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CHAPTER 4
STUDY AREA
CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA (CMA)
Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is
bordered by the union territory of Puducherry, and the states of Kerala,
Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north,
the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Kerala on the west, by the Bay of Bengal
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in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the
Indian Ocean in the south. Map 4.1 shows the location of Tamil Nadu in India.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh
most populous state. It is the second largest state economy in India as of 2012.
The state ranked 6th among states in India according to the Human
Development Index as of 2011. Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanized
states in India with 48.3% of its population living in urban areas. (Wikipedia)
Tamil Nadu state has experienced unique changes in its urban scenario during
the last census decade of 1991-2001. 363 towns have been added to the
existing urban settlements at the 2001 census. Thus, this state recorded the
highest percentage of urban population in 2001 (44% as compared to 28% at
the national level). The number of towns in Tamil Nadu from 469 in 1991 to
832 in 2001, which is unprecedented in any state. Due to this development, the
lower order settlements (that is Class IV to Class VI) experienced a spurt in
their contribution to total urban population.
Together, this class (that is class IV to VI) contributed only 7.64% in
1991, which increased to 19.8% of the total population in 2001. Though this
has been triggered by political and administrative decisions of upgrading the
civic status of many village panchayats to town panchayats and municipalities
(especially after the post-74th Constitutional Amendment Act period), it has
serious spatial, functional, financial and social implications. Some of these
issues have been captured by Sebastian Oliveau in his paper titled “Peri
Urbanization in Tamil Nadu: a quantitative approach”. Starting with ‘distance
from the urban centre’ as an important variable, Oliveau attempts to identify
the influence zone of the various population size class urban centres on their
periphery. By using multiple factors such as size, economic base, the extent of
modernization, civic status, and distance from road and rail head, Oliveau
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Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu. It is one of the four metropolises and
fifth most populated city in India. Map 4.2 shows the location of Chennai in
Tamil Nadu. CMA comprises the area covered by Chennai City Corporation
(Chennai District), 16 Municipalities, 20 Town Panchayats and 214 villages
forming part of 10 Panchayat Unions in Tiruvallur and Kanchipuram Districts.
It extends over 1189 sq. kms., and has a population of 7.04 million as per 2001
census. It’s older name 'Madras' was officially changed to 'Chennai' in 1996.
Map 4.3 shows the Administrative Units of CMA.
Chennai is a major transportation hub for road, rail, air and sea
transport connecting major cities inland and abroad. Chennai is one of the
major educational centres in India with a number of colleges and research
institutions. Recently it has also been emerging as an important health city
with a large number of super specialty hospitals. Chennai is thus emerging as
an important metropolis in the South Asian region.
coast in southern India and the land is a flat coastal plain. Three rivers viz.
Kosasthalaiyar, Cooum and Adyar pass through Chennai Metropolitan Area.
These rivers are placid and meander on their way to the sea. Buckingham
Canal, a man made canal, is another large waterway which runs north south
through this Metropolis. Sholavaram Lake, Red Hills Lake and
Chembarambakkam Lake are the three large lakes in the Area. Chennai lies
close to the equator and most of the year it is hot and humid.
Highest temperature attained in May-June is usually about 40°C for a
few days. The coldest time of the year is early January when the temperature
is about 20°C. Predominant wind direction is from South East to North West.
4.2.2 Heritage
Chennai is famous for its classical dance called Bharathanatyam and the
carnatic music season' event held every year during December and January is
one of the world’s longest cultural events attracting people not only from
various places in India but also from foreign countries. Chennai has a very
heterogeneous mix of architectural style ranging from ancient temples to
British colonial era buildings to the latest modern buildings. Most of the
buildings constructed during colonial era are of Indo-Saracenic style.
