Professional Documents
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Erco Guide en PDF
Erco Guide en PDF
Indoor lighting
Outdoor lighting
Lighting control
Lighting technology
Glossary
The perception-orientated
lighting design of the 1960s no
longer considered man and his
needs as a mere recipient of his
visual surroundings but as an
active factor in the perception
process. The designers analysed
Richard Kelly William Lam what was the significance of the
individual areas and functions.
Using the pattern of meaning
thus established, it was then
possible to plan the lighting as
a third factor and to develop an
appropriate lighting design. This
required qualitative criteria and a
corresponding vocabulary, which
in turn allowed both the require-
ments placed on a lighting system
and the functions of the light to
be described.
Play of brilliants
The third form of light, ”play
of brilliants“, results from the
insight that light not only draws
our attention to information, but
can also represent information in
and of itself. This applies above
all to the specular effects that
point light sources can produce
on reflective or refractive materi-
als. Furthermore, the light source
itself can also be considered to be
brilliant. This ”play of brilliants“
can add life and ambiance, espe-
cially to prestigious venues. What
was traditionally produced by
chandeliers and candlelight can
now be achieved in a modern
lighting design by the targeted
use of light sculptures or by cre-
ating brilliant effects on illumi-
nated materials.
Contemplation
Eye and camera The process of perception is ration – light of various wave-
frequently explained by compar- lengths is refracted to varying
ing the eye with a camera. In the degrees, which produces coloured
case of the camera, an adjust- rings around the objects viewed.
able system of lenses projects These defects, however, are elimi-
the reversed image of an object nated when the image is being
onto a film. The amount of light processed in the brain.
is controlled by a diaphragm.
After developing the film and
reversing the image during the
enlarging process, a visible, two-
Spherical aberration. Projected dimensional image of the object
images are distorted due to the becomes apparent. Similarly, in
curvature of the retina. the eye, a reversed image is pro-
jected onto the retina of the eye
via a deformable lens. The iris
takes on the function of the dia-
phragm, the light-sensitive retina
the role of the film. The image
is then transported via the optic
nerve from the retina to the brain,
where it is adapted in the visual
cortex and made available to the
conscious mind.
In regard to the eye, however,
there are considerable differ-
ences between what is actually
perceived and the image on the
retina. The image is spatially
distorted through its projection
onto the curved surface of the
retina. Through chromatic aber-
Chromatic aberration. Images are
blurred due to the various degrees
of refraction of spectral colours.
Rods The older of these two systems, the centre of our field of vision.
from an evolutionary point of The rod system is extremely sen
view, is the one consisting of rods. sitive and is activated when the
The special attributes of this sys- illuminance level is less than 1 lux.
tem include high light-sensitivity Our night vision features, particu-
and a great capacity for perceiv- larly the fact that colour is not
ing movement over the entire evident, contours are blurred and
field of vision. On the other hand, poorly lit items in our peripheral
rods do not allow us to perceive field of vision are more visible
colour; contours are not sharp – can be explained by the proper-
and it is not possible to concen ties of the rod system.
Relative spectral luminous effi- trate on objects, i.e. to study
ciency of rods V and cones V’ in items clearly even if they are in
relation to the wavelength
Cones The cones form a system with cally drawn to these points. This
very different properties. This is is then received as an image on
a system which we require to see the fovea to be examined more
things under higher luminous closely. Apart from noticing sud-
intensities, i.e. under daylight or den movement, striking colours
electric light. The cone system and patterns, the main reason
has lower light-sensitivity and is for us to change our direction of
concentrated in the central area view is the presence of high lumi-
in and around the fovea. It allows nances – our eyes and attention
us to see colours and sharper are attracted by bright light.
contours of the objects on which
Spectral colour sensitivity of the we focus, i.e. whose image falls
cones in relation to the wave- in the fovea area. In contrast to
length rod vision, we do not perceive the
entire field of vision uniformly;
the main area of perception is in
the central area. The peripheral
field of vision is also significant,
if interesting phenomena are
perceived in that area; in that
case our attention is automati-
Day and night One of the most remarkable faintly glowing star in the night
E (lx) properties of the eye is its abil- sky can be perceived, although it
Sunlight 100 000 ity to adapt to different lighting only produces an illuminance of
Overcast sky 10 000
Task lighting 1000
conditions. We can perceive the 10-12 lux on the eye.
Circulation zone lighting 100 world around us by moonlight or
Street lighting 10 sunlight, although there is a dif-
Moonlight 1 ference of a factor of 100,000 in
the illuminance. The extent of
tasks the eye is capable of per-
forming is extremely wide – a
L (cd/m2)
Sunlight 1000 000 000
Incandescent lamp (matt finish) 100 000
Fluorescent lamp 10 000
Sunlit Clouds 10 000
Blue sky 5 000
Luminous ceiling 500
Louvred luminaires 100
Preferred values in interior spaces 50–500
White paper at 500 lx 100
Monitor (negative) 10–50
White paper at 5 lx 1
Luminance 1 This ability to adapt to the illumi the same time. The eye adapts to
nance is only influenced to a very cover one narrow range in which
2
small extent by the pupil. Adap- differentiated perception is pos-
3 tation is performed to a large sible. Objects that possess too
degree by the retina. The rod and high a luminance for a particular
4 cone system responds to differ- level of adaptation cause glare,
5
ent levels of light intensity. The that is to say, they appear to be
6 7 L (cd/m2) rod system comes into effect in extremely bright. Objects of low
10 -8 10 -6 10 -4 10 -2
10 0 10 2 10 4 10 6 10 8 relation to night vision (scotopic luminance, on the other hand,
vision), the cones allow us to see appear to be too dark.
during the daytime (photopic
Luminance range L of rod vision vision) and both receptor systems
(1), mesopic vision (2) and cone are activated in the transition
vision (3). Luminances (4) and times of dawn and dusk (mesopic
preferred luminances (5) in inte- vision).
rior spaces. Absolute threshold of Although vision is therefore pos-
vision (6) and threshold of abso- sible over an extremely wide area
lute glare (7).) of luminances, there are clearly
strict limits with regard to con-
trast perception in each individual
lighting situation. The reason for
this lies in the fact that the eye
cannot cover the entire range of
possible luminances at one and
Adaptation time Adapting from dark to light situ- be accommodated by the eye
ations occurs relatively rapidly, within a certain range and the
whereas adapting from light to fact that it takes time to adapt to
darkness requires a considerably a new level of lighting, or bright-
longer time. A good example ness, have an impact on lighting
of this is how bright we find it design. For that reason lighting
outside having come out of a design requires, for instance, the
dark cinema auditorium during purposeful planning of different
the daytime or the transitory luminance levels within a space
period of night blindness we or deciding on the adaptation of
experience when entering a very lighting levels in adjacent spaces.
dark room. Both the fact that
contrast in luminance can only
Perspective Size
Activity 45˚
1 The value of any particular
information relates to the cur-
rent activity of the observer.
0˚
30˚
1 This activity may be work or
10˚
61
2
movement-related or any other
1,70 m 3 0˚ activity for which visual infor
20˚
61
2
45˚
1,20 m 25˚
mation is required. Lighting con-
ditions under which the visual
26
35˚ 3 task can be perceived to an opti-
26
60˚ mum degree can be determined
1
from the above-mentioned spe
65˚ cific features. It is possible to
30˚ 2 define ways of lighting which
15˚ 3 will be ideal for specific activities.
0˚
90˚
61
15˚
30˚ 1,20 m
65˚
26
15˚ 25˚ 40˚
Information There is another basic need for buildings, the situation is often
visual information that goes considered to be unnatural and
beyond the specific information oppressive.
required for a particular activity.
This is not related to any particu-
lar situation, it results from man’s
biological need to understand the
world especially man’s need to
feel safe. To evaluate danger, we
must be aware of the structure
of the environment. This applies
to orientation, weather ,time of
day and information relating to
other activities occurring in the
area. If this information is not
available, e.g. in large, windowless
Visualising light
Applications
Projects:
Private home, New South Wales
Heart of Jesus Church, Munich
Teattri Ravintola, Helsinki
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Projects:
Fondación Banco Santander Cen-
tral Hispano, Madrid
Lamy, Heidelberg
Ezeiza Airport, Buenos Aires
Light and Building, Frankfurt
Applications
Projects:
Tokyo International Forum
St. Petri church, Stavanger
Palacio de la Aljaferia, Zaragoza
Catedral de Santa Ana, Las Palmas
Outside – looking
outside
Applications
Projects:
Museum Georg Schäfer,
Schweinfurt
Catedral de Santa Ana, Las Palmas
DZ Bank, Berlin
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao
Applications
Projects:
Nagasaki Prefectural Art Museum,
Nagasaki
Restaurant Olio e Pane, Metzingen
Private home, New South Wales
ABN AMRO, Sydney
Projects:
Lamy, Heidelberg
Bodegas Portia, Gumiel de Izán
“Dat Backhus” bakery, Hamburg
Leonardo Glass Cube, Bad Driburg
Applications
Projects:
Hong Kong Convention and
Exhibition Centre
Grote Markt, Antwerp
Federal Chancellery, Berlin
Private home, Milan
Projects:
Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao
Hermitage, St. Petersburg
Hermitage, St. Petersburg
Spotlights
Conclusion The narrower the beam of light
cast on the object, the stronger
the effect. Sculpture lenses are
particularly suitable for project-
ing light at objects over their
entire height. With their wide
light beam, flood lenses illumi-
nate the surroundings stronger
and represent the object in its
spatial relationship.
Flood lens
Sculpture lens
Applications Highlighting is used for modelling
objects in:
- museums
- exhibitions
- salesrooms
Preferred luminaire groups
- spotlights with accessories
Projects:
Bunkamura Museum of Art, Tokyo
Museo del Prado, Madrid
Vigeland Museum, Norway
Hermitage, St. Petersburg
1:1
Conclusion When the brightness contrast
of the ambient surroundings to
the object is 1:2, a contrast can
hardly be noticed. When the ratio
is 1:5, a minimum brightness
contrast is established between
primary and secondary points of
interest. A contrast of 1:10 brings
out the difference very well. A
brightness contrast of 1:100
detaches the object very strongly
from its ambient surroundings
1:5 but an unintentional dissection
of the wall can arise.
1:10
Applications Highlighting of objects on walls is
a practice used in:
- museums
- exhibitions
- trade-fair stands
- salesrooms
Projects:
Museo Ruiz de Luna Talavera,
Spain
German Architectural Museum,
Frankfurt
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao
Museo Picasso, Barcelona
Projects:
Sony Center, Berlin
Glass pavilion, Glass technical
college, Rheinbach
Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Projects:
ERCO P3, Lüdenscheid
Zürich Insurance, Buenos Aires
Teattri Ravintola, Helsinki
Teattri Ravintola, Helsinki
Projects:
Indre quay, Haugesund
Apropos Cöln The Concept Store,
Cologne
Teattri Ravintola, Helsinki
ERCO Trade Fair, Hanover
0
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm
Daylight
100 % Continuous spectra lead to good
80 colour rendition. Incandescent
60 lamps or daylight have the colour
40
rendition index Ra 100.
20
0
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm
Fluorescent lamp
100 % Discharge lamps such as fluores-
80 cent lamps or metal halide lamps
60 feature a multiline spectrum.
40
Their colour rendition is therefore
lower than Ra 100.
20
0
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm
Applications
Projects:
Iittala Flagship Store, Amsterdam
Light and Building 2000,
Frankfurt
Restaurant Aioli, Vienna
Teattri Ravintola, Helsinki
Projects:
Tennispalatsi Cultural Museum,
Helsinki
Kvadrat Sanden, Stockholm
Tennispalatsi Cultural Museum,
Helsinki
Apropos Cöln Concept Store,
Cologne
Projects:
Museo de Bellas Artes, Bilbao
Zürich Insurance, Buenos Aires
Teattri Ravintola, Helsinki
Light and Building 2002,
Frankfurt
Mounting Maintenance
LED
A LED Selecting the right lamp for the
QT (12V) A luminaire depends on the actual
QT QT (12V) lighting requirements. For the
TC QT
T TC
successful implementation of
HIT T
a lighting concept the physical
HST HIT aspects, such as colour rendition,
20 40 60 80 HST 100 Ra and the functional criteria are
Modelling Colour rendition Light colour
2000 3000 4000decisive. 5000 6000 TF (K)
LED
A
QT (12V)
QT
TC
T
HIT
HST
100 200 300 400 500 1000 P (W)
Floor
Cut-off angle The greater the cut-off angle, in places such as salesrooms
the greater the visual comfort where products should be well
provided by the luminaire due to illuminated. On downlights with a
improved glare control. The same 30° cut-off angle, the maximum
lighting layout of downlights luminous flux is emitted at a high
produces different distributions lateral angle.
on the wall. Due to their narrow light distri-
A cut-off angle of 40° gives bution, downlights with a 50°
the best possible compromise cut-off angle achieve very a high
between the necessary horizon- visual comfort for high rooms.
tal illuminance on the floor and
vertical illuminance.
