFIEs for the problem of Fig. 1. Most of the derivations are
done in the Fourier transform domain, which greatly simplifies
the algebra. The Fourier transform pair employed is defined
in Appendix I. Some useful related formulas are also given
there. Our development necessarily begins with the vector
+5 KT’(r\r’)J(r’) . U; dC’ potential Green’s functions (7) or (8). The elements of these
Ju c,
dyadics are listed in Appendix 11, where only the outline of
the derivation is given.
- Kr(rlr’)J(r’) .U;-, dC’
As mentioned in Section 11, the decomposition embodied in
cz-I
(13) is nonunique, which means that an infinite number of dif-
=am x Et(r), r on S,, m EL ferent MPIEs is possible. We observe, however, by referring
to (16), that the presence of the “correction” function P“
where we have introduced the dyadic kernel
has the undesirable effect of introducing new elements in the
dyadic kernel KT , in addition to those already present in GF .
KT(r/r’) = GT(r\r’) +Vpm’(rlr’).
Ideally, of course, Pm‘should be zero, which, unfortunately,
We note that (15) would be in the desired mixed-potential form is only possible in a few special cases [14]. Hence, the best
[4], [5] if it were not for the presence of the term contributed we can do is to develop MPIEs for which one or two of the
by the contour integrals, which occur when the object pene- components of P“ are zero. It is shown below that for the
trates one or more of the interfaces. In Section 111 we show vector Green’s functions (7) and (8) the x and y components
that with a proper choice of Gz’ and K r in (13) the contour of Pmi are not independent, thus leaving us, for each GT’,
integrals cancel out. We note, however, that even if a for- with only two degrees of freedom: either P,“‘ = P y ; = 0 and
mulation is chosen in which the contour integrals persist, the PFi # 0, or Pp’ # 0, Py”’ # 0, and PP; = 0. Of the four
MM procedures developed in [4], [5] can be extended to ac- possible “minimal” formulations, only three lead to distinct
MICHALSU AND ZHENG: ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING AND RADIATION, PART I 339
Formulation A
In this formulation, we employ the alternative form of Gir
given in (8). In the Fourier transform domain (see Appendix
I), the x , y , and z components of (13) become
notation of Appendix I1 is employed. Observe that P,"' 0 P,"' = Py"' = 0 , we select P,"i = 0 in (17)-(19). In this case
when m = i . K Z can be interpreted as the scalar potential of a point charge
Substituting (84)-(87) of Appendix I1 and (22) into the associated with a vertical dipole [14]. From (19) and (84) of
Fourier domain counterpart of (16), and using the relations Appendix 11, we find
given in Appendix I, one obtains the dyadic kernel
p?' = wkX
P m E m - PiEi - v,
with the elements given by Gmi (33)
k:ik:m
which, in view of (20), also specifies P,";.
Referring to (16) and proceeding as in Formulation A, we
obtain the dyadic kernel
iiT(rlr') = ZZH?~
+99~;;+2 % ~
+(xY + yX)KFJ + 2kKg + ZYKZ (34)
340 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 38, NO. 3, MARCH 1990
=
2j w { k'So (&G2) + S O (G2)
From (43) and (44), and referring to (81)-(83) of Appendix
11, we find that (20) still holds. Since G!$ in the present case
[$
XY
d
Kg = -P,"' = cos S;&(R") (38)
8Z
Substituting (81)-(84) of Appendix I1 and (47) into the
d Fourier domain counterpart of (16), and using the relations
K ~=
J -py"i = sin s;~~(R"> (39)
dZ given in Appendix I, we obtain the dyadic kernel
rii 12
in which can be obtained from given in (23) by re-
placing in the latter the characteristic impedances Z: by their
recimocals.