4.2.3 History
The site on which Madras is situated has a long history. Settlements existed in
the area of which Mylapore, Triplicane and Santhome were well known. The
geographer Ptolemy had recorded it in the second century AD that the port of
Mylapore was known to the Greeks and the Romans. The Port had a
flourishing trade with the Roman Empire and received considerable quantities
of gold in exchange for products like pepper and fine cloth. Mention has been
made of the early settlement of Santhome by Arab travelers and merchants of
the 9th and 10th centuries. Marcopolo visited this place in the late 13th
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Century and the Portuguese settled around Santhome in the early 16th
Century. According to a traditional account it was at Mylapore that
Thiruvalluvar, author of the famous Tirukkural-the universal Code of human
conductlived. Both Mylapore and Triplicane were important Hindu religious
centres and inscriptions dating back to the eighth century have been found in
the Triplicane Temple. The name of Madras is said to be derived from
Madraspatnam, a village that existed here prior to the settlement of the
English.
The Cooum River and the Elambore River or North River which flows into the
Cooum at its mouth were running very close to each other. A bridge was
constructed in 1710 across the cut between the two rivers.
Due to congestion inside the Fort, the British constructed some garden
houses in what is known as Peddanaickenpet. In 1733 there was a lot of
congestion in George Town and the weaving Community started settling in
Chintadripet area and Collepetta near Tiruvottiyur since abundant open space
was available for weaving. The washer men who were in the Mint area then
moved towards the west. The Potters from this area moved outside the Fort on
the north side and formed a new colony (Kosapet).
Because of the construction of a bridge in 1710 to connect Egmore,
people moved towards the present Moore Market area and settled. During this
time, the British found that Triplicane was a good area for settlement and a
large number of people moved there. The presence of the Nawab of Arcot
increased the economic prosperity of the area and more and more Muslims
settled in Triplicane. So from that time onwards, it grew in importance, second
only, to George Town. St. Thomas Mount gained religious importance and
Mount Road became prominent with the construction of Marmalong Bridge in
1724.
Royapuram to Arcot was laid in 1864. Central station was formed in 1872 and
linked to the main line. By 1861 the British authorities realised the necessity
of a harbour. A pier was constructed in 1862 and further development took
place from 1868 onwards.
The formation of Royapuram station in 1862 induced people to move
northwards and settle in Royapuram. This gave rise to the establishment of
some timber saw mills and depots in Royapuram after a few years. Further the
railway line passed through the present Perambur area, which had so far been
lying as swampy waste because of its low level. The introduction of the
railway line gave development potential to the hitherto uninhabited place.
From 1850 onwards, the necessity of providing recreational facilities was
perceived. Many parks such as the Peoples Park, Napier Park and Richardson
Park were created in this period. A Museum and a Zoo were also established.
Before 1800, the roads were in a radial pattern, but after 1810 ring
roads were developed inside the City. Mount Road was important and access
to it was given from Triplicane High Road, Chamiers Road, Edwards Elliot's
Road and Royapettah High Road. To the North of Mount Road, Pantheon
Road, Halls Road, Marshalls Road, Spur tank Road and Nungambakkam High
Road were formed to serve the new residential areas. Later Brick kiln Road
and Perambur Barracks Road connected Poonamallee High Road with Konnur
Road, which was extended towards the Railway. To facilitate trade the
harbour was completed in 1896 just to the east of George Town.
The city extended over an area of about 70 sq.kms. and had a
population of 5.40 lakhs in 1901. The demographic growth rates during the
previous two decades were 5 per cent and 6 per cent. Important buildings and
structures which are the land marks of the city such as the Fort, the Marina-the
road parallel to the sea-and the fronting public buildings, the High Court, the
Moore Market, the Connemara Public Library and other public buildings
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around it already existed. George Town was the main business centre but
substantial parts of it were used for residential purposes also.
The main residential areas however were Chintadripet, Triplicane,
Egmore, Mylapore, Purasawalkam, Vepery and Royapuram. Most of the areas
outside these settlements were covered by gardens and agricultural lands
interspersed with bungalows of the elite. Nungambakkam, Chetpet and
Kilpauk were some of the areas, which developed in this manner; Saidapet in
the southwest was a separate small settlement. Both sides of Mount Road to a
distance of 5 to 6 kms. from Fort St.George were occupied by large business
houses, clubs and hotels; industries were few and were located in George
Town or Perambur area. The three railway lines served the city from the north,
west and southwest.