Vertical illuminance is important
Wall
The distance from the wall for give optimum uniformity until at
wallwashers should be at least least three luminaires are used.
one third of the room height. A wallwasher in a room corner
Alternatively, the wall offset is should be positioned on the 45°
given by a 20 degree line extend- line.
ing from the base of the wall up
to the ceiling. Whereas for normal
room heights the luminaire spac-
ing is the same as the wall offset,
in high rooms this spacing must
be reduced to compensate for
the illuminance which is gener-
ally reduced. Wallwashers do not
Room corner
Mirrored walls
Wall element
Ceiling
Object
Horizontal surfaces
Vertical surfaces
Point sources:
regular and staggered layouts
Point sources:
linear arrangements
Foyer Reception
Mood board with diffuse, cool Mood board with warm, direc-
light tional light
Applications
Projects:
City Hall, Graz
Centre Pompidou, Paris
Congress Palace, Valencia
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Light structures
Downlights, diffuse
Wall-mounted downlights,
diffuse
Luminous ceiling
Projects:
Congress Centre, Valencia
Prada, Milan
German Architectural Museum,
Frankfurt
Fondation Beyeler, Basel
Light structures
Uplights
Conclusion The diffuse light produces limited
shadows and a weak modelling.
Using indirect illumination alone
gives a lower spatial differentia-
tion. Compared to direct illumi-
nation, a considerably higher
luminous flux is necessary for
achieving the same illuminance
on the working plane. The sec-
ondary reflector should boast
a high reflectance. Direct and
secondary glare are extensively
avoided.
Projects:
British Museum, London
Ezeiza Airport, Buenos Aires
Eremitage, St. Petersburg
Villa, Salzburg
Light structures
Pendant downlights
Conclusion The uniformity on the working
plane increases as the room
height increases. Directed light
enables a good appreciation of
form and surface texture. The
secondary reflector should boast
a high reflectance. The uniformity
on the ceiling increases the fur-
ther away the luminaire is from
the ceiling. A feature of general
lighting with fluorescent lamps is
its highly efficient use of energy.
Projects:
Civic Cleaning Adult-Education
Centre, Berlin
Reichstag, Berlin
Palacio de la Aljaferia, Zaragoza
Fibanc, Barcelona
Spotlights
Directional downlights
Projects:
Catedral de Santa Ana, Las Palmas
Passeig de Gràcia, Barcelona
Royal Armouries Museum, Leeds
Museo ‚Fournier‘ del Naipe,
Vitoria
Projects:
Aragon Pavillon, Sevilla
Hannover Messe
Teattri Ravintola, Finland
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Floor washlights
Wall-mounted downlights
Orientation luminaires
Projects:
Light and Building, Frankfurt
Palazzo della Ragione, Bergamo
Hilton Hotel Dubai
Hilton Hotel Dubai
Projects:
Teattri Ravintola, Helsinki
Christie's Showroom, New York
Caras Gourmet Coffee Kranzler-
eck, Berlin
Kayser private home, Neuenrade
Luminaires
Direct
Light structures with direct light
have an axially symmetric light
distribution emitted downwards
for illuminating the usable sur-
faces.
Luminaires
Indirect
Light structures with indirect
light distribution have an axially
symmetric light distribution emit-
ted upwards for illuminating the
ceiling.
Luminaires
Direct/Indirect
Light structures with direct/indi-
rect light distribution have an
axially symmetric light distribu-
tion emitted upwards and down-
wards for illuminating the usable
surfaces and the ceiling.
Projects:
Reichstag, Berlin
Xaverian Brothers High School,
Westwood MA
Regional Govt., Berlin
Shanghai Museum
Spotlights
Spotlights have a narrow-beam
(spot approx. 10°) to wide-beam
(flood approx. 30°) light distribu-
tion with a rotationally symmetri-
cal beam.
The use of accessories is also
typical for spotlights:
- lenses:
spread or sculpture lenses
- filters:
- filters: colour filters, ultraviolet
or infrared filters
- barn doors, dazzle cylinders,
multigroove baffles or honey-
comb anti-dazzle screens
Contour spotlights
Contour spotlights with lenses
for projection for various beam
emission angles.
Some types of spotlight are
equipped with convex lenses or
Fresnel lenses for a variable beam
angle. In addition, spotlights with
image contouring or project-
ing systems (contour spotlights)
enable different beam contours
or projected images by project-
ing through apertures or stencils
(gobos).
Light
Flooldights feature a wide-beam
characteristic. They are offered
with a predominantly symmetri-
cal light distribution.
Criteria for floodlights
- choice of lamp determines light
colour, brilliance, functional life,
efficiency, light intensity
- uniformity: optimised reflector
for even illumination of areas
- gradient: soft edge to the beam
of light
- light output ratio is increased by
optimised reflector technology
Projects:
Catedral de Santa Ana, Las Palmas
Passeig de Gràcia, Barcelona
Royal Armouries Museum, Leeds
Museo ‚Fournier‘ del Naipe,
Vitoria
Wallwashers (spotlights)
Wallwashers have an asymmet-
ric light distribution for evenly
illuminating wall faces. Track-
mounted wallwashers allow the
luminaire spacing to be flexibly
adjusted as required.
Wallwashers, tiltable
(spotlight)
Spotlights with wallwasher attach
ment feature a asymmetric light
distribution for evenly illuminat-
ing wall surfaces. Track-mounted
wallwashers allow the luminaire
spacing to be flexibly adjusted
as required. Wallwashers with
kick-reflector have an asymmetric
light distribution for evenly illu-
minating wall faces.
Washlights
Wallwashers have an asymmetric
light distribution for evenly illu-
minating wall faces. In addition,
they also feature a downlight
component for evenly illuminat
ing the floor.
Double-focus wallwashers
Double-focus wallwashers have
an asymmetric light distribution
for evenly illuminating wall faces.
The shielding of the lamp provides
high visual comfort and prevents
the emission of spill light. The
homogeneity of the wallwashing
is particularly high.
Lens wallwashers
Lens wallwashers have an asym
metric light distribution for
evenly illuminating wall faces.
The lens serves to spread out
the beam.
Projects:
British Museum, London
Crescent House, Wiltshire
Mediathek, Sendai
Weimar College of Music
Recessed spotlights
Recessed directional luminaires
provide highlighting for individual
areas or objects with a narrow to
medium light distribution.
Recessed floodlights
Recessed floodlights produce a
wide-beam light distribution for
washlight illumination of objects
in the room or on the wall.
Recessed wallwashers
Recessed wallwashers have an
asymmetrical beam that is directed
onto vertical surfaces. They pro-
vide an even illumination for wall
surfaces.
Double-focus downlights
Double-focus downlights have a
rotationally symmetric beam that
is directed vertically downwards.
On double-focus downlights, a
special reflector shape enables
a high luminous flux even for
smaller ceiling apertures.
Downlights
Downlights have a rotationally
symmetric beam that is directed
vertically downwards.
Washlights
Washlights have an asymmetric
beam that is directed vertically
downwards and onto vertical
surfaces. They provide an even
illumination for wall and floor
surfaces. Special forms are double
washlights for illuminating two
opposite wall sections and corner
washlights for illuminating cor-
ners of rooms.
Double-focus wallwashers
Double-focus washlights have an
asymmetric light distribution that
is directed at vertical surfaces.
They are used for illuminating
wall surfaces evenly. Double-
focus wallwashers are fitted with
special, internal wallwasher seg-
ments. With this special kind of
reflector technology the lamp is
hidden from the direct view of
the observer at all times.
Directional luminaires
Directional downlights are used
for highlighting individual areas
or objects with a medium to nar-
row light distribution.
Projects:
Pleats Please Issey Miyake Store,
Bangkok
British Museum, London
Centre Pompidou, Paris
Armand Basi Shop, Barcelona
Surface-mounted downlights
Downlights have a rotationally
symmetrical beam that is directed
vertically downwards.
Surface-mounted wallwashers
Surface-mounted wallwashers
with asymmetrical light distribu-
tion provide an even illumination
of areas.
Surface-mounted double
washlights
Surface-mounted double wash-
lights with asymmetrical light
distribution provide an even illu-
mination of areas.
Ceiling washlights
Ceiling washlights have an asym
metric light distribution and emit
light upwards onto horizontal
surfaces. The ceiling surface is
illuminated evenly and over a
large area. On ceiling washlights,
the section of the ceiling to be
illuminated can be partly clipped
along the luminaire's main axis
with the help of infinitely adjust-
able cut-off shields. Uplights
differentiate themselves from
ceiling washlights by their differ
ent reflector geometry, altered
light distribution, and higher light
output ratio.
Floor washlights
Floor washlights have an asym-
metric light distribution and emit
light downwards onto horizontal
surfaces.
Projects:
Citibank, Paris
Museo de Historia, Barcelona
Hilton Hotel Dubai Creek
Light and Building, Frankfurt
Uplights
Uplights feature an upwards
directed beam with symmetrical
light distribution. The narrow,
rotationally symmetrical beams
are used for highlighting objects.
Directional luminaires
Directional luminaires are used
for highlighting individual areas
or objects with a medium to nar-
row light distribution. The beam
can be tilted.
Uplight, diffuse
Recessed floor luminaires with
diffuse light intensity distribution
are used for marking paths or
emphasising architectural lines.
Projects:
Hotel Palais Coburg Residenz,
Vienna
Centro de Historia de Zaragoza,
Zaragoza
The Aldrich Contemporary Art
Museum, Ridgefield
Bar Library, Belfast
Floor washlights
Floor washlights form points of
light on the wall and serves as
an orientation light on the floor
surface.
Projects:
Sevens department store,
Düsseldorf
Hilton Hotel, Dubai
Instituto Frances, Barcelona
Hilton Hotel, Dubai
Projects:
Palazzo della Ragione, Bergamo
Potsdamer Platz, Berlin
Norwegian Aviation Museum,
Bodo
GIRA, Radevormwald
Directive lighting
Task light
Light structure
Directional luminaire
Projects:
Shanghai Museum
Success advertising agency
Palacio de la Aljaferia, Zaragoza
Fibanc, Barcelona
Light structures
Downlights
Pendant downlights
Uplights
Projects:
Dansk Design Center, Copenhagen
DZ Bank, Berlin
Fibanc, Barcelona
Fondation Beyeler, Basel
Downlights
Pendant downlights
Spotlights
Projects:
Reichstag, Berlin
Bank of China, Beijing
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Ständehaus art gallery, Düsseldorf
Observation Walls can be lit using point-form washing with fluorescent lamps
or linear luminaires. Wallwasher brighten the wall with perfect
spotlights offer flexible adjust- uniformity. Using a Softec lens
ment for different wall heights. achieves an extremely even illu-
Wallwashers are characterised by mination of the whole wall even
the even progression of bright- in the higher area right up to the
ness along the wall. Lens wall ceiling. Perimeter illumination out
washers have special lens reflec- of a haunch is positioned directly
tor systems. Washlights project on the wall. It produces a grazing
the light evenly onto the wall light effect emphasising the sur-
surface, while maintaining the face texture. The evenness of the
downlight effect on the room. wallwashing is only secondary
Linear light sources for wall- here.