K,ml' = gP? - L =
(52)
Formulation B are complementary to those in Formulation A;
that is, in the present case K r ( z ' = zi + 0) # KT"+'(z' =
+
zi - 0) and K T i ( z = zm 0) = KT+13i(z = zm - 0). As a
result, the contour integrals in (15) do exist when the objective
K$ = G $ = --1
JW
.
sin {SI
TABLE I
SUMMARY OF THE PROPERTIES OF THE THREE MIXED-POTENTIAL
FORMULATIONS
A
K r associated with p i ( z' = = p .1 + I ( ' = z,- ) Johnson [ I S ]
Alternative: (venical tube):
horizontal dipole:
p,"'=py"'= 0 K ~ ( z = z ; ) + K ~ " ~ ' ( z = z ~ ) No Michalski and Smith [211
PY#O (horizontal wires)
B
K r associated with K:(Z' = z : ) + K ? ' + ' ( z ' = z , - ) Michalski and Zheng [38]
vertical dipole: (thin wire)
P,"'+O, Pyml#O KT(z=z;)=K:+ q z = z m )
Yes
PY=O
Traditional: C
Mosig and Gardiol [I61
(planar patch);
K T associated with q q z '= z , + ) = K 2 ' + 1 ( Z=' z , - ) Michalski [22, 231
honzontal dipole (single layer):
p,"', p y = 0 No Michalski et al. [201
G l GE G
: PY#O KT'(z= z ; ) = K " + q z = z , ) (horizontal wires);
Wilton and Singh [I91
(periodic planar slots)
the scalar potential kernel in the present case has the continuity
property that K,"'(z' = zi 0 ) = K m +
, , i + l (z' = z i - 0), which
causes the contour integrals in (15) to cancel. Formulation
,
C also shares with Formulation B the useful property that
Km' ( z = z m + ~ zm - 0).
0) = K ? + ' S ' (=
IV. DISCUSSION
The properties of three MPIEs are summarized for easy
reference in Table I. Each of the three formulations, called
A, B or C, can be derived from either the alternative or the
traditional form of the dyadic Green's function for the vector
potential. These two dyadics are shown in matrix form in the
first column of Table I. We note that Formulation A is derived
from the alternative forms of Gz',Formulation C from the tra-
with j k i given in ( 2 3 ) . For notational simplicity, we have ditional form, and Formulation B from,either of the two (this
suppressed in (55) and (56) the superscripts e or h. We note is due to the fact that both forms of Gy
share the same GE).
that one can obtain WLi from @ki by replacing in the latter The distinguishing feature of each of the three formulations is
the characteristic impedances Zj by their reciprocals. the choice of the scalar potential kernel K F ,which also speci-
Finally, the Fourier inversion of (46) gives fies the "correction" vector Pm' according to (13). Although,
as the second column of Table I indicates, the scalar potential
kernel in Formulations A and C are both associated with a
(57)
horizontal dipole, they are different, because they correspond
to different vector potential Green's functions. In Formulation
As in Formulation A, this KTi may be interpreted as the scalar B, KT' is that associated with a vertical dipole. Actually, by
potential of a point charge associated with a horizontal dipole properly choosing K F , one can also derive Formulation A
[14]. However, these two potentials are not identical, since from the traditional form of e?',
and Formulation C from the
each corresponds to a different form of the vector potential alternative form.
Green's function. The forms of the dyadic vector potential kernel are shown
We observe from (49)-(54) that Formulation C introduces for each of the three formulations in column three. Comparing
two new entries (KT: and K $ ) , not present in GT', to the this column with column one, we observe that in all three for-
dyadic kernel. Also, extra terms are added to G Z . In contrast mulations two new entries, in addition to those already present
to Formulations A and B, these modifications occur even if in e;,' appear in Ky, which is of course undesirable. We
the object is confined to a single layer. As in Formulation A, note, however (column four), that in Formulations A and B
342 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 38, NO. 3 , MARCH 1990
singular than the terms already present in Gy, and can be e-j[kx(x-x’)+k~(Y
-Y’)l dk, d k y . (59)
handled in a similar way as the latter.