The population of the City increased to 8.6 lakhs by 1941. The city occupied
an area of about 80 sq.km. and its boundaries having been extended in 1923.
The important developments during the period 1901 and 1941 were the
commissioning of the electrified suburban metre-gauge railway between
Beach and Tambaram in 1931 which gave a fillip for the development of the
outlying suburban areas as far as Tambaram, and the development of the area
occupied by the long tank at Nungambakkam as a planned residential
neighbourhood by the Corporation. There were also considerable in filling
within the developed areas. The city had a good water supply system and most
of the areas were sewered. It had quick and cheap modes of transport by trams
and electric trains. The main roads were wide enough for the road traffic and
passed through shady avenues. By 1941 Madras had developed into a
provincial metropolis enjoying the best of both worlds -urban amenity and
rural atmosphere. It was still primarily an administrative and commercial
centre.
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The thirty years between 1941 and 1971 saw tremendous growth in population
and economic activity in and around the City. The population first passed the
million marks around 1943 and then doubled itself in a short span of about
twenty years to cross, the two million mark. This happened in spite of two
adverse events, viz., the threat of Japanese invasion to Madras in 1944 and the
reconstitution of Madras Presidency on a linguistic basis in the fifties, when
Andhra, Mysore and Kerala states were formed. In 1950 the boundary of the
City was extended to cover 129 sq.kms. by the inclusion of Saidapet and
Sembium. This period also saw the growth of new residential as well as
industrial suburbs particularly on the west and south.
The main reasons for this fast growth can be attributed to the forces of
economic activity released after the country obtained independence. The five-
year plans and the impetus given by the industrial activity in the public sector
brought about the transformation of the City from that of a purely
administrative and commercial centre into a metropolis of national
importance. The major developments in the industrial field during the post
independence era have been, the location of a number of public sector
undertakings. This was followed by many private sector undertakings.
Concurrently this period saw the deterioration in water supply and drainage
services and mushrooming of many slum areas all over the city. The setting up
of the Tamil Nadu State Housing Board (TNHB) however, helped in the
creation of large residential areas like Anna Nagar on the west and Sastri
Nagar on the south.
The City’s boundary no longer remained well defined. The
developments extended into the adjoining areas, particularly, on the north up
to Ennore, west up to Avadi and south up to Vandalur. This growth did not
take place in a regulated manner nor did it correspond to the available
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infrastructure facilities. This fact coupled with the rapid growth of population
on the one hand and the increase in number of motor vehicles on the other has
given rise to the many problems faced by the Metropolis today.
The Master Plan for CMA approved in 1976 proposed the structure of the
Metropolis taking into account various factors. The structure proposed was of
radial pattern with City as hub. The main elements of the strategy were:
(a) Restriction of density and population growth in the city
(b) Restriction of industrial and commercial developments within CMA
(c) Encouragement of growth along the major transport corridors and
development of urban nodes at Manali, Minjur, Ambattur, Avadi,
Alandur and Tambaram
(d) Dispersal of certain activities from Central Business District (CBD).
(e) Development of satellite towns, beyond CMA at Maraimalai Nagar,
Gumidipoondi and Thiruvallur.
The Master Plan included spatial plans for CMA with land use zoning
and set the urban form during the Plan period. TNHB has played a major role
in development of large scale neighbourhood schemes; Anna Nagar (about 5
Sq.km.), Ashok Nagar and K.K. Nagar (about 7 sq.km.), South Madras
Neighbourhood scheme comprising Indra Nagar, Sastri Nagar and Besant
Nagar (about 4 Sq.km.), etc. had come up with plots/flats meeting the
requirements of all sections of the society from HIG to EWS. Under MUDP-I
(1977-92), MUDP-II (1983-87) and TNUDP (1988-95) Neighbourhoods at
Arumbakkam, Mogappair, Villivakkam, Velachery, Kodungaiyur, Ambattur,
Avadi, and Madhavaram etc. were developed within the City and its suburbs.