Point-form light sources
Wallwasher spotlights
Projects:
British Museum, London
Crescent House, Wiltshire
Museum Punta della Dogana,
Venice
Weimar College of Music
Observation In high rooms the luminaires are the room. Using a Softec lens, an
beyond the direct field of vision. extremely even illumination of
As the room height increases the the whole wall can be achieved
brightness of the wall decreases, even in the higher area right
if the lighting remains constant. up to the ceiling. The perimeter
Wallwashers are characterised illumination out of a haunch is
by the even progression of positioned directly on the wall. It
brightness along the wall. Lens produces
wallwashers have special lens a grazing light effect and empha-
reflector systems. Linear light sises the surface texture. The
sources for wallwashing with evenness of the wallwashing is
fluorescent lamps provides a secondary.
perfectly uniform brightening of
Point-form light sources
Wallwasher spotlights
Projects:
Heart of Jesus Church, Munich
Bank of China, Beijing
BMW factory, Leipzig
Martin-Gropius building, Berlin
Projects:
Bodegas Portia, Gumiel de Izán
Neues Museum (New Museum),
Berlin
ABN AMRO, Sydney
Heart of Jesus Church, Munich
Light structures
Ceiling washlights
Projects:
Weimar College of Music
Shanghai Museum
Ezeiza Airport, Buenos Aires
Light structures
Ceiling washlights
Spotlights
Project:
Palacio de la Aljaferia, Zaragoza
Downlights
Floor washlights
Projects:
Lamy Innovation Workshop,
Heidelberg
Konrad Adenauer Fund, Berlin
Observation Objects in the room or area can nating from below produces
be illuminated flexibly using interesting effects since the light
track-mounted spotlights or is coming from an angle which is
floodlights. When illuminating an unusual for the observer.
object with one spotlight in the
direction of vision, the modelling
effect is weak. Two spotlights,
with sculpture accessories, shin-
ing from different directions cre-
ate a balanced, three-dimensional
effect. The brightness contrasts
are milder compared to when
using just one spotlight. Illumi
Spotlight, front elevation
Spotlight, isometric
Spotlight, underside
Floodlights
Projects:
Passeig de Gràcia, Barcelona
Museum of Contemporary Art,
Helsinki
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao
Hermitage, Saint Petersburg
Observation Objects on the wall can be flexibly spotlight ensures very strong,
illuminated with track-mounted effective emphasis of the wall-
spotlights or floodlights. Spot- mounted picture.
lights highlight the wall-mounted
picture and create a decorative
effect. Individual wallwashers
accentuate the picture more
discretely than spotlights. Sev-
eral wallwashers illuminate the
wall evenly. The object is not
emphasised. Floodlights provide
a homogenous illumination of
the entire wall surface. A contour
Spotlights
Wallwasher spotlights
Floodlights
Contour spotlights
Projects:
Museum of Contemporary Art,
Barcelona
Museo Deu, El Vendrell
Palacio Real de Madrid
Reichstag, Berlin
Wall-mounted downlights
Orientation luminaires
Projects:
Light and Building, Frankfurt
Palazzo della Ragione, Bergamo
Canteen, Lüdenscheid
Sevens, Düsseldorf
Projects:
Palazzo della Ragione, Bergamo
Deutsches Historisches Museum
(German Historical Museum),
Berlin
Norwegian Aviation Museum,
Bodo
Taschenberg-Palais, Dresden
Projects:
Repsol petrol station, Spain
Congress Palace, Valencia
Federal Chancellery, Berlin
Coal washery, Zollverein colliery,
Essen
Projects:
Private residence, Ravensburg
Private residence, Ravensburg
Bodegas Vega Sicilia Wine Cellar,
Valladolid
Projects:
Private residence, Southern
Highlands, Australia
ERCO Lightpark, Lüdenscheid
Church, Rörvik
Monastery ruins, Paulinzella
Projects:
Regional government of Lower
Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein
in Berlin
Kaufhof media facade, Hamburg
Museo del Teatro de Caesar
augusta, Zaragoza
Porches de la Boquería, Barcelona
Projectors
Directional downlights
Conclusion Accent lighting enables good
appreciation of form and surface
structure. The focused light pro-
duces pronounced shadows and
good modelling ability, as well as
brilliance. A narrow beam and a
high brightness contrast to the
surroundings give the object par-
ticular emphasis.
Projects:
ERCO Lightpark, Lüdenscheid
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Sri Senpaga Vinayagar Temple,
Singapore
Tommy Hilfiger, Düsseldorf
Floor washlights
Wall-mounted downlights
Orientation luminaires
Projects:
Sevens department store,
Düsseldorf
Hilton Hotel, Dubai
Czartoryski Square, Krakow
Private residence, Palamos
Projects:
Norwegian Aviation Museum,
Bodo
ERCO Lightpark, Lüdenscheid
ERCO Lightpark, Lüdenscheid
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Floodlights
Floodlights with axially symmetri-
cal light distribution provide even
illumination of objects or areas.
Light distribution with focal
emphasis.
Projects:
Private residence, Southern
Highlands, Australia
ERCO Lightpark, Lüdenscheid
Centenary Hall, Bochum
Sri Senpaga Vinyagar Temple,
Singapore
Wallwasher, tiltable
Recessed-mounted wallwashers
with asymmetric light distribu-
tion provide an even illumina-
tion of areas. Surface-mounted
downlights can be mounted on
walls, ceilings or floors and in
addition can also be tilted.
Projects:
Regional government of Lower
Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein,
Berlin
Kaufhof Media Facade, Hamburg
ERCO P1, Lüdenscheid
Concentration Camp memorial,
Belzec
Façade luminaires
Façade luminaires are offered
with narrow-beam, wide-beam,
symmetrical or asymmetric light
distribution. The light can be dis-
tributed either via a single-sided
or double-sided light aperture.
Wall-mounted downlights
Wall-mounted downlights, with
their diffuse beam in the room,
provide good visual comfort.
They can also be mounted on
the ceiling.
Wall-mounted downlights,
shielded
Wall-mounted downlights with
half-shielded face offer good
visual comfort and illuminate
the floor area in particular.
Projects:
Private residence, Ravensburg
Private residence, Ravensburg
Zara, Munich
Cultural Centre and Coastal
Museum NORVEG, Rörvik
Facade washlights
Floor washlights with asymmetric
light distribution provide an even
illumination of buildings.
Projects:
Panticosa resort, Panticosa
Private residence, Berlin
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Art hall, Emden
Downlights
Downlights have a rotationally
symmetric beam that is directed
vertically downwards.
Wallwashers
Wallwashers have an asym-
metrical light distribution that is
directed onto vertical surfaces.
They provide even illumination
for wall or façade surfaces.
Special lens systems for lens
wallwashers ensure even wall
illumination. The light is spread
out by the lens and directed onto
the wall by wallwasher reflectors.
The Darklight reflectors of lens
wallwashers are visible from
below and are glare-free.
Directional luminaires
Directional luminaires provide
highlighting for individual areas
or objects with a medium to
narrow light distribution.
Projects:
Repsol petrol station, Spain
Congress Palace, Valencia
Federal Chancellery, Berlin
Intercontinental Resort,
Berchtesgaden
Downlights
Downlights have a rotationally
symmetrical beam that is directed
vertically downwards.
Wallwashers
Surface-mounted wallwashers
with asymmetrical light distribu-
tion provide an even illumination
of areas.
Directional downlights
Directional downlights provide
highlighting for individual areas
or objects with a medium to nar-
row light distribution.
Uplights
Uplights feature an upwards
directed beam with symmetrical
light distribution. The narrow,
rotationally symmetrical beam
is used for highlighting objects.
Lens wallwashers
Lens wallwashers feature an
upwards directed beam with
asymmetrical light distribution.
They provide an even illumina-
tion of walls.
Directional uplights
Directional luminaires provide
highlighting for individual areas
or objects with a medium to nar-
row light distribution. The beam
can be titled.
Uplight, diffuse
Recessed floor luminaires with
diffuse light intensity distribution
are used for marking paths or
emphasising architectural lines.
Projects:
Glass pavilion, Glass technical
college, Rheinbach
Brandenburg Gate, Berlin
Khalil Al-Sayegh, Dubai
Benrath Castle, Düsseldorf
Orientation luminaires
Orientation luminaires with
point-form front lens act as
a local orientation light.
Floor washlights
Floor washlights form points of
light on the wall and serves as
an orientation light on the floor
surface.
Projects:
Sevens department store,
Düsseldorf
Hilton Hotel, Dubai
Czartoryski Square, Krakow
Private residence, Palamos
Wallwasher, underside
Recessed-mounted washlight
Projects:
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Benrath Castle, Düsseldorf
Berliner Tor Center, Hamburg
Concentration Camp memorial,
Belzec
Observation Given the same lighting, as washers have special lens reflec-
the wall height increases the tor systems.
brightness of the wall decreases.
Wallwashers are characterised by
the even progression of bright
ness along the wall. Lens wall-
Wallwashers
Lens wallwashers
Projects:
Regional government of Lower
Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein
in Berlin
Georg Schäfer Museum,
Schweinfurt
Brandenburg Gate, Berlin
Sacred Heart church, Munich
Wallwashers
Lens wallwashers
Directional luminaires
Projects:
Rohrmeisterei restaurant,
Schwerte
Sri Senpaga Vinayagar Temple
Private residence, Germany
Museu Etnològic, Barcelona
Uplights
Projects:
Stansted Airport, London
Glass pavilion, Glass technical
college, Rheinbach
Jahrhunderthalle, Bochum
Cosmo petrol station, Tokyo
Spotlights
Floodlights
Projects:
Post-Tower, Bonn
Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias,
Valencia
Jahrhunderthalle, Bochum
Museo del Teatro de Caesar
augusta, Zaragoza
Pathway luminaires
Downlights
Downlights, narrow-beamed
Floor washlights
Projects:
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Eberbach monastery, Eltville
Private residence, Berlin
Private residence, Palamos
Observation Objects in the room or area can below produces an interesting but
be illuminated with spotlights or mysterious effect since the light
floodlights. When illuminating an is coming from an angle which is
object head-on with one spot- unusual for the observer.
light in the direction of vision,
the modelling effect is weak.
Two spotlights, with sculpture
accessories, shining from differ-
ent directions create a balanced,
three-dimensional effect. The
brightness contrasts are milder
compared to when using just
one spotlight. Illuminating from
Spotlights
Floodlights
Directional luminaires
Directional uplights
Projects:
Norwegian Aviation Museum,
Bodo
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Rhenish State Museum, Bonn
Let The Dance Begin, Strabane
Observation Objects on the wall can be illumi floodlights accentuate the object
nated with spotlights or flood- less than spotlights.
lights. Spotlights highlight the
object and create a decorative
effect. Due to their even illumina-
tion of the complete wall surface,
Spotlights
Lens wallwashers
Projects:
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Vietnam Veterans Memorial,
Washington DC
Sinnet Tennis Club, Warsaw
Transparent facade
Uplights
Mast
Cantilever arm
Facade luminaires
Applications
Projects:
Georg Schäfer Museum,
Schweinfurt
ERCO Lightpark, Lüdenscheid
ERCO Lightpark, Lüdenscheid
Cultural Centre and Coastal
Museum NORVEG, Rörvik
Uplights
Downlights
Applications
Projects:
Brandenburg Gate, Berlin
Municipal works, Lüdenscheid
Ruhr Festival Theatre Congress
Centre, Recklinghausen
Faena Hotel, Buenos Aires
Lines of light
Projects:
Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank,
Hong Kong
Palazzo della Borsa, Triest
Kaufhof department store,
Mönchengladbach
Floodlights
Uplights
Projects:
Museum of Arts and Crafts,
Hamburg
Palacio de la Aljaferia, Zaragoza
Daylight
Downlights, indoor
Floodlights
Lines of light
Uplights
Applications
Projects:
Humboldt-University, Ehrenhof,
Berlin
Pentacon Tower, Dresden
Ernst-August-Carree, Hannover
DZ Bank, Berlin
Daylight
Uplights, indoor
Band of light
Applications
Projects:
Municipal works, Lüdenscheid
Astra Administration, Stockholm
E-Werk event halls/SAP SI offices,
Berlin
Downlights, indoor
Uplights, indoor
Lines of light
Uplights, outdoor
Applications
Projects:
Office building, Basel
Ruhr Festival Theatre Congress
Centre, Recklinghausen
Zürich Insurance, Buenos Aires
Biblioteca Foral de Bizkaia, Bilbao
Floodlight behind
Uplight
Small tree
Large tree
Conclusion Tree growth and avoiding glare of landscape better but require
are two points that must be more work to reposition however.
considered when arranging and
aiming the luminaires. On large
trees, several luminaires may be
necessary to achieve an even illu-
mination and to avoid a distorted
perception of light and dark parts.
Flexible, directable luminaires
with ground spikes can be repo-
sitioned and re-aimed as the tree
grows. Luminaires recessed into
the ground blend into the area
Observation Floodlit illumination of the tree leaves are characteristic for the
Season crown particularly brings out the autumn. In the winter, the light-
beauty of the outermost blossom ing effect is reduced to the fili-
in the springtime. In the summer, gree branch work.
the dense foliage makes the crown
appear as a solid mass. Coloured
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
Projects:
Ernst-August-Carree, Hannover
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Floodlight, front
Floodlight behind
Uplight
Floodlight in front
Floodlight behind
Uplight
Spotlight in front
Spotlight behind
Uplight
Floodlight at front
Floodlight behind
Spotlight in front
Spotlight behind
Uplight
Floodlight at front
Floodlights at sides
Uplights
Projects:
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Bank of China, Beijing
Bank of China, Beijing
Projects:
ERCO, Lüdenscheid
Loher Wäldchen park,
Lüdenscheid
Pathway
Planning Design 1
The wallwashers integrated in
the ceiling provide a very homoge
nous illumination of the wall. The
luminaires are integrated into the
architecture.
Design 2
The light intensity distribution
of the downlights determines the
overall impression of the scene.
On the wall, uniform beams of
become apparent and become
the formative element. The mate-
rial texture on the back wall is
brought out by the light.
Design 3
To meet the functional criteria
of an entrance, it is sufficient to
illuminate the ground. The overall
volume of the entrance recedes
into the background.
Arrangement Design 1
The offset of the wallwashers
from the wall measures half the
wall height. The luminaire spac-
ing is equal to the offset from
the wall.
Design 2
To achieve a decorative lighting
effect, the downlights are posi-
tioned near to the wall.
Design 3
The floor washlights are located
at a height of 60cm in order to
avoid glare.