By changing the polar coordinates in both the transform and
The continuity properties of the scalar potential kernels
space domains according to
across the interfaces are summarized in column five of Table
I. In formulations A and C, KTi is continuous with respect x - x ’ = t cos {, y - y ’ = t sin { (60)
to z’, which results in the cancellation of the undesirable con-
tour integrals in ( 1 5 ) (cf. column six). In Formulations B and kx = k , cos CY, k y = k , sin a (61)
C, KTi is continuous with respect to z , which results in con- where
siderable simplifications in the numerical procedure when the
object penetrates one or more interfaces. This last point can
t = ~ ( x - X ’ > 2 + ( y - - y ~ ) *(=arctan
, (x - x ’ )
Y -Y‘
identical and are preferable to Formulation C, because they we can conveniently express various inverse Fourier integrals
have fewer terms in KF.In the general case, Formulation C that arise in terms of the Sommerfeld-type [15] integrals of
enjoys a clear advantage over Formulations A and B, because it the form
does not have contour integrals and because its scalar potential
kernel is continuous at the interfaces with respect to z , which
results in the simplifications mentioned above. If we had to
Sn[g(kp)l = -
2r siyg(k,)Jn(k,t)ka+’ dkp
0
(64)
V. CONCLUSION (68)
1
In this paper, three particularly useful mixed-potential in- 5 - ’ { k ; g ( k p ) } = -{COS
2 +
2{Ss2[g(kp)l So[k:g(k,)]} (69)
tegral equations for PEC scatterers or antennas of arbitrary
1
shape embedded in a plane-stratified dielectric medium are 5 - ’ { k x k y g ( k , ) }= -- sin 2{&[g(kp)]. (70)
derived and their properties discussed. One of the three
2
MPIEs (Formulation C) is shown to be simpler than the others APPENDIX
I1
in the case where the object penetrates one or more of the
interfaces, and appears to be especially well suited for the VECTOR
POTENTIAL
GREEN’S
FUNCTIONS
IN A LAYERED
MEDIUM
application of the numerical solution techniques developed in The Green’s functions for the layered medium of Fig. 1
[ 4 ] , [ 5 ] . The computer implementation of the MPIE for the are most easily determined in the Fourier transform domain,
case of a two-layer medium is discussed in Part I1 of this paper where the original problem is in effect reduced to that of solv-
1301. ing an equivalent transmission-line network along the z coor-
~
dinate [39], [40]. In this equivalent model, a uniform trans- and FLj in (7 1) are given by
mission line section corresponds to each layer of the medium.
It can be shown that in general two dual transmission-line T;
networks must be considered, one for the TE waves, and one
for the TM waves. In what follows, quantities pertaining to
the TE and TM transmission lines will be distinguished by
superscri ts h and e, respectively. and
-8
Let Gmj( z , z’), where q stands for e or h , denote the volt-
age at a point z in section m due to a unit-strength current TZi
source at a point z’ in section i of the respective transmission
line network. Similarly, let G$;(z, z’) be the current at z in
the mth transmission line section due to a unit-strength voltage
source at z’ in the ith section. Then, the standard transmission Here, TL;(z)denotes the voltage transfer function between
line analysis shows that a point z in the mth section and the right terminal of the
source section i, where i > m. Similarly, T;;(z) is the voltage
transfer function between a point z in the mth section and the
left terminal of the source section i , where i < m.
The function G; are duals of the functions GLi and are
obtained by replacing in the latter all characteristic impedances
Z ; by their reciprocals, Y ; . (As a result of this operation,
all reflection coefficients change signs.) It turns out that G!,;
and G;; depend on k , and k , only through k , (cf. (63) of
Appendix I).