These large-scale neighbourhood developments of TNHB with full
infrastructure acted as catalyst for private developments for residential use
around.
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developed with a total floor area of 2.5 million sq.ft. at Taramani houses all
the major players in IT Sector. These developments are spilling over in the
areas in the west along the 200ft. wide Pallavaram - Thoraipakkam Road, and
also along Velachery – Tambaram Road. In the large I.T Park (layout with all
required infrastructures, developed by government agency over an area of 868
acres) at Siruseri, a number of I.T.Parks are being located and will be fully
functional by 2007. Bio-tech Park at Taramani was developed by TICEL, and
a major bio-tech park came up at Sirucheri. These employment-generating
developments resulted in fast development of the areas in the west of the
corridor such as Medavakkam, Jalidampet, Perumbakkam, Vengai vasal,
Gowrivakkam, Rajakilpakkam etc. as residential areas.
Chennai is emerging as a major export hub in the South East Asia.
International car manufacturers such as Ford, Hyundai, and General Motor etc.
have established around Chennai their manufacturing bases to cater to
domestic and international markets. New testing and homologation centre for
automobile sector with an investment over Rs. 1000 cr. is being established in
this region. Saint Gobain glass factory, Nokia cell phone manufacturing
industry at Sriperumbudur, and Mahindra Industrial Park developed over 1700
acres, near Maraimalai Nagar new town are some of the major developments
around Chennai. All these developments made considerable impact on the
structure of this Metropolis.
Dynamism of the peripheral areas has been captured by Pushpa
Arabindoo by comparing the changes that have occurred over a period of time
in terms of socio-spatial transformations in two peri-urban neighbourhoods –
Valmiki Nagar and Neelangarai. She emphatically proves that global
capitalism in association with local authorities has dictated the changes in
these two neighbourhoods that are characterized by the post-modern features
of pluralism, segmentation and multiplicity. By embarking on a comparative
analysis of pre- and post-1978 periods, Arabindoo has evidenced two kinds of
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As per the report in The Hindu dated 1 June 2013, Chennai is the most
densely populated city in Tamil Nadu, and by a very large haul at that
according to a census 2011 abstract. Chennai seems to be the epicenter of the
urban growth in the state – with spillovers most visible in the neighbouring
districts of Tiruvallur and Kanchipuram. Map 4.4 shows the growth of
Chennai since 1633. Map 4.5 shows the growth of Chennai since 1963. Map
4.6 shows the change in urbanization in CMA from 1973 – 2006.
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Source: 2nd
2 Masterr plan, preppared by CM
MDA.
78
4.2.7 Pop
pulation
Populatioon projectiions have been carrried out foor CMA bbased on the
t past
trends. Itt is estimatted that CM
MA would
d house a populationn of 126 laakhs by
2026, off which Chennai
C ciity alone would acccount forr 58 Lakh
hs. The
populatioon projectioon of CMA
A is given in Table 4.44.
4.2.8 Miggration
The cosm
mopolitan nature
n of Chennai
C is a result off its attractiiveness to migrant
groups frrom all over India. Migrants
M caame not only predom
minantly from
fr the
surroundiing Tamil and Teluggu speakin
ng areas, but
b also frrom southeern and
northern India. Thhese migraant groupss from othher states have mad
de their
distinctivve mark onn the patterrns of resid
dential andd social orgganisationss within
this Chennnai Metroppolis.