Planning Design 1
Downlights follow the form of the
cantilever roof along the struts.
The circles of light made by the
beams on the floor emphasise the
dynamics of the circular facade.
The wall adjoining onto the glass
facade is delicately brightened by
recessed ceiling wallwashers.
Design 2
Light is projected onto the canti-
lever roof via ceiling washlights.
The roof reflects the light onto
the floor. The indirect lighting
casts evenly diffused light onto
the ground. Additional illumina-
tion of the wall can be dispensed
with since the wall is also given
sufficient light by the reflection
from the roof. The luminaires
appear as independent architec-
tural elements.
Design 3
Each strut is highlighted by four
surface-mounted downlights. The
physical makeup of the struts is
emphasised.
Design 2
The ceiling washlights are
mounted at two thirds of the
strut height.
Design 3
The offset of the recessed ceiling
wallwashers from the wall meas-
ures a quarter of the wall height.
The surface-mounted downlights
are placed in a circular arrange-
ment around the struts at a short
distance away.
Planning Design 1
The columns are silhouetted
against the entrance area, which
is illuminated by surface-mount-
ed downlights. The three-dimen-
sional impression of the portico
is greatly reduced by the columns
that now appear almost flat. The
front elevation of the building is
clearly divided into three because
of the emphasis given to the
facade‘s central section.
Design 2
The columns are illuminated with
narrow-beam uplights. The tym-
panum is illuminated separately.
The fact that the entrance area
is set forward from the facade
becomes much more pronounced.
The view is attracted to the cen-
tral section of the building.
Design 3
The facade is clearly given a hori-
zontal division by illuminating the
frieze. The overall breadth of the
facade becomes more significant.
The columns were illuminated
as in design 2, but with reduced
light intensity so as not to overly
emphasise the entrance. Overall,
this differentiated lighting con-
cept lends the historical facade
a most magnificent character.
Design 1
One surface-mounted downlight
with a wide light intensity distri-
bution is positioned behind each
and every column.
Design 2
The columns are emphasised by
narrow-beam uplights arranged
circularly around the columns.
Design 3
Directional luminaires for high-
lighting the frieze are located at
a distance of one tenth of the
wall height in front of the two
side sections of the facade. The
spacing between the directional
luminaires themselves is relatively
small so that an even illumination
of the frieze is obtained. Narrow-
beam uplights in the semicircle
around the four columns add
brightness.
Planning Design 1
Orientation is provided here on
the one hand by linearly arranged
points of light from floor wash-
lights and on the other by mark-
ing points of interest. In this
example, a low illumination of
the pathway by floor washlights
is sufficient because illuminating
the row of trees provides orien
tation.
Design 2
The path surface is well lit with
wide-beam floor washlights. The
evenly arranged floor washlights
guide one‘s view. The adjacent
trees are silhouetted against the
evenly illuminated wall behind
them. The spatial limits are
emphasised and this gives the
viewer an indication about the
volume of the area.
Arrangement Design 1
The uplights are arranged to the
right and left of the trees. A row
of floor washlights runs parallel
to this.
Design 2
The lens wallwashers for illumi-
nating the wall are recessed in
the floor at an offset from the
wall of a third of the wall height.
Building
Management Lighting control not only enables
the lighting to be adjusted to suit
System
Design examples
Building
Management
System
BACnet
Luminaires
Complexity
EIB, LON
DALI,
DMX
1-10V
Price
Lighting control systems
Circuit
Switch
Relay contact
Luminaire 1
Circuit
Switch
Relay contact
Luminaire 1
Circuit
Switch
Relay contact
Luminaire 1
Lighting control systems switch
and dim luminaires, set up light
Neutral conductor Neutral conductor Neutral conductor Transformer,
ECG DMX ECG,
DMX line Dimmer DALI Line
1V-10 V 1 Dimmer,
2 Actuator
266666666666666666666661
BMS
KNX, LON
Floors or
6666666666666661
Building Parts
DMX, DALI
26666661
1V-10V
Single Rooms
Circuit
Switch
Relay contact
Luminaire 1
Circuit
Switch
Relay contact
Luminaire 1
Building management systems
are used to control different
Neutral conductor Neutral conductor
ECG ECG
1V-10 V 1V-10 V
Interfaces Software
Light sensor A light sensor monitors light control the light level depending
levels and enables the automatic on the daylight. The first process
control of light scenes depend- is referred to as open loop con-
ing on available daylight. Using trol, the second as closed loop
a lighting system in combination control.
with changing daylight levels in In combination with scene con-
rooms ensures a controlled illumi- trol, light scenes can be control-
nance, which is useful, for exam- led depending on the daylight,
ple, in order to maintain mini- for example, by using a twilight
mum values for workplaces or to switch. In the same manner, the
reduce the radiation exposure on sensor control can be used to
exhibits in museums. A daylight operate solar screening equip-
sensor on the roof (external sen- ment.
sor) measures the illuminance
of the daylight and controls the
lighting inside. If the light sensor
is in the room (internal sensor),
it measures the total illuminance
of the incident daylight and the
lighting in the room in order to
Motion sensor Motion sensors register movement
in the room and can be used, for
example, in vacant offices to dim
or switch off the light automati-
cally in order to save power. In
museums, the lighting on sensi-
tive exhibits can be reduced when
there are no visitors. Installed out-
doors, motion sensors can reduce
power consumption at night as
lighting is switched on only when
and where required. The switching
thresholds must be set to suit the
situation.
GUI
Dimmer The dimmer is used for the infi- ERCO Area Net or KNX actuators.
nitely variable regulation of the The dimmers are often installed
output from a light source. Lead- in switch cabinets. The control
ing edge control is applied to lines are permanently connected
incandescent lamps. Low-voltage to luminaires or groups of lumi-
halogen lamps with electronic naires. The digital control pro
transformer are dimmed using tocol, DALI, on the other hand,
trailing edge technology. Ther- allows for the individual control
mal radiators such as tungsten of the dimmable ECGs for all the
halogen lamps are easy to dim. connected luminaires.
Fluorescent lamps require spe-
cial control gear, while compact
fluorescent lamps require special
electronic control gear units.
Conventional compact fluores-
cent lamps cannot be dimmed.
LEDs can easily be dimmed with
the appropriate control gear.
In analogue 1V-10V technology,
dimming is possible by using a
special ECG with input for the
1V-10V control voltage and
a potentiometer or a control
system supplying analogue 1V-
10V control voltage, such as the
Planning
Observation
Planning
Observation
Planning
Observation
Planning
Observation
Large room
Planning
Observation
Small room
661 I Ap
L
LED
A
QT (12V)
QT
TC
T
HIT
HST
20 40 60 80 100 Ra
16
61
light source. As a rule, this radi-
66
66
ant power could be expressed
1666 6661 O as emitted energy in the unit of
watts. However, this method is
inadequate for describing the
66
1666 66
optical effect of a light source,
16
61
since the emitted radiation is
recorded without discrimination
over the entire frequency range
and the different spectral sensi-
tivity of the eye is not considered.
The inclusion of the spectral sen-
The luminous flux F is a measure sitivity of the eye results in the
for the amount of light of a light quantity termed lumen. A radiant
source. flux of 1W emitted at the maxi-
mum extent of spectral optical
sensitivity (photopic, 555 nm)
F = lumen (lm) gives a luminous flux of 683 lm.
Conversely, the same radiant flux
emitted at frequency ranges of
lower sensitivity as per the V (l)
results in correspondingly smaller
luminous fluxes.
Luminous efficacy
LED
A
QT (12V)
QT
TC
T
HIT
HST
20 40 60 80 100 h(lm/W) max.
h=F/P The luminous efficacy describes
the efficacy of a lamp. It is
h = lm / W expressed as the ratio of the
emitted luminous flux in lumen
and the power used in watts. The
theoretically attainable maximum
value assuming complete conver-
sion of energy at 555 nm would
be 683 lm/W. The luminous effica-
cies that can actually be attained
vary depending on the lamp, but
always remain far below this ideal
value.
16
61
directions. In practice, however,
66
66
1666 6661 I F O there is always an uneven spatial
distribution of luminous flux,
66
1666 66
partly due to the lamp design
16
61
and partly due to the manner in
which the luminaire is formed.
The Candela, as the unit of light
intensity, is the basic unit of
lighting engineering from which
The light intensity I is a measure all other lighting engineering
for the luminous flux F emitted values are derived.
per solid angle O
I=F/O
[I]=lm / sr
lm / sr = Candela [cd]
C 90/270°
90°
0°
Light intensity distribution form
and light intensity distribution
curves (planes C 0/180° and
C 90/270°) of an axially sym-
metrically luminaire.
-60° YG 60°
I'
-30° 0° 30°
I'
I'
2
YG
α β α
Eh Ev 266
266
Em = F
Em A
16
16
16
16
Ep E p = I2
a
16
[Ep] = lx
[I] = cd
[a] = m
Eh Ev R2 L 2
R1 L1
y Neutral white
4000 k
0,42 ww
nw
0,34 dw
5000 k
0,26
x
0,30 0,40 0,50
5000 k
0,26
x
0,30 0,40 0,50
Electroluminescent
radiators
Abbreviations
Usual codes for lamps in the
Guide. The letters in brackets are
not used in practice, this results
in the abbreviations given on
the right.
Abbreviations for identifying
special versions are separated
from the code by a dash.
Letter code
The 1st letter refers to the method
of light generation.
The 2nd letter identifies the bulb
material on incandescent lamps
or the gas fillings on discharge
lamps.
The 3rd letter or combination of
letters refers to the bulb shape.
Halogen reflector
lamps
Physics y
4000 k
100 % 0,42 ww
nw
80
0,34 dw
60
5000 k
40
20 0,26
x
0
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm
0,30 0,40 0,50
Physics y
4000 k
100 % 0,42 ww
nw
80
0,34 dw
60
5000 k
40
20 0,26
x
0
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm
0,30 0,40 0,50
Physics y
4000 k
100 % 0,42 ww
nw
80
0,34 dw
60
5000 k
40
20 0,26
x
0
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm
0,30 0,40 0,50
Properties The tungsten halogen reflec- and do not require any additional
tor lamp emits a whiter light control gear; low-voltage halogen
than conventional incandescent reflector lamps, however, must be
lamps. Its light colour is in the powered via transformers. Nar-
range of warm white. Due to row or wide beam reflectors are
the continuous spectrum, the available. Lamps with coolbeam
colour rendition is excellent. reflector place less thermal load-
Its compact form makes the ing on the illuminated objects.
tungsten halogen reflector lamp Lamps with an integrated cover
an ideal point light source. The glass permit operation in open
particularly good directability luminaires.
of the light produces brilliance.
The luminous efficacy and life of
tungsten halogen reflector lamps
is above that of ordinary incan-
descent lamps. Tungsten halogen
reflector lamps can be dimmed
Physics y
4000 k
100 % 0,42 ww
nw
80
0,34 dw
60
5000 k
40
20 0,26
x
0
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm
0,30 0,40 0,50
Shapes Tungsten halogen reflector lamps radiate the heat away to the sides
are available for operation on and reduce the thermal loading
mains voltage. They usually have in the focused beam. The halogen
a special fixing. Some feature a parabolic reflector lamp combines
screw fixing and an additional the advantages of halogen tech-
external glass capsule and can be nology with the technology of
used just like conventional incan- the PAR lamps.
descent lamps. The advantages
of the low-voltage halogen lamp
primarily concern the high lumi-
nous power for its small dimen-
Low-voltage halogen lamp with sions. The lamp enables compact
pin base and coolbeam reflector luminaire designs and a very
made of glass, with aluminium narrow focussing of the light.
reflector for higher performance. Low-voltage halogen reflector
lamps are available for different
voltages and in various shapes
and must be powered via trans-
formers. They are available with
different half peak spreads. The
versions with coolbeam reflectors
High-pressure
sodium vapour lamps
Physics y
4000 k
100 % 0,42 ww
80
nw
60 0,34 dw
40 5000 k
20 0,26
0 x
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm 0,30 0,40 0,50
Physics y
4000 k
100 % 0,42 ww
80
nw
60 0,34 dw
40 5000 k
20 0,26
0 x
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm 0,30 0,40 0,50
y 4000 k
100 % 0,42 ww
80 nw
60 0,34 dw
40
5000 k
20 0,26
0 x
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm 0,30 0,40 0,50
Physics y
4000 k
100 % 0,42 ww
80
nw
60 0,34 dw
40 5000 k
20 0,26
0 x
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm 0,30 0,40 0,50
y
4000 k
100 % 0,42 ww
80
nw
60 0,34 dw
40 5000 k
20 0,26
0 x
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm 0,30 0,40 0,50
Properties Metal halide lamps feature excel- On some forms an immediate re-
lent luminous efficacy while ignition is possible using special
simultaneously having good starters or the electronic control
colour rendition; their nominal gear.
service life is high. They represent
a compact light source. The light
can be optically well directed. The
colour rendition is not constant.