The electric and magnetic fields anywhere in the layered
+ rip
-
l e- j k z t 122, - I - ( z + z ’ ) l
medium can be easily found in terms of t k , transmission-
line Green’s functions. Hence, expressing E first in terms
of GL; and G;;, and then in terms of GTf given by either
+ cos [k,;(z - z’)]} (73)
(7) or (8), we can easily solve for the elements of the vector-
D;= 1 - F ; p ; - l e - j 2 * ~ , (74) potential Green’s function in both the traditional and alterna-
in which $; = kzid;, d; = zi-1 - z;. In (72), Z ; denotes the tive forms. In this manner, the elements of the “traditional”
characteristic impedance of the ith transmission line section Green’s function (7) are found in the Fourier transform do-
and is given as main as [41]
z e
k ’. or as
=Z z h = WCLi (75)
wq kzi
for the TM- and TE-type transmission lines, respectively,
where k:; = k? - k:, with Im(k,;) 5 0 and Re(k,;) 2 0.
For notational simplicity, in (71)-(74) and henceforth in this
Appendix we omit, where there is no danger of confusion,
the superscripts e and h. The-other quantities in (71)-(74) are
defined as follows. p k and r k are the reflection coefficients
looking to the right (i.e., in the +z direction) and to the left
at the kth interface, and are given by Similarly, the elements of the “alternative” Green’s function
in (8) have the Fourier domain counterparts
- -
with ro = rn+l= 0. Z k and z k are the total impedances
(76)
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344 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 38, NO. 3, MARCH 1990
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cal methods for problems of electromagnetic radiation and scattering P. E. Wannamaker, G. W. Hohmann, and W. A. SanFilipo, “Electro-
from surfaces,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 42-28, pp. magnetic modeling of three-dimensional bodies in layered earths using
593-603, Sept. 1980. integral equations,” Geophys., vol. 49, pp. 60-74, Jan. 1984.
t51 S . M. Rao, D. R. Wilton, and A. W. Glisson, “Electromagnetic scat- 1291 A. Karlsson and G. Kristensson, “Electromagnetic scattering from sub-
tering by surfaces of arbitrary shape,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Prop- terranean obstacles in a stratified ground,” Radio Sri., vol. 18, pp.
agat., vol. AP-30, pp. 409-418, May 1982. 345-356, May-June 1983.
t61 K. Umashankar, A. Taflove, and S . M. Rao, “Electromagnetic scat r301 K. A. Michalski and D. Zheng, “Electromagnetic scattering and radia-
tering by arbitrary shaped three-dimensional homogeneous lossy di- tion by surfaces of arbitrary shape in layered media, Part 11: Implemen-
electric objects,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-34, pp. tation and results for contiguous half-spaces,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
758-766, June 1986. Propagat., pp. 345-352, this issue.
t71 J. J. H . Wang, “Numerical analysis of three-dimensional arbitrarily- R. F. Harrington, Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields. New
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[81 A. J. Poggio and E. K. Miller, “Integral equation solutions of three- Space. New York: Pergamon, 1966.
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159-264. 1982.
[91 D. H. Schaubert, D. R. Wilton, and A. W. Glisson, “A tetrahedral M. Chiba, “Singularities of Green’s function in surface integral equa-
modeling method for electromagnetic scattering by arbitrarily shaped tions,” Electron. Commun. Japan, vol. 66-B, no. 11, pp. 85-93,
inhomogeneous dielectric bodies,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propa- 1983.
gat., vol. AP-32, pp. 77-85, Jan. 1984. 0. D. Kellogg, Foundations of Potential Theory. New York:
S . U. Hwu and D. R. Wilton, “Electromagnetic scattering and ra- Dover, 1953.
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Appl. Electromagn. Lab., Dept. Elec. Eng., Univ. Houston, Houston, gion,” J . Math. Phys., vol. 6, pp. 1617-1620, Nov. 1965.
TX, Tech. Rep. 87-17, Dec. 1987. J. Van Bladel, Electromagnetic Fields. Washington: Hemisphere,
W. A. Johnson, D. R. Wilton, and R. M. Sharpe, PATCH CODE 1985.
User’s Manual, Sandia National Lab., Albuquerque, NM, 1988. K. A. Michalski and D. Zheng, “Analysis of wire antennas of arbitrary
J. W. Rockway, J. C. Logan, D. W. S . Tam, and S . T. Li, The shape residing in contiguous half-spaces,” 5th Int. Conf. Antennas
MININEC System: Microcomputer Analysis of Wire Antennas. Propagat. (ICAP 87), York, UK, 1987, pp. 507-511.