Ann interestinng and im
mportant fact
f found is the ouut-migratio
on from
Chennai City to itss suburbs and
a other areas. Thee populatioon of the Chennai
C
City in 19991 was 388.43 lakhs which incclude 9.18 lakh
l migraant populattion and
natural inncrease off 6.40 lakhh (for 198
81-91) poppulation; thhe net pop
pulation
increase works
w out to only 5..59 lakhs which
w show
ws that theere was a net
n out-
migrationn of 10 lakkhs (30.4%
% of 1981 populationn) from C
City (during
g 1981-
80
4.2.9 Economy
Chennai City alone accounts for 10.94 percent of the State income. The
income in the areas of Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur District, which fall
within CMA, based on proportion of population, roughly, has been estimated
at 2.8 percent and 2.5 percent respectively. These show that CMA accounts for
16.21 percent of the State income from all sectors.
Chennai and Kancheepuram together contribute about 26% of
employment in organized sector to the State total in 2002-03. Of the total
public sector employment, the employment opportunity in Chennai and
Kancheepuram Districts are 20% and 7% respectively in 2002-03. The
percentage of the same in private sector in Chennai and Kancheepuram
Districts are 7.8 and 15.9
Major industries in CMA are automobile and transport equipment
manufacture and their ancillary industries, railway coach building, petro
chemicals and fertilizers, automotive tyres, bicycles, electrical and other
machinery, and leather products. Some of the large units are located at Ennore,
Thiruvottiyur, Manali, Sembiam, Padi, Ambattur, and Porur and along GST
Road apart from the Integral Coach Factory at Perambur, and Heavy Vehicles
Factory at Avadi. Many small and medium scale industries are located at
Vyasarpadi, Ambattur, Villivakkam, Guindy and Thirumazhisai and industrial
estates at Madhavaram, Kodungaiyur, Poonamallee, Noombal, Perungudi,
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Irugattukottai are other important industries. In the south most of the industries
are located along the G.S.T Road (NH45). Simpson, Addison and TVS
industries are located in the heart of the City along Anna Salai. Madras Export
Processing Zone (MEPZ) spread over an area of 105 hectares is located at
Tambaram. Leather tanneries and leather-based industries are located near
Tambaram. Industrial estate for leather goods is being developed at
Thirumudivakkam.
While the urban rail network development is carried out by the Southern
Railway, the major arterial & sub-arterial road corridors and other roads are
developed and maintained by Highways Department and the local bodies
concerned respectively. The roads within the local body areas are improved
and maintained by the Directorate of Municipal Administration, Directorate of
Town Panchayats and Directorate of Rural Development through the local
bodies concerned. As regards traffic management and enforcement, the same
is looked after by the City Traffic Police in respect of Greater Chennai Area
and District Police for the rest of the CMA. The public bus transport is with
Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC)
4.2.11 Shelter
The gap between households and housing units in 2001 was of the order of
36,000 units in the Chennai Metropolitan Area while in the City it was much
less. 75% of the houses are with roof made up of brick, stone, concrete and
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other materials of pucca nature, about 15% are with semi-pucca roofing
materials such as tiles, slate, G.I. metal sheets and asbestos cement sheets, and
about 10% are with ‘Kutcha’ materials such as thatched, bamboo etc.
According to Census, 2001, about 71% of households live in less than
three roomed housing units
Chennai City has a slum population of 819,872, which constitutes about
19% of the City Population.
The principal stakeholders in providing housing in Chennai area are
TNHB and TNSCB in the public sector. In the private sector builders
including corporate builders and individuals are the chief contributors. Only
the public sector has been involved in the housing of EWS and Low Income
Groups, which constitute nearly 65% of the households.
4.2.12 Infrastructure
4.2.12.3 Sewerage
Chennai City Sewerage System was designed in 1910 for an estimated 1961
population of 6.6 lakhs at the rate of 114 lpcd, as a separate system. The
system then allowed for admission of storm water from house courtyards and
roofs through gullies. The city was divided as north, west and south drainage
areas and sewage from each area was collected by relay pumping and
conveyed to the pumping stations at Napier Park, Purasawalkam and
Royapuram, and finally discharged into the sea at Kasimedu out-fall.
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Kodungaiyur sewage farm was developed in 1956 and a portion of the sewage
collected at Purasawalkam pumping station was discharged through force
mains to Kodungaiyur farm.