Metal halide lamps are available
in the light colours warm white,
neutral white and daylight white
and are not dimmed. Metal halide
lamps require both starters and
chokes for their operation. They
require an ignition time of several
minutes and a longer cooling-
down phase before re-igniting.
Physics y
4000 k
100 % 0,42 ww
80
nw
60 0,34 dw
40 5000 k
20 0,26
0 x
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm 0,30 0,40 0,50
Physics y
4000 k
100 % 0,42 ww
80
nw
60 0,34 dw
40 5000 k
20 0,26
0 x
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm 0,30 0,40 0,50
In electroluminescent radiators,
the electrical energy produces
visible radiation. One of the char-
acteristic aspects of light emit-
ting diodes, LEDs, is their narrow
banded spectrum, while their
advantages include a compact
LED shape, high colour density, a long
life, and low power consumption.
Coloured LEDs
100 % LEDs produce a narrow banded
spectral range. The dominant
80 wavelength determines the col-
our locus of the LED. Compared to
60 coloured fluorescent lamps, LEDs
40
have a higher colour density. The
composition of the semiconduc-
20 tor material determines the light
spectrum emitted. Differently
0 coloured LEDs of the same con-
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm nected load produce different
levels of luminous flux.
CIE colour triangle with colour Relative spectral distribution:
loci of red, green and blue LEDs red, green and blue LEDs
Shapes
Colour mixing
Convex surface
(diverging beam)
Paint finish
White 0.70–0.80
Pale yellow 0.60–0.70
Pale green, light red, pale blue, light grey 0.40–0.50
Beige, ochre, orange, mid-grey, 0.25–0.35
dark grey, dark red, 0.10–0.20
dark blue, dark green
Building materials
2
n2
lenses give rise to optical effects
ranging from change of radiation
When transmitted from one When transmitted through a angle to the concentration or
medium with a refractive index medium of a different density, diffusion of light to the creation
of n1 into a denser medium with rays are displaced in parallel. of optical images. In the construc
a refractive index of n2, the rays tion of luminaires refracting ele-
of light are diffracted towards ments such as prisms or lenses
the axis of incidence (ε1>ε2). are frequently used in combina-
For the transition from air to tion with reflectors to control the
glass the refractive index is light.
approx. n2/n1=1.5.
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
1
mitted. By arranging the sequence
of thin layers of metal vapour
according to defined thicknesses
and densities, selective reflectance
can be produced for specific fre-
quency ranges. The result can be
that visible light is reflected and
infrared radiation transmitted,
for example – as is the case with
cool-beam lamps. Reflectors and
filters designed to produce col-
oured light can be manufactured
using this technique. Interference
filters, so-called dichroic filters,
have a high transmission factor
and produce particularly distinct
separation of reflected and trans-
mitted spectral ranges.
Mirror-finish reflectors with good
material quality are free of inter-
ference.
Double reflector
systems
Textured Facetted
1
1
Darklight reflectors In the case of the conventional reflectors) this effect can be
parabolic reflectors clearly defined avoided; brightness will then
light radiation – and effective only occur in the reflector of
glare limitation – is only possible larger radiating sources below
for exact, point light sources. the cut-off angle, i.e. when the
When using larger radiating light source is visible.
sources, e.g. compact fluorescent
lamps, glare will occur above the
cut-off angle; glare is visible in
the reflector, although the lamp
itself is shielded. By using reflec-
tors with a variable parabolic
focal point (so-called darklight
Spherical reflectors In the case of spherical reflec- light, or to utilize the light radi-
tors the light emitted by a lamp ated backwards by means of retro
located at the focal point of the reflection back towards the lamp.
sphere is reflected to this focal
point. Spherical reflectors are
used predominantly as an aid in
conjunction with parabolic reflec-
tors or lens systems. They direct
the luminous flux forwards onto
the parabolic reflector, so that it
also functions in controlling the
Spotlight
Projecting systems
Fresnel lenses Fresnel lenses consist of concen- Luminaires equipped with Fresnel
trically aligned ring-shaped lens lenses were originally mainly used
segments. The optical effect of for stage lighting but are now
these lenses is comparable to the also used in architectural light-
effect produced by conventional ing schemes to allow individual
lenses of corresponding shape adjustment of beam angles when
or curvature. Fresnel lenses are, the distance between luminaires
however, considerably flatter, and objects varies.
lighter and less expensive, which
is why they are frequently used
in luminaire construction in place
of converging lenses. The optical
performance of Fresnel lenses
is confined by aberration in the
regions between the segments;
as a rule the rear side of the
lenses is structured to mask
visible irregularities in the light
distribution and to ensure that
the beam contours are soft.
Sculpture lens The sculpture lens produces
asymmetrical light distribution.
It spreads the beam of light in
one axis, while leaving the light
distribution unchanged on the
other axis. The parallel ribbed lens
produces a vertical oval when the
ribs are orientated horizontally.
Projecting systems
Projector with optical system: a Projecting systems comprise an In addition, different beam angles
uniformly illuminated carrier (1) elliptical reflector or a combina- or image dimensions can be
is focused via a lens system (2). tion of spherical reflector and selected depending on the focal
The ellipsoidal projector (left) condenser to direct light at a length of the lenses. In contrast
with high light output, and the carrier, which can be fitted with to luminaires for Fresnel lenses it
condenser projector (right) for optical accessories. The light is is possible to produce light beams
high quality definition. then projected on the surface to with sharp contours; soft con-
be illuminated by the main lens in tours can be obtained by setting
the luminaire. the projector out of focus.
Image size and beam angle can be
defined at carrier plane. Simple
aperture plates or iris diaphragms
can produce variously sized light
beams, and contour masks can be
used to create different contours
on the light beam. With the aid of
templates (gobos) it is possible to
project logos or images.
100 T (%)
80
60 Standard light
type A
40 T = 93%
20
0
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm
Protective filters
Types of filters Absorption filters absorb certain Interference filters (edge filters)
spectral ranges and transmit the are classed as reflection filters
remaining radiation. The absorp- and give a high transmittance
tion process causes the filters to and an exact separation of trans-
become hot. The separation of mitted and reflected spectral
transmitted and reflected spectral components. Glass filters coated
components is not as exact as with an interference coating can
with interference filters and leads produce saturated colours. An
to a reduced edge steepness of accumulation of heat is avoided
the transmittance. Consequently, since reflection, and not absorp-
coloured glass filters create rather tion, takes place. The reflection
Absorption filter unsaturated colours. They have spectrum is dependent on the
great longevity however. angle of observation. Due to the
vaporised coating, their scuff
resistance is less than that of
absorption filters.
Reflection filter
0 0
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm 300 400 500 600 700 800 nm
Applications Filtering out virtually all the ultra UV filters are suitable for use in:
violet radiation effectively delays - art museums
the photochemical process of - art galleries
decay in textiles, watercolours, - natural-science museums
historic documents, artworks and - antiquarian bookshops
other exhibits that are sensitive
to light. This particularly applies
to the bleaching of colours and to
yellowing. In practice, since the
UV component of high-pressure
discharge lamps is already reduced
UV filter by prescribed safety glasses,
the highest ultraviolet loading
is found from non-capsulated
tungsten halogen lamps.
The use of infrared filters signifi- IR filters are suitable for use in:
cantly reduces the thermal load - art museums
and thus decreases the heat on - art galleries
an object or its surface. Materials - natural-science museums
sensitive to heat and humidity - antiquarian bookshops
can thus be protected from drying - food shops
out or distorting. High propor-
tions of infrared radiation are
emitted predominantly from light
sources with low luminous effi-
cacy, such as thermal radiators.
IR filter
Anti-dazzle attachments Barn doors allow the emitted anti-dazzle attachments. The
beam to be separately restrained black painted finish absorbs light
in each of the four directions and and reduces the luminance con-
provide improved glare control. trasts.
A cylindrical anti-dazzle attach-
ment also restricts the view into
the luminaire and reduces glare,
but without the flexibility of barn
doors.
The anti-dazzle attachments are
usually externally mounted on
the light head. Glare limitation
increases with the size of the
Framing attachment
Gobo
LED
Software Developments
Daylight
100 %
Compared with other technolo-
80
gies such as digital photography
60 or desktop publishing, the 3D
40 visualisation method is far from
20
being fully developed. Within a
0
300 400 500 600 700 800 nm
few years, innovations can sig-
nificantly change the processes.
HDR Light spectrum Real-time rendering A number of developments in
light simulation are expected in
the near future.
Luminaire Maintenance Factor Cleaning frequency (a) The luminaire maintenance factor
Environmental conditions LMF takes into account the reduc-
A Open luminaires tion of luminous flux due to the
B Open-top reflectors soiling of the luminaire. It signi-
C Closed-top reflectors fies the ratio of a luminaire’s light
D Closed reflectors output ratios before and after
E Dustproof luminaires cleaning. The LMF depends on the
F Luminaires with indirect emission shape of the luminaire and the
related possibility of soiling. The
1 2 3 LMF classification is indicated
P C N D P C N D P C N D next to the product. At this point,
0.96 0.93 0.89 0.83 0.93 0.89 0.84 0.78 0.91 0.85 0.79 0.73 the optimal cleaning frequency
0.96 0.90 0.86 0.83 0.89 0.84 0.80 0.75 0.84 0.79 0.74 0.68 must be defined for the mainte-
0.94 0.89 0.81 0.72 0.88 0.80 0.69 0.59 0.84 0.74 0.61 0.52 nance plan.
0.94 0.88 0.82 0.77 0.89 0.83 0.77 0.71 0.85 0.79 0.73 0.65
0.98 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.95 0.91 0.86 0.81 0.94 0.90 0.84 0.79
0.91 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.86 0.77 0.66 0.57 0.80 0.70 0.55 0.45
Room Surface Maintenance Cleaning frequency (a) The room surface maintenance
Factor Environmental conditions factor RSMF takes into account
Direct emission the reduction of luminous flux
Direct/indirect emission due to the soiling of the room sur
Indirect emission faces. It signifies the ratio of the
room surface reflectances before
and after cleaning. The RSMF
Classification of Environmental depends on the degree of soiling
Conditions of the room or the ambient condi
P (very clean room) pure tions of a room and the specified
C (clean room) clean cleaning frequency. Further influ-
N (average conditions) normal encing factors are the size of the
D (dirty room) dirty room and the type of lighting
(direct to indirect emission).
1 2 3 The room surface maintenance
P C N D P C N D P C N D factor consists of four classifica-
0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 tions for room surface deteriora-
0.96 0.92 0.88 0.85 0.93 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.90 0.86 0.82 0.78 tion: P pure (very clean room),
0.94 0.88 0.82 0.77 0.91 0.84 0.77 0.70 0.84 0.78 0.72 0.64 C clean (clean room), N normal
(average conditions) and D dirty
(dirty room).
Lamp Lumen Maintenance Hours of operation (h) The lamp lumen maintenance
Factor Tungsten halogen lamps/ factor LLMF takes into account
low-voltage the reduction of luminous flux
Metal halide lamps due to the ageing of the lamp.
High-pressure sodium vapour It signifies the ratio of the lamp
lamps lumens at a specific time and the
Compact fluorescent lamps new value. The current data pro-
Fluorescent lamps vided by the lamp manufacturers
must be taken into account here.
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
0.95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
0.86 0.82 0.75 0.69 0.66 -- -- -- -- --
0.99 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.94
0.92 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.83 -- -- -- -- --
0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88
E
on the operating time. They comprise costs
for energy, material and wages for staff Guide K". K'' = n . tB (a . P + K2 )
tLa
carrying out lamp replacement. On the K = n [p . K1 + R + tB (a . P + K2 )]
basis of these values it is possible to cal- Simulation and calculation | Calculations tLa
culate the different qualities of a lighting
installation. Formula for calculating
t= Kl (new)
The annual costs ofFormula
a lighting instal- the pay-back time t
for calculating K = K' + K'' of a new installation. K'' (old) – K'' (new)
lation are of particular the
interest.
costs ofIta islighting
often
advisable to Lighting
comparecostsFormula for calculating
the economic
installation K effi-
from the KK'==K'n +(pK''
. K1 + R) The cost of a lighting installa-
the costs of a lighting tion is divided into fixed and
fixed costs
ciency of different lampinstallation
types inK'Kthe
and the
plan-
annual operating
from the
costs K' = n (p . K1 + R) flexible costs. The fixed costs are
ning phase. This data can K". be operating
fixed calculated
costs K' and the K'' = n . tB (a . P + K2 Comparison
) of the
pay-back time t of two t = Kl (B) – Kl (A) unrelated to the operating time
either as annual costs annual
or as costs
K".
for costs
the K'' = n . tB (a . P + KtLa 2 )
new installations, K'' (A) – K'' (B)of the lighting installation and
production of a specific quantity of light.