Boston, MA: Artech House, 1988. J. R. Wait, Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media. Elmsford,
r131 A. Erteza and B. K. Park, “Nonuniqueness of resolution of Hertz NY: Pergamon, 1970.
vector in presence of a boundary, and a horizontal dipole problem,” L. B. Felsen and N. Marcuvitz, Radiation and Scattering of Waves.
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-17, pp. 376-378, May Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973.
1969. D. Zheng, “Radiation, scattering and guidance of electromagnetic
r141 K. A. Michalski, “On the scalar potential of a point charge associ- fields by conducting objects of arbitrary shape in layered media,”
ated with a time-harmonic dipole in a layered medium,’’ IEEE Trans. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elec. Eng., Univ. Mississippi, University,
Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-35, pp. 1299-1301, Nov. 1987. MS, Dec. 1988.
A. Sommerfeld, Partial Differential Equations. New York: Aca- Krzysztof A. Michalski (S’78-M’81-SM’88) was
demic, 1949. born in Poland. He received the M.S. degree from
J. R. Mosig and F. E. Gardiol, “A dynamical radiation model for the Technical University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw ,
microstrip structures,” in Advances in Electronics and Electron Poland, and the Ph.D. degree from the University
Physics, vol. 59, P. W. Hawkes, Ed. New York: Academic, 1982, of Kentucky, Lexington, both in electrical engineer-
139-237. ing, in 1974 and 1981, respectively.
J. R. Mosig and F. E. Gardiol, ‘‘General integral equation formulation From 1982 to 1986, he was Assistant Professor at
for microstrip antennas and scatterers,” Inst. Elec. Eng., Proc., vol. the University of Mississippi, University. In 1987,
132, pt. H, pp. 424-432, Dec. 1985. he joined Texas A&M University, College Station,
W. A. Johnson, “Analysis of vertical, tubular cylinder which pene- where he is currently an Associate Professor of
trates an air-dielectric interface and which is excited by an azimuthally Electrical Engineering. His current research inter-
symmetric source,” Radio Sri., vol. 18, pp. 1273-1281, Nov.-Dec. ests include analytical and numerical methods for the solution of boundary
1983. value problems of electromagnetics.
D. R. Wilton and S . Singh, “Analysis of an infinite periodic array Dr. Michalski is a member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE)
of slots with dielectric loading,” in 1985 IEEE Antennas Propagat. and of Commission B (Fields and Waves) of the International Union of Radio
Soc. Int. Symp. Dig., Vancouver, Canada, pp. 229-232. Science (URSI). He was a U.S..delegate to the URSI General Assembly in
K. A. Michalski, C. E. Smith, and C. M. Butler, “Analysis of a 1984. Also in 1984, he received the Best EMP Paper Award from the Summa
horizontal two-element array antenna above a dielectric halfspace,” Foundation and in 1986 he was awarded the Oliver Lodge Premium by the
IEE PIDC.,vol. 132, pt. H, pp. 335-338, Aug. 1985. IEE.
K. A. Michalski and C. E. Smith, “Analysis of parallel monopole
antennas residing in contiguous media,” in Nut. Radio Sci. Meet. Dalian Zheng (S’85-M’89) was born in Liaoning,
Dig., Boulder, CO, Jan. 13-16, 1986, p. 230. People’s Republic of China, in 1955. He received
K. A. Michalski, “On the dyadic Green’s function for a grounded the B.E. degree from the Beijing Institute of Aero-
dielectric slab,” in Nut. Radio Sci. Meet. Dig., Boston, MA, June nautics and Astronautics, Beijing, China, the M.Sc.