A comprehensive improvements to the city sewerage system was
designed in 1958 for an estimated 1976 population of 25.5 lakhs and 1991
population of 27.2 lakhs at a sewage flow rate of 110 lpcd in 1976 and 180
lpcd in 1991; the City was also divided into five zones with proposals for five
independent disposal works. It was planned to isolate the system of collection,
transmission and disposal of sewage in each zone in order to obviate the
difficulties of the relay system.
In the present Chennai City Corporation area of 176 sq.km., the
sewerage system now covers 99% of the city area. There are 5,15,560 sewer
connections as on date to serve the population of Chennai City through a
network of 2,663 kms of sewer and 180 sewage pumping stations. For the
purpose of planning Sewage System, the Metro Water has divided the CMA
into four categories as Chennai City, adjoining urbanized areas classified as
Adjacent Urban Areas (AUA), Distant Urbanized Areas (DUA) and Rural
Areas
4.2.13.1 Education
In Chennai, being the State capital, the educational facilities available are of
high and specialized when comparing the rest of the State. In CMA, most of
the middle schools include primary classes, high schools include middle and
primary classes and the higher secondary schools include primary, middle and
high school classes. It is provided both by private and public (State and
Central Governments, local bodies). A primary school for about 5000
population (370 school going children of that group), a high school for 7000
population (732 school going children of that age group) and a higher
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secondary school for10,000 population (210 school going children of that age
group) is available as per 2001 Census. Collegiate, technical and other
professional higher educational institutions in CMA are concerned, it serves
not only the CMA region, but also the state level apart from the national level
for certain specialized fields.
4.2.13.2 Health
Chennai has established itself as the health Capital of the country and is fast
becoming the health destination of choice for people all over the world with its
excellent facility, competent specialist and good nursing care.
In Chennai there are 3 major Government Hospitals. Government
agencies involved in provision of health infrastructure are Directorate of
Medical Education, Directorate of Public health and Preventive Medicine,
Directorate of Medical and Rural Health Services, Directorate of Family
Welfare, Directorate of Drugs Control, Commissionarate of Indian Medicine
and Homeopathy, Tamil Nadu State Health Transport Dept.
A large number of private hospitals deliver health care in CMA, Apollo
Hospitals, Sri Ramachandra Medical College Hospital, Malar Hospital, Vijaya
Hospital, Devaki hospital, CSI Rainy Hospital, CSI Kalyani Hospital etc. are
the major hospitals. According to the approved Government list, there are 130
private hospitals function in the City area itself.
In the rest of CMA, there are 10 primary health centers functioning at
Minjur, Naravarikuppam, Avadi, Medavakkam, Porur, Poonamallee, Manali
New Town, Madhavaram, Pozhichalur and Pudur. The existing facilities
particularly the specialized & higher order ones are concerned, it serves not
only the CMA population, but also the rest of Tamil Nadu and the adjoining
states population; as regards private sector, it attracts patients from all over
India and also some of the foreign countries.
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4.2.13.3 Recreation
Chennai is endowed with the second longest straight sandy breach in the
world, called Marina. Elliots Beach, another major beach in Chennai attracts
large number of people. Thiruvanmiyur Beach, Kottivakkam Beach,
Neelankarai Beach and small beaches at Thiruvottiyur are also being used by
people in those areas. These beaches are used by the people throughout the
year and the Marina & Elliots Beaches attract thousands of people every day.
In Chennai City, there are about 195 parks with extent varying from
150 sq.m. to 3.5 hectares and totaling to more than 60 hectares. Playgrounds
maintained by the Chennai Municipal Corporation is concerned, it is more
than 200 nos., with a total extent exceeding 50 hectares. In the rest of CMA,
unlike the City, the parks & playfields are a very few.