K = n [p . K1 + R + ttLa
comprise the annual costs for the
B (a . P + K2 )]
whereby installation B
The pay-back time is important in both has highertinvestment luminaires, their installation and
completely new projects and refurbishment K = n [p . K1 + R + tB (a costs + Klower
. Pand La
2 )] opera- their cleaning. The flexible costs,
projects, that is to say the period ting costs.tLa on the other hand, depend on the
Formula for of time
calculating Kl (new) operating time and include the
within which the operatingthe costs that
pay-back time have
t t=
electricity costs and the material
been saved can be set Formula t = K'' (old) – K'' (new)
for calculating Kl (new)
offapay-back
of
the against
new thet
installation.
time and labour costs for lamp replace-
investment costs for the of anew
new installation.
installation. K'' (old) – K'' (new) ment. These values form the basis
for the calculation of a number
Comparison of the of features of the lighting instal-
pay-back time t = Kl (B) – Kl (A) lation. Of particular interest here
Comparison of tthe
of two
K'' (A) ––Energy
Kl (B) KK'' (B)costs
l (A)
new installations,
pay-back time t of two t a=(EU/kWh) n Number are the costs accruing annually
of luminaires
whereby
new installation B
installations, K''
K (EU/a) (A) – K'' (B)
Annual costs for a p (1/a) for a lighting
Interest payments installation.
for the installa- Often,
has higher
whereby investment
installation B however, it also makes sense in
tion (0.1–0.15)
costs and lower opera- lighting installation
has higher investment the planning phase to compare
ting costs. K' (EU/a) Fixed annual costs P (kW) Wattage per luminaire
costs and lower opera- different types of lamps in terms
ting costs. K" (EU/a) Annual operating costs R (EU/a) Annual cleaning
of their costs
efficiency. Again, these
K1 (EU) Costs per luminaire incl. mounting per luminaire
can be calculated as annual costs
K2 (EU) Costs per lamp t (a) Pay-backortime
as costs for the production of
incl. lamp replacement tB (h) a specifictime
Annual operating quantity of light. When
K l (EU) Investment costs (n · K1) tLa (h) planning
Service life a new installation and
of a lamp
specifically when improving an
existing, lighting installation, it is
a (EU/kWh) Energy costs n Number of luminaires helpful to calculate the pay-back
aK (EU/kWh)
(EU/a) Annualcosts
Energy costs for a np (1/a) Interest of
Number payments for the installa-
luminaires time, i.e. the period 159
required for
lightingcosts
installation p (1/a) tion (0.1–0.15)
Interest payments for the installa- the operating costs savings to
K (EU/a) Annual for a offset the investment costs of
K' (EU/a) Fixed annual
lighting costs
installation P (kW) Wattage
tion per luminaire
(0.1–0.15)
K" (EU/a)
(EU/a) Annual operating the new installation.
K' Fixed annual costscosts PR (kW)
(EU/a) Annual cleaning
Wattage costs
per luminaire
K1(EU/a)
K" (EU) Costs per
Annual luminaire
operating incl. mounting
costs R (EU/a) per luminaire
Annual cleaning costs
KK12(EU)
(EU) Costs perper luminaire
lamp incl. mounting t (a) Pay-back
per luminairetime
K2 (EU) incl. lamp
Costs replacement
per lamp ttB(a)(h) Annual operating
Pay-back time time
K l (EU) Investment
incl. costs (n · K1)
lamp replacement (h)
ttBLa(h) Service operating
Annual life of a lamp
time
K l (EU) Investment costs (n · K1) tLa (h) Service life of a lamp
159
159
Luminaire Maintenance Factor Cleaning frequency (a) The luminaire maintenance factor
Environmental conditions LMF takes into account the reduc-
A Open luminaires tion of luminous flux due to the
B Open-top reflectors spoiling of the luminaire. It signi-
C Closed-top reflectors fies the ratio of a luminaire’s light
D Closed reflectors output ratios before and after
E Dustproof luminaires cleaning. The LMF depends on the
F Luminaires with indirect emission shape of the luminaire and the
related possibility of soiling. The
1 2 3 luminaires are classified by their
P C N D P C N D P C N D ”maintenance factor according
0.96 0.93 0.89 0.83 0.93 0.89 0.84 0.78 0.91 0.85 0.79 0.73 to CIE”.
0.96 0.90 0.86 0.83 0.89 0.84 0.80 0.75 0.84 0.79 0.74 0.68
0.94 0.89 0.81 0.72 0.88 0.80 0.69 0.59 0.84 0.74 0.61 0.52
0.94 0.88 0.82 0.77 0.89 0.83 0.77 0.71 0.85 0.79 0.73 0.65
0.98 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.95 0.91 0.86 0.81 0.94 0.90 0.84 0.79
0.91 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.86 0.77 0.66 0.57 0.80 0.70 0.55 0.45
Analysis of illuminance
Test Rendering
Reflector simulation
A Angle of vision
The subtended angle within which
an object is perceived; the meas-
C Colour filter
→ Filter
Absorption urement of the size of the image Candela, cd
The ability of substances to of an object on the retina. Unit of → light intensity; fun- Colour mixing
neither reflect nor transmit light. damental dimension of lighting In lighting engineering, additive
Its dimension is the absorption engineering. 1cd is defined as colour mixing using red, green
ratio, which is defined as the ratio Anti-dazzle cap the light intensity emitted by a and blue can be used to obtain
of absorbed → luminous flux to An anti-dazzle attachment for monochromatic light source with mixed colours. The combination
incident luminous flux. controlling the glare of the direct a radiant power of 1/683W at of all three primary colours pro-
component of light from the 555nm. duces white light. Subtractive
→ lamp in the beam direction colour mixing starts with the pri-
Accent lighting of the → luminaire. The → beam mary colours of cyan, yellow and
Emphasis given to individual is restricted in the main direction CCG magenta and filters out particular
areas of a space or to individual of the beam and the spill light Abbreviation for conventional spectral components.
objects by specific lighting at a components are reduced and/or → control gear.
level above that of the ambient prevented completely.
lighting. Colour of light
Ceiling washlight The colour of the light emitted by
Anti-dazzle protection Luminaire type which is mounted a → lamp. The colour of light can
Accommodation → Solar protection individually or in rows above be expressed by using xy coordi-
Adaptation of the → eye to ena- eye-level in or on walls. These nates to specify a colour locus
ble objects at different distances luminaires illuminate the ceiling in the → chromaticity diagram.
to be seen in sharp focus. It is Anti-dazzle screen area uniformly and without caus- White light colours can also be
performed by deforming the eye Anti-dazzle attachment to ing glare; they are predominantly expressed as a → colour temper-
lens. improve → visual comfort. The designed for → tungsten halogen ature, and can also be broadly
cross baffle partially conceals the lamps, → fluorescent lamps or categorised as either warm white
reflector and the lamp. → high-pressure discharge lamps. (ww), neutral white (nw) and
Adaptation daylight white (tw). The same
The ability of the eye to adjust colours of light can have different
to the → luminances in the field Architectural lighting Ceramic discharge tubes spectral distributions and a cor-
of vision. Performed initially via Term given to lighting concepts Discharge tube of → a high- respondingly different → colour
the dilation or contraction of the using both → daylight and arti- pressure discharge lamp. Ceramic rendition.
pupils, though a far greater scope ficial light, whereby the technical discharge tube technology offers
is achieved by altering the sensi- solution is an integral constituent better colour stability and higher
tivity of the retina’s receptor cells part of the architecture. → luminous efficacy than quartz Colour rendition
and by changing between vision technology. Quality of colours as they occur
with cone cells and vision with under a given light source. The
rod cells (see also → Eye). degree of colour deviation from a
Adapter
B Chromaticity diagram
System for the numerical clas-
sification of → colours of light
reference light source is given by
the colour rendition index Ra.
A device for connecting a lumi- Backlighting and body colours. The chromatic-
naire, especially a → spotlight or Type of lighting which is pro- ity diagram is a two-dimensional Colour rendition index
→ floodlight, both mechanically jected from behind the object diagram in which the colour loci The degree of colour distortion
and electrically to a → track. and casts shadows forward. It of all colours and colour mixes under a given light source in
can result in a halo of light being are represented in grades of comparison with a reference
visible around the object. In stage saturation ranging from the pure light source. The optimum colour
Additive colour mixing lighting, backlighting is used for colour through to white, which rendition index is Ra = 100.
Refers to the mixing of colours dramatic lighting effects. can be numerically expressed by
by the addition of spectral ranges. their xy coordinates. Colour mixes
According to the trichromatic are located on a straight line Colour saturation
theory, the colours produced by Barn doors drawn between the colours to Measure for the intensity of
additive colour mixing are the Term given to anti-dazzle plates be mixed; the → colour of light a colour between the pure
complementary colours of the arranged in a square around the of → thermal radiators lies on colour and the white point in
primary colours (red, green and luminaire to reduce the direct the defined curvature of the the → chromaticity diagram.
blue). Mixing the three primary glare; typically found on stage Planckian curve. Together with hue and bright-
colours in equal amounts pro- lighting projectors. ness, this is one of the three
duces white light. fundamental properties of a col-
Colour adaptation our. Colour saturation is usually
Beam angle The ability of the eye to adapt to given as a percentage.
Ambient lighting → Emission angle the → colour of light in the sur-
Uniform lighting of an entire roundings. Results in the percep-
space without giving special tion of relatively natural colour Colour temperature
consideration to individual visual Brilliance under different colours of light. Describes the → colour of light
tasks. Lighting effect on reflective sur- of a light source. With → thermal
faces or transparent materials. radiators, this is virtually the same
Brilliance is produced by the Colour compensation as the actual temperature of the
Ambient luminescence reflection of the light source or Procedure in lighting engineering lamp filament in degrees Kelvin (K).
Ambient luminescence provides the refraction of light; it requires for correcting the → colours of For → discharge lamps, the colour
general lighting for the surround- directed light from point light light from several luminaires with temperature that is most similar
ing area. It ensures that architec- sources. RGB colour mixing in order to is given. This is the temperature at
ture and the objects and people ensure that lighting tasks have a which a → thermal radiator emits
in it are visible. It allows the occu- uniform colour impression. light of a comparable colour.
pants simply to get their bearings,
work and communicate.
Compact fluorescent lamp Control gear angle. The → lamp cut-off angle Diffuser
These are → fluorescent lamps These devices are necessary for the and the reflector’s → luminaire Optical element for dispersing the
with particularly compact dimen- operation of certain light sources. cut-off angle are identical. Dark- rays of light in order to give a soft
sions achieved by bending or They primarily refer to current- light technology offers optimum → beam. Fitted to the luminaire,
twisting the discharge tube limiting control gear (chokes) efficiency for maximum → visual the diffuser reduces the lamp
and/or by combining several and → starters, i.e. → ignitors comfort. luminance and can reduce glare.
short discharge tubes. Compact required to operate → discharge
fluorescent lamps have only one lamps but also to → transformers
lamp cap. required to operate → low-voltage Day vision Digital Addressable Lighting
halogen lamps. Inductive control → Photopic vision Interface
gear devices are available either Digital control protocol for
Compact projector in conventional (CCG) or low-loss → lighting control within
Spotlight with optical systems for versions (LCG). They sometimes Daylight architecture. The system enables
the projection of → gobos and require an additional ignitor or Daylight includes the directed, luminaires to be individually
text templates (patterned filters) starter. Electronic control gear direct sunlight, the ambient light controlled and can be integrated
for use with various lamp types. (ECG) work without any additional of the sky and the diffuse light into building control systems as a
Depending on the optical system, ignitor and prevent annoying from the clouds. The → illumi- subordinate, stand-alone system.
a distinction is drawn between a transformer hum or → strobo- nances of daylight are far higher
condenser projector and an ellip- scopic effects. than the illuminances of artificial
soid projector. lighting. Dimmer
Control device to infinitely vary
Coolbeam the → luminous flux of a lamp
Condenser projector → Coolbeam reflector Daylight factor using leading-edge phase control.
→ Compact projector Ratio between the → illuminance Can be used with → incandescent
produced by → daylight on the lamps, → low-voltage halogen
Coolbeam reflector working plane of a room and the lamps and → fluorescent lamps.
Cone Dichroic reflector which pre- exterior illuminance; the daylight Although, it is technically possible
→ Eye dominantly reflects visible light, factor can be measured in the to dim → high-pressure discharge
but transmits (glass reflectors) or → daylight simulator. lamps, it is neither complete nor
absorbs (metal reflectors) infrared common.