25-29, 1984, p. 93. degree from The Ohio State University, Columbus,
-, “The mixed-potential electr.ic field integral equation for objects and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Mis-
in layered media,” Arch. Elek. Ubertragung., vol. 39, pp. 317-322, sissippi, University, all in electrical engineering, in
Sept.-Oct. 1985. 1982, 1985, and 1988, respectively.
X. B. Xu, “Analysis of TM- and TE-excited cylinders in a region com- From 1985 to 1987, he was Graduate Research
prising two semi-infinite half-spaces separated by a planar interface,” Assistant at the University of Mississippi, and from
Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elec. Eng., Univ. Mississippi, University, 1987 to 1988 at Texas A&M University, College
1985. Station, where he is currently a Research Associate in the Department of
G. J. Burke and E. K. Miller, “Modeling antennas near to and pen- Electrical Engineering. His major research interests are electromagnetic the-
etrating a lossy interface,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. ory, numerical methods applied to scatterers and antennas of arbitrary shape
AP-32, pp. 1040-1049, Oct. 1984. in complex environments, and microstrip transmission lines.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 38, NO. 3, MARCH 1990 345
i
Abstract-In Part I of this paper three mixed-potential electric field
integral equations (MPIEs) have been formulated for conducting sur-
faces of arbitrary shape residing in plane-stratified dielectric media with
an arbitrary number of layers. One of the MPIEs (Formulation C ) was
found to be particularly well suited for the application of the method
of moments (MM). In Part 11 of this paper, Formulation C of Part 1
is specialized to the important case of a scatterer or antenna of arbi-
trary shape residing in contiguous half-spaces. This MPIE is solved by
the MM employing a triangle-patch model of the surface of the object.
Sample numerical results are presented for several cases of interest.
z=o
I. INTRODUCTION
-~2 P p z y } (4)
PI +P2
iz,
with K t x = - K t z and K & = -K“ where K;z is given
e.
by (5) with cos replaced by sin In the above, we have
introduced the notation (cf. Appendix I of Part I [l])
MICHALSKl AND ZHENG: ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING AND RADIATION, PART I1 347
111. EVALUATION
OF SOMMERFELD
INTEGRALS associated with the nth edge, and is given as
The Sommerfeld-type integrals (8)-( 10) and (16)-( 18) are
evaluated by numerical integration along various paths in the
complex &-plane. The steepest descent path (SDP) appears r in T; (20)
to be the most efficient one to use [4]. However, since a
closed form expression for the SDP is not available when r otherwise
and r’ are in different layers, we employ, as a compromise,
four suboptimal paths, which are chosen depending on the in which I, is the length of the edge, A,’ is the area of triangle
+
relative values of = Ip - p’l and h = Iz I Jz’1, and on the T,: and p,‘ is the position vector, as shown in Fig. 2. The
parameters of the media. Space considerations do not allow us expansion of the surface charge density q, which is obtained
to discuss in detail the path selection criteria. Since the paths by using (19) in the equation of continuity, calls for the surface
employed, or similar ones, have been previously described in divergence off,, which is found as
the literature, we only list them below along with the relevant
references.
1) One path is similar to that used by Franssens [ 5 ] , which
initially strays from the real axis to avoid the branch points at
kl and k2, then returns to and continues along the real axis. otherwise.
On this last part, the method of averages [6] is employed to
accelerate the rate of convergence. When the expansions for J and q are used in (1) and the
2) One path is similar to the above, however, it does not resulting equations tested with f,, an N x N system of linear
return to but continues parallel to the real axis [7]. equations is obtained, which may be written in matrix form
3) One path is the SDP for the exponential part of the as
integrand, which is similar in shape to the path above [8].
[zpnl[Znl = [Vpl (22)
4) One path is along the vertical branch cuts emanating
from k~ and k2 [9]. where the elements of Zp, and V , are given as
All the above paths are divided adaptively into a number
of subintervals on which a Gaussian quadrature is used until
a convergence criterion is satisfied.