CMA also boasts a number of Theme Parks developed commercially in
and around CMA, which attracts not only the local population but also
tourists. CMA is dotted with a number of lakes (with minimum water spread
in non monsoon seasons), which may be developed as recreational spaces in a
planned way taking into account its environmental aspects also. It will not
only help in conserving these water bodies but also preventing encroachments
and pollution.
solid waste is generated in these 10 zones in the City area daily and in addition
Chennai Corporation also handles about 500 tonnes of debris.
NGO's in cooperation with Municipal Corporation are assisting
communities to collect solid waste through community based arrangement in
some areas of the City. Municipal Corporation provides street sweepings and
scientific collections throughout the City.Solid waste from the Chennai
Corporation area is taken to the transfer stations and from there it is finally
disposed off at two designated disposal sites viz. Kodungaiyur located at
northern part of City and Perungudi an adjoining village in the south. Both the
sites are located in low lying areas and are adjacent to the Metro Water
Sewage Treatment Works. The extent of the Kodungaiyur landfill site is 182
hectares and the Perungudi land site is 142 hectares. In the Rest of Chennai
Metropolitan Area, All solid waste management functions are the
responsibility of the executive authorities of the local bodies namely
municipalities, town panchayats, and village panchayats.
The traffic generated towards the city form a telescoping pattern along
the available few major transportation corridors. The flow increased
from the periphery of the city where Periurban settlements are
predominant towards the city. As the city roads are already clogged, the
traffic from the Periurban and urban settlements further aggravate the
situation. The primary reason is while the transportation corridors were
instrumental for development, the same corridors are stressed beyond
the handling capacity at reasonable speed. This means that Periurban
transformation has increased the distance of travel and not the change
in the direction of travel. This has become a major challenge for the
transportation planners.
Census 2011 data confirms that population growth within Chennai
District has slowed, while in the adjacent districts of Kanchipuram and
Tiruvallur, it has increased. (The Hindu – 17 April 2013)
Areas outside the CMA are witnessing rapid development and there is a
need to integrate these developments with Chennai (Thiru R. Vaithilingam,
Minister for housing and urban development, 2011)
Table 4.5 List of municipalities and town panchayats in CMA
Villivakkam 25
Thiruvallur 1 Tiruvallur
Poonamallee 42 Poonamallee
Kundrathur 30
Sriperumbudur
Sriperumbudur 4
Kanchipuram
St.Thomas Mount 33 Tambaram
. Kattankulathur 6 Chengalpattu
1. Vallur 3. Ennor
2. Athipattu 4. Nandiyambakkam
1. Alamadi 21.Sholavaram
2.Attanthangal 22.Palayaerumaivettipalayam
3.Vijayanallur 23.Erumaivettipalayam
4.Sembilivaram 24.Athur
5.Siruniyam 25.Karanodai
6.Pannivakkam 26.Sothuperumbedu
7.Padiyanallur 27.Orakkadu
8.Southapakkam 28.Surapattu
9.Melsingilimedu 29.Sekkanjeri
10.Perungavur 30.Nerkundram
11.Edayanchavadi 31.Girudalapuram
12.Vichoor 32.Pudur
13.Vellivoyal 33.Nayar
14.Thirunilai 34.Mahfuskhanpettai
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15.Kodipallam 35.Pudupakkam
16.Arumandai 36.Periyamulaivoyal
17.Kandigai 37.Chinnamulaivoyal
18.Marambedu 38.Valuthugaimedu
19.Kummanur 39.Madaiyur
20.Angadu 40.Seemapuram
41.Nallur
1.Pakkam
1. Chinnapanicheri 17.Chikkarayapuram
2. Paranipputhur 18.Kulamanivakkam
3.Kulathuvancheri 19.Malayambakam
4.Srinivasapuram 20.Kollaicheri
5.Kattupakkam 21.Thandalam
6.Goparasanallur 22.Tharapakkam
7.Ayyappanthangal 23.Rentankattalai
8.Thelliyaragaram 24.Kavanur
9.Moulivakkam 25.Sirkulathur
10.Madanandapuram 26.Nandambakkam
11.Mugalivakkam 27.Poonthandalam
12.Manaoakkam 28.Palanthandalam
13.Alapakkam 29.Thirumudivakkam
14.Gerugambakkam 30.Erumaiyur
15.Periyapanicheri 31.Varadharajapuram
16.Kovur 32.Naduveerapattu
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1. Mannivakkam 4.Nedunkundram
2.Vandalur 5.Puthur
3.Kilambakkam 6.Kulapakkam
Since the focus are of the research is in Peri Urban Areas of CMA, the
researcher wanted to identify PUAs of CMA based on which the study area
can be delimited. The census data pertaining to the village which falls under
CMA has been collected for four decades (1971, 1981, 1991, 2001) from
Census of India from their office at Rajaji Bhavan. While going through the
census data, it was observed that some villages in CMA had upgraded into
census towns as per the census of India. A few others had merged into other
neighbouring villages for administrative purposes while some others merged
with upgraded town Panchayats and few have merged with municipalities.