Cone vision radiation. Coolbeam reflectors
→ Photopic vision result in a lower thermal load on Daylight simulator
the illuminated objects. Coolbeam Technical equipment used to Direct illuminance
reflectors are also known as multi- simulate sunlight and daylight. The lighting emitted directly
Connected load mirror reflectors. → Daylight can either be simu- from luminaires onto the working
The connected load is the total lated by the hemispherical plane, e.g. by downlights.
sum of the nominal wattages of arrangement of numerous lumi-
electric loads. Cover glass naires or by the multiple reflec-
The protective layer of a → lumi- tion of a luminous ceiling in a Directed light
naire through which the light is room fitted with mirrors. Sunlight Directed light is emitted from
Connected load of the lighting emitted. Depending on the light- is simulated by a parabolic mirror → point light sources. One spe-
The maximum power of the entire ing technology, a luminaire can whose movement can reproduce cific direction of light predomi-
lighting installation, regardless of have one or more such layers. the sun’s path during the day or nates and this provides good
the actual energy consumption. The apparent → luminance of the the year for any latitude. A daylight effects in terms of → modelling
cover glass is used when evaluat- simulator allows the relationship and brilliance. Even unmodified
ing the glare of a luminaire. between light and shadow in pro- beams from open, point light
Constancy posed buildings to be simulated sources produce directed light,
The ability of visual perception to on a model, including testing the in which case, however, since
discern features of objects (size, various lighting control elements the main direction of the beam
shape, reflectance, colour) despite
changes in the environment
(distance, position, lighting). Con-
D and measuring the → daylight
factors on the model.
is spread with varying intensity
in all directions, the common
practice is to focus the light into
stancy is absolutely vital in order DALI a uniformly directed → beam
to create a structured image of Abbreviation for → Digital Daylight systems using → light guidance.
reality out of the ever-changing Addressable Lighting Interface. Technical measures based on
patterns of luminance on the → reflection and → refraction
retina. in the area of windows and sky- Directional luminaire
Dark Sky lights which are used to improve Usually a recessed luminaire
Term used in lighting design for the provision of → daylight in a which has a beam angle within
Contrast lighting which avoids → light room and, in this way, to reduce a defined angular range (rota-
The difference in the → lumi- pollution in the outdoor area in the electrical power consumption. tion and tilt) that can be freely
nance or colour of two objects order to prevent brightening the selected. Suitable for retail and
or of one object and its surround- night sky. → exhibition areas.
ings. The visual task becomes Daylight white, dw
increasingly difficult as the con- → Colour of light
trast decreases. Dark Sky technology Directive luminaire
Reflector technology which Their design invariably complies
results in no light being emitted Dichroic reflector with standardised directive
Contrast rendition above the luminaire in order to → Coolbeam reflector luminaires and safety signs; the
Criterion for limiting reflected avoid → light pollution. inscriptions and signs are backlit.
glare. The contrast rendition is
expressed by the contrast rendition Diffuse light
factor (CRF). It is defined as the Darklight technology Diffuse light is emitted from Discharge lamp
ratio between the luminance con- Reflector technology which large, luminous surfaces. It pro- Lamp in which the light is pro-
trast of a visual task under the given results in the observer not being duces a soft, uniform lighting with duced by electrical discharge
lighting and the luminance con- subjected to glare as long as the low → modelling and → brilliance. through gases or metal vapours.
trast under the reference lighting. lamp remains above the cut-off A distinction is drawn between
shallow angle. Used to emphasise IES when waves that are out of phase Lamp cut-off angle
surface structure and texture. International data format for are superimposed; it can result With → downlights, this is the
describing the light intensity in selective weakening of the angle subtended between the
distribution of luminaires. intensity of various wavelengths. horizontal plane and a straight
Interference is used in → filters line extended from the edge of
H Ignitor
A component in control gear
and → reflectors for selective
→ transmission or → reflection,
respectively.
the luminaire to the edge of lamp.
It is a dimension for the → visual
comfort of a luminaire in addition
HDR that facilitates the ignition of to the → luminaire cut-off angle.
Abbreviation for → High Dynamic → discharge lamps by producing
Range voltage peaks. Interference filter
→ Filter Lamp designation system
Uniform system for naming
High Dynamic Range Incandescent lamp electric lamps. The abbreviation
Describes a very high contrast → Thermal radiator where light Iso-luminance contour diagram of a lamp includes information
relationship in a digital image. is created by heating a Tungsten Diagram representing luminance on the method of light generation,
Images in HDR format can store filament. The incandescent fila- distributions, where a single refer- the bulb material or gas fillings,
a higher luminance contrast than ment is enclosed in a glass bulb ence plane is shown with con- the wattage and the type of
Low Dynamic Range with 255 filled with an inert gas such as tours superimposed of the same lampholder.
gradations. nitrogen which prevents it from luminance.
oxidising and delays the vapori-
sation of the filament material. Lamp life
High-pressure discharge lamps Incandescent lamps are available Isolux diagram The functional life of a lamp. The
This category includes → mercury in numerous forms, the main Diagram representing illuminance functional life of incandescent
vapour lamps, → metal halide groups being general service distributions, where a single refer- lamps is based on the failure of
lamps and → high-pressure lamps with pear-shaped, clear ence plane is shown with con- 50% of the lamps. The functional
sodium vapour lamps. or frosted bulbs, → reflector tours superimposed. life of discharge lamps and LEDs
lamps with a variety of internal is calculated at the point when
reflective coatings and PAR lamps the installation’s luminous flux
drops to 50% due to failed lamps Lens Light intensity Light protection
and reduced luminous flux. Optical element used for → light Unit: → candela (cd). The light The limiting of intensity, → ultra-
guidance. The radius, curvature intensity is the → luminous flux violet radiation and → infrared
and surface texture of the lens per solid angle (lm/sr). The spatial radiation, required especially in
Lamp lumens maintenance determine its optical properties. distribution of the light intensity relation to exhibition lighting.
factor With projector spotlights, lens of a light source is shown by the Light protection is implemented
Calculation value for the mainte- systems can be used to precisely light intensity distribution curve. by choosing suitable → lamps
nance plan of a lighting system project images and patterns from and luminaire types and by
which considers the drop in lumi- → gobos. → Fresnel lenses can be → filtering the emitted light.
nous flux due to the lamp aging. fitted into spotlights as an acces- Light intensity distribution
sory in order to spread the light curve
either symmetrically or asym- The light intensity distribution Light refraction
Lamp survival factor metrically. curve is obtained by taking a sec- → Refraction
Calculation value for the mainte- tion through the light intensity
nance plan of a lighting system distribution, which represents the
which considers the deviation in Lens wallwashers → light intensity of a light source Light scene
the life of individual lamps from Luminaires with asymmetric light for all solid angles. With rotation- A lighting situation or a lighting
the average lamp life and/or pre- intensity distribution for uniform ally symmetrical light sources, mood with a specific combination
mature lamp failures with fixed wall lighting. The light is spread the luminous intensity distribu- of brightness levels and colours.
maintenance cycles. by a → lens. tion can be shown by a single Light scenes can be saved and
light intensity distribution curve, then recalled either automatically
whereas two or more curves are or manually using a → lighting
Lampholder Life required for axially symmetrical control system.
Bracket used to hold the lamp → Lamp life light sources. The light intensity
in a luminaire and to make the distribution curve is generally
electrical connection. Typical expressed in the form of a polar Light sequence
lampholder types are screw- Light beam coordinate diagram, but with A series of several consecutive
thread, bayonet fixing and bi-pin The term for a beam of light, projectors it is often shown in → light scenes. Dynamic scenic
base. The type of lampholder for usually from a rotationally sym- Cartesian coordinates. lighting is produced by defin-
each lamp is documented in the metrical reflector. The luminaire’s ing the sequential order of light
→ Lamp designation system. optical system determines whether scenes, their duration and the
the gradient of the edge of the Light loss factor transitions between the scenes
beam is abrupt or gradual. With Reciprocal value of the mainte- using a → lighting control.
LAN spotlights, the beam can be freely nance factor. When designing an
Abbreviation for Local Area aimed by rotating and tilting the installation, this takes the overall
Network. A permanently installed luminaire. light loss effect of lamp ageing, Light simulation
local computer network over lamp failure and general dirt A calculation of a lighting situ-
short distances. accumulation into consideration. ation using software. The quanti-
Light beam diameter The new value of illuminance is tative light simulation is used to
The diameter of a → light beam higher than the maintenance check the design based on numeri-
LCG results from the → emission factor by an amount equal to cal values, while the qualitative
Abbreviation for Low-loss angle and the distance to the the light loss factor. simulation is aimed at examining
→ Control Gear. → luminaire. the atmosphere and the aesthet-
ics of the lighting design.
Light output ratio
Leading edge technology Light fastness The light output ratio is the ratio
Method of dimming in which the This describes the degree to of emitted → luminous flux to Light source
power consumption of the lamps which a material will be damaged the lamp lumens produced in the → Lamp
is limited by the leading edge of by exposure to light. It primarily luminaire. It is abbreviated as LOR.
the alternating current wave. applies to changes in the colour
With leading edge technology, of the material (colour fastness), Light structure
the current is switched on with but may also apply to the mate- Light pollution Arrangement of individual
a delay after the alternating volt- rial itself. Term used for light emission → luminaires connected to
age passes through the zero point which, due to its → illuminance, form a predominantly linear
and remains switched on until the its direction or its → spectrum, framework which is usually sus-
next zero crossing. Dimmers with Light guidance causes interference in any pended from the ceiling.
leading edge technology are not Light guidance by means of particular situation. In outdoor
usually suitable for conventional → reflectors or → lenses is used areas, light pollution refers to
or compact fluorescent lamps. in → luminaires with defined light which is emitted into the Lighting control
Leading edge technology is used optical properties to produce night sky reducing the darkness. Lighting control enables the light-
to control conventional control luminaires. Light guidance is The consequences include wasted ing of a space to be adjusted to
gear. crucial for → visual comfort. energy and a detrimental effect suit different usage requirements
The → glare of luminaires can on flora and fauna. The avoidance and environmental conditions.
be reduced to a permissible level of light pollution is also known as Each situation is represented by
LED by controlled light guidance. → Dark Sky in terms of lighting a → light scene, with a specific
Abbreviation for Light Emitting design. pattern of switch and dimmer
Diode. An electroluminescent settings for individual circuits. The
radiator that produces light by Light guide system light scene is stored electronically
recombining charge-carrier pairs Optical instrument used to guide Light power and can be recalled at the touch
in a semiconductor. LEDs produce light along any route, even around Another term for → luminous of a button.
a narrow-band spectral range. curved paths. The light is chan- flux; in radiation physics, it is
White light is obtained by nelled along the light guide equivalent to the → radiant
→ RGB mixing or → lumines- system, a solid rod or tubular power. Local Operating Network
cence conversion. conductor made of transparent Bus system for communication
material (glass or synthetic fibres, between installations and devices,
tubes or rods), which function for example, for building control
through total internal reflection. systems.
LON
Abbreviation for → Local Operat-
ing Network
Luminance
Unit: candela/m2 (cd/m2). The lumi-
nance describes the brightness of
Maintenance factor
→ Light loss factor N
a surface that emits light either Narrow spot
as a light source or by → trans- Mercury vapour lamp Common term for very narrow-
Louvred luminaire mission or → reflection. The lumi- High-pressure → discharge lamp beam → reflectors or → reflector
Common term for long rectangu- nance is defined as the ratio of containing mercury vapour. In lamps.
lar luminaires fitted with → fluo- → light intensity to the surface contrast to low-pressure discharge
rescent lamps (linear fluorescent projected perpendicular to the which creates → ultraviolet light
luminaires), usually designed with direction of observation. Differently almost exclusively, mercury vapour Neutral white, nw
low-brightness louvres. coloured surfaces with the same emits visible light under high → Colour of light
luminance are equally bright. pressure, but with a low red
content. The red content can be
Low-pressure discharge lamp supplemented and the → colour Night vision
This category includes conven- Luminescence rendition improved by adding → Scotopic vision
tional → fluorescent lamps and Collective term for all forms of other fluorescent substances.
compact fluorescent lamps. light not created by thermal
radiators (photo-, chemo-, bio-, Nominal power
electro-, cathodo-, thermo- or Mesopic vision The power for which an electric
Low-voltage halogen lamp triboluminescence). Intermediate state between device is designed.
Highly compact → tungsten halo- → photopic (day) vision using
gen lamps which operate on low the cone cells and → scotopic
voltage (usually 6, 12 or 24 V). Luminescence conversion (night) vision using the rod cells.
Frequently fitted with an inte-
grated metal reflector or cool-
beam reflector.
Conversion from one spectrum to
another by using phosphors. This
technique is used with → LEDs or
The levels of colour perception
and → visual acuity take on cor-
responding intermediate values.
O
→ fluorescent lamps to convert Mesopic vision covers the lumi- Office lighting
ultraviolet radiation into visible nance range from 3 cd/m2 to This is specifically oriented about
Lumen, lm light. 0.01 cd/m2. the requirements for VDU work-
Unit of → luminous flux. places; see VDU lighting. A distinc-
tion is drawn between → ambient
Luminous efficacy Metal halide lamp lighting, workplace-oriented
Luminaire Unit: lumen/watt (lm/W). The High-pressure discharge lamp ambient lighting and individual
An object containing a lamp luminous efficacy is defined as filled with metal halides. The large → workplace lighting.
and providing artificial illumina- the ratio of the emitted → lumi- number of raw materials available
tion. The → lamp is held in the nous flux to the expended electric allows metallic vapour mixtures
→ lampholder. → Reflectors pro- power of a → lamp. to be created whose discharge
vide → light guidance. Luminaires
can be permanently installed as
surface-mounted, recessed, pen- Luminous flux
generates high → luminous
efficacy and good → colour
rendition.