IV. NUMERICAL METHOD
Following the procedure described by Rao, Wilton, and
Glisson [3], the surface S of the object is modeled by triangu- wherep, n = 1, 2 , . . . , N , and
lar patches, as indicated in Fig. 1 . The surface current density
on S is then approximated as
N
J(r) =xZnfn(r) (19)
n=l
In the above, p c * is the vector between the free vertex and the
centroid of T$ with p i - directed toward and pif directed
away from the vertex, and rCp* is the vector from the coor-
dinate origin to the centroid of T: (Fig. 2). The meaning of
the indices m and i is as explained in Section 11.
It is worthwhile to elaborate on one aspect of the above
procedure, which is peculiar to the layered medium case. As
suggested in Fig. 1, the triangle-patch model of S must take
into account the position of the interface, since no triangular
patch is allowed to cross it. This arrangement ensures the
continuity of the current on S across the interface and allows
for the discontinuity of the charge there (cf. (20),(21)). A
typical triangle pair associated with edge p on the interface is
illustrated in Fig. 3. In testing (1) with f,, one should bear
in mind that T i and T i are in different layers. For example,
testing V4miin (1) with f, yields
(28) (b)
Fig. 3. (a) Side view and (b) cross-sectional view of a triangle pair strad-
where use has been made of a Gauss theorem [ 10, p. 5031. We dling the interface between contiguous half-spaces.
observe the undesirable line integral in (28),which does not
occur for objects in homogeneous space. Even in the present lossless. In the former case, its permittivity is complex and is
case, however, this integral disappears for Formulations B given as €2 = foer - j u / w , where er and U are relative dielec-
and C (see Part I [l]) in view of the continuity of the scalar tric constant and the conductivity of the medium, respectively,
potential kernels as z crosses an interface and the fact that and w = 27rf. To facilitate the interpretation of the results,
U
: . fp' = -U; . fg on I , , which follows from (20).In For- we take in all cases f = 300 It&, which corresponds to free
mulation A, the line integrals contribute a contour integral at space wavelength A0 = 1 m. The results in Figs. 4-6 are for
the intersection of S with the interface, quite similar to that in the antennas driven by unit-strength &gap generators and the
(15) of Part I, which is present in Formulation B. However, results in Figs. 7-9 for scatterers illurinated by plane waves
due to the approximations made in the testing procedure [3], incident normally to the interface.
the latter is actually easier to handle than the former- hence
our statement in Part I regarding the superiority of Formula- Rectangular Loop Antenna
tion B over A. Formulation C implemented in Part I1 is, of The results in Fig. 4 are for a vertical, rectangular, loop
course, free of either of these contour integrals. antenna partially immersed in salt water, for which measured
It is worth noting that, apart from the presence of the Som- data are available [111. One observes that both the magnitude
merfield integrals, the only difference between (23)-(27) and (Fig. 4(a)) and the phase (Fig. 4(b)) of the computed current
their free space counterparts [3] is the dyadic character of distribution on the lower arm of the loop agree favorably with
the vector potential kernel in (25). The surface integrals in the measured results. In the numerical procedure, we have
(25), (26) can be efficiently evaluated in normalized area coor- employed the thin-wire approximation mentioned at the end
dinates and reused for different matrix elements, as described of Section IV. The antenna and its image in the PEC ground
in [3]. plane were modeled by 102 straight segments.
The above procedure can be easily specialized to the case
of a thin-wire of arbitrary shape, which is modeled by straight
segments. The basis and testing functions are in this case tri- Straight Wire Antenna
angles defined on adjacent segments and, as a result of the In Fig. 5 we present current distributions on a straight,
thin-wire approximation, surface integrals become line inte- inclined, thin-wire antenna partially buried in dry earth, for
grals. which data are available from the NEC [ 121. In the numerical
procedure, the wire was approximated by a flat, narrow strip
V. SAMPLE
RESULTS of equivalent width 4a, where a is the wire radius, and was
In this section, we present sample numerical results for sev- modeled by 60 triangular patches. One observes a good agree-
eral partially buried antennas and scatterers (cf. Fig. 1). In ment between our and NEC results for the inclination angle
all cases, P I = p2 = PO and € 1 = EO, where P O and €0 are the a = 45" (Fig. 5(a)); a less favorable agreement is observed
parameters of free space. The lower medium may be lossy or for a = 80" (Fig. 5(b)).