When the new city limit was drawn, a few other villages, had fallen into the
new city limit. Hence, there rose a need to delimit the study areas.
The study area has been delimited based on the justification given
below:
Settlements which are fully urbanized in CMA are not taken into
consideration while delineating the PUAs for the study purpose. Chennai city,
which is fully urbanized, is not taken for the study. Municipalities like Avadi,
Ambattur and Town panchayats like Sholinganallur, Mangadu, and Porur
coming under CMA were not considered, since these areas are also fully
urbanized. Also, areas which are classified as towns as per Census 2001 are
not considered. Also, the settlements which are still having the characteristics
of only rural (village) are not considered for the study purpose, since there are
not many changes in the decennial population growth, employment and
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infrastructure facilities for them. After omitting the above, The Peri Urban
Areas of CMA has been delimited.
Map 4.11 shows the delimited PUAs of CMA considered for study
purpose.
The data collected from the census with regard to the delimited areas
has been closely observed. While going through the census data, it was
observed that physical, social and economical changes taken place are not
uniform in these areas. These characters are varying in these areas from lower
to higher. Therefore, there was a need to categorise these PUAs based on their
growth as fast/medium/slow. They were classified as fast growing, medium
growing and slow growing. The criteria considered for categorization has been
listed in the Table 4.17.
Medium
Criteria Fast growth Slow growth
growth
Population growth 100% 50-100% 0-50%
Medium
High Low
Density (1000-2000/sq.
(>2000/sq.km) (<1000/sq.km)
km)
Health Available Not available Not available
Education HSS/College HSS/Secondary Primary
Literacy >75% 60-75% <60%
Workers (Non-
>75% 60 - 75% <75%
agricultural)
Moderate
Land use change Major changes Not much
changes
The delimited Peri Urban Areas are shown in Map 4.11. The delimited
peri urban areas in CMA categorized as fast/slow/medium growing are shown
in Map 4.12 and Table 4.18.
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Medium Panchayat
Fast Growing Slow Growing
Growing Union
Puthur
Kilambakkam Kilambakkam Kattankolath
Mannivakkam
Kulapakkam Kulappakam ur
Nedungundram
Perumbakkam Nenmangalam Vengambakkam St. Thomas
Medavakkam Arasan Kalani Mulacheri Mount
Morai
Melpakkam
Adayalampattu Arakkambakkam
Vanagaram Palavedu Pandeshwaram Villivakkam
Ayapakkam Karlapakkam
Keelakondaiyur
Velachari
Katupakkam Kulathuvancheri
Chinnapanicheri
Ayyappanthangal Mayambakkam
Nandambakkam Kunrathur
Gerugambakkam Palamthandalam
Erumaiyur
Kovur Naduveerampattu
Vilangadupakkam
Puthagaram Layonpullion
Layon Grant Athivakkam Puzhal
Sirugavoor Vadagari
Palavayal
Vallur
Minjur
Nandiyambakkam
Pakkam Tiruvallur
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