P
dant or free-standing luminaires Unit: lumen (lm). The luminous PAR lamp
or track-mounted, which can be flux expresses the total → light → Incandescent lamp
variably positioned and aimed. power emitted by a light source. Modelling
It is calculated from the spectral The accent lighting of three-
→ radiant power by evaluating dimensional shapes and surface Parabolic reflector
Luminaire classification this with the spectral brightness textures using directed light from → Reflector
The photometric classification is sensitivity of the → eye. a point light source. It is generally
made using the luminous inten- expressed through the improve-
sity distribution curve and light ment in shadow quality. Perceptual psychology
output ratio, and also the type of Lux, lx A branch of the sciences concerned
lamp and maximum lamp power; Unit of → illuminance. with various aspects of perception,
the safety classification is made Multifunctional lighting in particular neural response and
using the → protection mode and This is a typical lighting require- processing of sensory stimuli.
→ protection class. ment in → hotels and congress
Photon mapping Protection mode characteristics of a reflector are which considers the drop in lumi-
Algorithm used in light simulation This indicates the protection its reflectance and spread. For nous flux due to dirty walls.
which is primarily employed as classification of a → luminaire. concave and convex mirror reflec-
an extension of ray tracing based The combination of two digits tors, a further characteristic is
processes. indicates the degree to which the the curvature of its cross section,
Photopic vision
luminaire is protected against
the ingress of foreign bodies and
water.
i.e. the reflector contour. Parabolic
reflectors align the light from a
light source located at the focal
S
Also: day vision. Vision involving point into a parallel beam, spheri- Scallop
→ adaptation to → luminances cal reflectors reflect it back to the Hyperbolic shape due to the
of above 3cd/m2. Photopic vision PSALI focal point and elliptical reflectors intersection of the → light beam
is performed by the → cone cells → Permanent Supplementary focus it to a second focal point. and the wall; produced, for
and is therefore concentrated Artificial Lighting example, by downlights.
on the area of the → fovea.
The → visual acuity is high and Reflector lamp
colours are perceptible. Luminaires with integral → reflec- Scenography
Pictogram luminaires
R tor. The reflector lamps are avail-
able with different beam angles.
A special form is the → coolbeam
The term for scenic effects. In
lighting, scenography refers to
the transformation of a room or
The design of pictogram lumi- Radiant power reflector. area using light with the inclusion
naires usually matches standard From electrical lamps, this is the of the dimension of time.
directive luminaires and safety product of converted electrical
signs; pictograms are edge-lit or energy. Physical unit: watt. In Refraction
backlit. the wavelength range between Phenomenon through which the Scotopic vision
380nm and 780nm, the radiant direction of light is changed as Also: night vision. Vision involving
power (W) is quantified as the it passes through mediums of adaptation to → luminances of
Planckian radiator → light output (lm). differing densities. The refractive below 0.01cd/m2. Scotopic vision
Black-body radiator. Ideal power is given by the refractive occurs through the rod cells
→ thermal radiator whose index. which are mainly in the periph-
radiation properties are described Radiation intensity ery of the retina. The → visual
by Planck’s Law. This refers to the radiant power acuity is low and colours cannot
per square metre of area; the Re-ignition be perceived, but there is high
maximum value for daylight is The restarting after switching off sensitivity to the movement of
Play of brilliants approximately 1kW/m2. or after a power failure. Many observed objects.
Play of brilliants is a decorative → discharge lamps can only be
lighting component. The brilliant re-ignited after a cooling down
effects can be from lamps or Radiosity period. In these cases, instant Sculpture lens
illuminated materials – from a Light simulation calculation re-ignition is only possible with → Lens with a parallel ribbed
candle flame and chandeliers to method. With the radiosity the aid of special high-voltage texture that spreads the → light
sculptures of light, they contrib- method, light rays are emitted → igniters. beam in one axis, leaving it largely
ute to the atmosphere of prestig- from the light source and unchanged in the other axis. In
ious and emotive settings. reflected when they strike a museum lighting, the sculpture
surface. Relays lens is used to uniformly illumi-
A switch which is actuated by nate tall or long sculptures with
Point illuminance current. A relay is usually acti- an oval beam.
In contrast to the average Ray tracing vated via a separated circuit and
→ illuminance, the point illumi- Light simulation calculation can open or close one or more
nance expresses the illuminance method. The ray tracing method circuits. Sensor
at a defined point in space. is based on rays of light that are Device for measuring environ-
emitted from an imaginary eye to mental conditions and events
the model and the light sources. Restaurant lighting within the surroundings. The
Point light source Characteristic: low → ambient sensor measures the value and
Term describing compact, virtually lighting, focal light on the table sends a signal when the limit has
point-form sources. The light from Recessed floor luminaire with accentuation of specific been exceeded in order to trigger
point light sources can be opti- A luminaire which is flush-mounted areas of the room and decor. Use an action such as adjusting the
mally directed and focused. in the floor or ground and has a of → lighting controls to adjust lighting.
Conversely, linear or area light high → protection mode. These the lighting to suit the different
sources produce diffuse light, luminaires are used to mark out requirements during daytime and
which becomes more diffuse the routes and pathways and also to nightime. Shop window lighting
more the light disperses. dramatically illuminate objects In essence, shop window light-
and architectural details. ing design is closely linked to
Recessed luminaires RGB → showroom lighting; it prima-
Projection → Downlight Abbreviation for Red Green Blue. rily involves the use of → accent
Optical image produced by The RGB colour mixing used in lighting, often with theatrical
a two-dimensional mask or a lighting technology is based on scenic effects using coloured
→ gobo on a surface. Luminaires Reflection additive colour synthesis to pro- light, lighting projections and
for projection require an optical The ability of surfaces to reflect duce light of different colours. dynamic → lighting control.
imaging system. The focus can be light. The percentage reflection is
adjusted using a lens system. known as the reflectance, defined
as the ratio of reflected to inci- Rod vision Showroom lighting
dent → luminous flux. Reflection → Scotopic vision This describes lighting which is
Protection class can be directed or diffuse. designed based on the compo-
Indicates the measures taken to nents of horizontal and vertical
prevent contactable metal parts Room surface maintenance → ambient lighting together
from conducting current in case Reflector factor with → accent lighting; multi-
of a fault occurring. Light-directing system based Calculation value for the mainte- component lighting typically
on reflecting surfaces. The main nance plan of a lighting system with → discharge lamps (ambient
lighting) and → tungsten halogen Starter Trailing edge technology causing colours to fade and mate-
lamps (accent lighting). Such → Ignitor for → fluorescent lamps. Method of dimming in which the rials to become brittle. Ultraviolet
retail lighting can often be used power consumption of the lamps → filters absorb this radiation.
to convey a company’s corporate is limited by the trailing edge
identity. Stroboscopic effect of the alternating current wave.
This is a flickering effect which With trailing edge technology, the Uplight
results in the apparent change current is switched on immedi- Pendant luminaires, wall lumi-
Solar architecture in the speed of moving objects. ately after the alternating voltage naires, floor luminaires or free-
Architecture designed to allow This can even go so far as to passes through the zero point standing luminaires that emit
solar energy and → daylight to make objects appear to be sta- and is switched off before the their light upwards.
be utilised as energy and light, tionary or move in the opposite next zero crossing. Trailing edge
respectively. direction. It is caused by light technology is used for controlling
pulsating at or close to mains fre- electronic control gear. Utilisation factor
quency. Stroboscopic effects can This factor describes the influ-
Solar protection occur when lighting is provided ence of spatial geometry and
Technical measures which use by → discharge lamps. It can be Transadapter the reflectance of its peripheral
→ absorption, → reflection and remedied by phase-shifted opera- A device used to connect a lumi- surfaces on the residual → lumi-
refraction to control direct sun- tion (lead-lag circuit, connecting naire, especially a → spotlight or nous flux arriving on the defined
light in order to improve the to a three-phase power network) → floodlight, both mechanically working plane.
→ visual comfort (glare protec- or by high-frequency electronic and electrically to a → track;
tion) and reduce the thermal load → control gear. used together with an integrated
in the room. electronic → transformer or an Utilisation factor method
electronic → control gear. Method for calculating the
Sunlight average → illuminance in a
Solar simulator → Daylight room using the → light output
→ Daylight simulator Transformer ratio, the → utilisation factor
Required to operate → low-volt- and the → luminous flux of the
age halogen lamps; a distinction lamp.
Spectrum
Distribution of radiation intensity
of a light source over a specific
T is drawn between conventional
and electronic transformers.
range of wavelengths. Both
→ colour of light and → colour
rendition are a result of the spec-
Task lights
These luminaires are predomi-
nantly equipped with energy-
Transmission
The ability of materials to trans-
V
trum. The basic types of spectrum saving, compact → fluorescent mit light. The dimension of trans- Varychrome
are distinguished depending on lamps or → tungsten halogen mission is transmittance, defined Attribute describing luminaires
how the light is produced: the lamps and have freely adjustable as ratio of transmitted → lumi- that can generate light of any
continuous spectrum (daylight light heads and good glare con- nous flux to incident luminous colour, for example, using RGB
and → thermal radiators), the trol; they are suitable for use in flux. Transmission can be directed → colour mixing.
linear spectrum (low-pressure a wide variety of workplaces. or diffuse.
discharge) and band spectrum
(high-pressure discharge). VDU lighting
Thermal radiator Tungsten halogen lamp Lighting in administrative build-
A radiation source from which Compact → incandescent lamp ings which is heavily regulated
Spherolit reflector light is emitted by heating a filled with halogen to prevent by guidelines and regulations. It
Light-directing system based on material, generally tungsten, the deposit of vaporised filament is characterised by requirements
reflective surfaces with spheri- as the filament material in an material onto the inner glass wall. for the illuminance level, light
cal segments. The light intensity → incandescent lamp. Tungsten halogen lamps have a distribution and glare limita-
distribution is determined by the higher → luminous efficacy and tion, specifically for preventing
reflectance, the reflector contour, longer functional life than gen- reflections on monitor screens,
the number of spherical segments Thermoluminescence eral service lamps. worktops and keyboards.
and the segment radii. → Luminescence
Twilight vision Visual acuity
Spill light THI daylight elements → Mesopic vision This term is used to describe the
Unwanted light emitted outside THI is the term for Transparent ability of the → eye to perceive
the main beam. Spill light can Heat Insulation. THI daylight detail. It is measured in Visus,
cause glare, and outdoors, for elements are plastic screens fitted defined as the inverse value of
example, it is often a source of
→ light pollution.
between clear glass panes with
high light transmittance and low
diathermic characteristics; they
U the size of the smallest percepti-
ble detail of a specified visual task
in minutes of a degree.
Spot are suitable for providing interior UGR
Common term for narrow-beam rooms with daylight. Unified Glare Rating; method for
→ reflectors or → reflector assessing psychological → glare, Visual comfort
lamps. especially at the workplace. Visual comfort expresses the
Track lighting quality with regard to
The basis for a variable lighting parameters such as → illumi-
Spotlight solution designed to meet a range Ultraviolet radiation nance, elimination of glare and
Luminaire in which the predomi- of specific requirements. Track can Invisible radiation beyond short- → colour rendition.
nant direction of light distribu- be fitted with additional lumi- wave light (wavelength 380 nm).
tion can be aimed at any desired naires at any time to adjust for Light sources used in architec-
point by rotating and tilting; used changes in room usage. Typically ture usually only emit a limited Visual performance
mainly with → track. used with → spotlights and amount of ultraviolet radiation. This term is used to describe the
→ floodlights, especially in Ultraviolet radiation can have ability of the → eye to perceive
presentations and exhibitions. detrimental effects, particularly or the visual properties of the
object to be viewed. The difficulty
of a visual task increases as the
Voltage
Physical dimension. Causes charge
carriers to be set in motion and
electrical current to flow in an
electrical conductor.
W
Wallwashers
Luminaire with special → reflec-
tor system or reflector lens system
for uniform lighting of walls; it is
essential that the wallwashers are
spaced equally and are parallel to
the wall.
Warm white, ww
→ Colour of light
Washlight
Luminaire with a combination of
darklight reflector and ellipsoid
reflector which achieves a high
level of visual comfort combined
with even wall lighting; the pre-
requisite for this is the regular
arrangement of wallwashers
parallel to the wall.
Watt
Physical unit of power. It is the
product of → voltage and current.
Wide flood
Common term for very wide-beam
→ reflectors or → reflector lamps.
Workplace lighting
In general, this refers to the light-
ing of workplaces; specifically, it
refers to the additional lighting
of workplaces which is designed
to suit the actual visual task
and is additional to the ambient
lighting.