MICHALSKl AND ZHENG: ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING AND RADIATION, PART I1 349
1.5
-
-
thin wire (NEC)
%GROUND PLANE strip model
25.4cm- 0
10
5
ru
0 f ' 2a = 6.35mm-r*i
7-
J f=300MHz \ a = 45"
Q, I E
?I .o $
-lJ
.d 4
In
i 5
8 cy
CO Am
0
4
cd
E Co+,O WATER * Y
E
: -1 5
2N =0 lo = 23.3cm
0 I
z0.5
(d = O i
E = 79, U = 1S/m
f = 300MHz
-5
0.0 I I I I I I
-.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0 . 2 0 0.25
1 [ml
(a)
-180 I I 1 I
12
6
- infinite
0
cylinder (Xu, 1985)
finite cylinder ( 0 . 8 m long)
-triangle-patch model I
U
z3
U
-3
-6
-.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 60 120 180 240 300 360
I [ml 9 [degrees]
(a)
(a)
-10 ' 1 I I I I I
x
-.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0 90 180 270 360
1 [ml cp [degrees]
(3) (b)
Fig. 6. Current distribution on an open-ended and closed vertical cylindrical
antenna partially buried in (a) dry earth and (b) salt water. Fig. 7. (a) Magnitude and (b) phase of the current J/on a horizontal tube
partially buried in a dielectric medium. The current is normalized to the
incident magnetic field at 'p = 90' on the surface of the tube.
Xu [ 141, who employed the magnetic field integral equation
formulation. One observes that both the magnitude (Fig. 7(a)) inant and transverse components of the current distribution on
and phase (Fig. 7(b)) of the normalized current distribution the plate are shown in Figs. 9(a) and 9(b), respectively. In
along the circumference and in the middle of the finite tube the triangle-patch model of the plate, 252 patches were em-
agree favorably with the corresponding results for the infi- ployed. The slight nonsymmetry with respect to the center line
nite cylinder. In the triangle-patch model of the cylinder, 288 of the plate observed in the transverse component of the cur-
patches were employed. rent is due to the fact that the symmetry of the plate was not
preserved in its triangle-patch model. In Fig. 8 we compare
Rectangular Plate the dominant component of the current distribution along the
Finally, in Figs. 8 and 9 we present results for a flat, rect- center line of the plate with the corresponding result for an
angular plate buried in dry earth. The magnitudes of the dom- infinite strip [ 141. One observes a reasonably good agreement
MICHALSKl AND ZHENG: ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING AND RADIATION, PART 11 35 1
= 16
f = 300MH~
x = 0.4m
6)
Fig. 9. Magnitude of (a) the longitudinal and (b) the transverse component
of the current induced on the rectangular plate of Fig. 8 by a normally
incident plane wave with H i = 1 A h .
restate here only the most important of them, namely, that the Charles E. Smith and Xiao-bang Xu, and by Gerald J. Burke.
MPIE is amenable to the existing advanced MM procedures This paper was ably typed by Clifford D. Krumvieda.
[2], [3]. Thus, once the EFIE is put in the mixed potential
form (1) and a subroutine for the evaluation of the Sommer- REFERENCES
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June 1984.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are indebted to Prof. Donald R. Wilton for Krzysztof A. Michalski (S’78-M’81-SM’88), for a photograph and biogra-
many useful comments regarding this research and to Prof. phy please see page 344 of this issue.
AllFn W. Glisson, who made available to them his triangle-
patch code. The measured and computed data used for com- Dalian Zheng (S’85-M’89), for a photograph and biography please see page
parisons with our results were kindly provided by Professors 344 of this issue.