Given data:

Season 2018 Maha

Canal 304 D1 canal in Kalawewa – Balaluwewa LB main
canal
Date of commencement 8th October
Type of Paddy 105-day low land paddy

Command area 288 ha

Percolation rate (P) 4 mm/day
Depth of soil layer (D) 225 mm
Depth of submergence (Ds) 50 mm
On farm efficiency (Ea) 0.9
FC conveyance efficiency (Ec) 0.9
Distributary channel loss 1% per km
Main channel loss 2% per km
Soil type Sandy clay loam
Initial moisture condition (Θinitial) 0.1
Saturation moisture condition (Θsat) 0.432
Saturation requirement (Sn) Sn = (Θsat − Θinitial) × D
= (0.432 – 0.1) × 225mm
= 74.7 mm

Jan Feb Oct Nov Dec

Evaporation in mm/day 3.16 3.71 5.10 4.03 3.48
(Ev)
ETref in (mm/day) 4.12 5.24 5.77 3.79 3.59

75% Probability effective 1.10 0.00 2.20 2.84 2.20

rainfall in mm/day (Re)
Part 1A
Cropping Calendar

Week % Idle % LS % LP % CI (1) % CI (2) % Total

1 35 65 100
2 35 65 100
3 100 100
4 35 65 100
5 65 35 100
6 65 35 100
7 65 35 100
8 65 35 100
9 65 35 100
10 65 35 100
11 65 35 100
12 65 35 100
13 65 35 100
14 65 35 100
15 65 35 100
16 65 35 100
17 0 35 35
18 0 0 0
19 0 0

LS - land Soaking (1 week)

LP - Land Preparation (2 weeks)

CI (1) - Crop Irrigation 1st set of crops (65%)

CI (2) - Crop Irrigation 2nd set of crops (35%)

According to the cropping calendar;

For week 1 – 8th Oct to 14th Oct

Land soaking irrigation requirement (LSIR);

Sn
+P+Ev−Re
7
LSIR = 8.64×Ea×Ec

Assuming there is no effective rainfall:

LSIR = (74.7mm/7) + 4 mm/day + 5.10 mm/day

8.64 × 0.9 × 0.9

= 2.8251 l/s per ha

For week 2 – 15th Oct to 21st Oct

Land soaking irrigation requirement (LSIR) = 2.8251 l/s per ha

Land preparation irrigation requirement (LPIR);

Ds
+P+Ev−Re
14
LPIR = 8.64×Ea×Ec

LPIR = (50mm/7) + 4 mm/day + 5.10 mm/day

8.64 × 0.9 × 0.9

= 1.8106 l/s per ha

For week 3 – 22nd Oct to 28th Oct

There is no land soaking in week 3 according to cropping calendar.

Land preparation irrigation requirement (LPIR) = 1.8106 l/s per ha

For week 4 – 29th Oct to 4th Nov

LPIR = (50mm/7) + 4 mm/day + 4.49 mm/day

8.64 × 0.9 × 0.9

= 1.7233 l/s per ha

Ev – For the 4th week average Ev value is taken, since the week 4 is a combination of months October
and November

Ev Ev average
th
29 Oct 5.10
30th Oct 5.10 (3 × 5.10) + (4 × 4.03)
=
31st Oct 5.10 7
01st Nov 4.03 = 4.49 mm/day
02nd Nov 4.03
03rd Nov 4.03
04th Nov 4.03
According to the cropping calendar the crop irrigation of first set (65%) starts from week 4.

Field crop irrigation requirement (FCIR);

ETcrop+P−Re
FCIR = 8.64×Ea×Ec

ETcrop = Kc × ETref

ETcrop = 1.0000 × 4.77 mm/day

= 4.77 mm/day

Kc – crop factor is 1.00 for the initial growth stage of the crop (crop factor graph)

ETref – Average ETref for the week 4 is 4.77 mm/day. (5.77 – Oct and 3.79 – Nov)

FCIR (1) = 4.77 mm/day + 4 mm/day + 4.49 mm/day

8.64 × 0.9 × 0.9

= 1.1731 l/s per ha

For week 5 – 5th Nov to 11th Nov

According to the cropping calendar in 5th week full area has started the crop irrigation.

FCIR (1) = (1.0×3.79 mm/day) + 4 mm/day + 4.49 mm/day

8.64 × 0.9 × 0.9

= 1.1131 l/s per ha

FCIR (2) = (1.0×3.79 mm/day) + 4 mm/day + 4.49 mm/day

8.64 × 0.9 × 0.9

= 1.1131 l/s per ha

For week 6 – 12th Nov to 18th Nov

In 5th week the 1st set of crops (65%) are in its development growth stage so the average Kc = 1.00095.
(interpolating from the crop factor graph) and the second set of crops (35%) is in its initial growth
stage (Kc = 1.000)

FCIR (1) = (1.00095×3.79 mm/day) + 4 mm/day + 4.49 mm/day

8.64 × 0.9 × 0.9

= 1.1136 l/s per ha

FCIR (2) = (1.0×3.79 mm/day) + 4 mm/day + 4.49 mm/day

8.64 × 0.9 × 0.9

= 1.1131 l/s per ha

Likewise, the calculations were done up to week 19.

Week Ev Kc ET ref LSIR LPIR FCIR(1) FCIR(2)

1 5.10 2.8251
2 5.10 2.8251 1.8106
3 5.10 1.8106
4 4.49 1.00000 4.21 1.7233 1.1731
5 4.03 1.00000 3.79 1.1131 1.1131
6 1.00095 3.79 1.1136 1.1131
7 1.03333 3.79 1.1312 1.1136
8 1.08000 3.73 1.1476 1.1227
9 1.12667 3.59 1.1495 1.1256
10 1.17333 3.59 1.1734 1.1495
11 1.20000 3.59 1.1871 1.1734
12 1.20000 3.59 1.1871 1.1871
13 1.20000 4.04 1.2650 1.2650
14 1.20000 4.12 1.2780 1.2780
15 1.18286 4.12 1.2679 1.2780
16 1.10400 4.12 1.2215 1.2679
17 1.02000 4.60 1.2420 1.2972
18 0.93600 5.24 1.2724 1.3353
19 0.90000 5.24 1.2724
20

Kc - Crop Factor
1.30000

1.20000

1.10000

1.00000

0.90000

0.80000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100105110115
Seasonal weekly irrigation schedule

For field 1 : Area of 9 ha

Week 1

LSIR = 2.8251 l/s per ha

Irrigated percentage = 65%

Required discharge (Q1) = 0.65 × 2.8251 × 9 = 16.52 l/s

Week 2

LSIR = 2.8251 l/s per ha (35%)

LPIR = 1.8106 l/s per ha (65%)

Required discharge = (0.35 × 2.8251 × 9) + (0.65 × 1.8106 × 9) = 19.49 l/s

Week 3

LPIR = 1.8106 l/s per ha (100%)

Required discharge (Q2) = (1 × 1.8106 × 9) = 16.30 l/s

Week 4

LPIR = 1.7233 l/s per ha (35%)

FCIR (1) = 1.1731 l/s per ha (65%)

Required discharge (Q3) = (0.35 × 1.7233 × 9) + (0.65 × 1.1731 × 9) = 12.29 l/s

Likewise, the calculations were done in each week for each field according to the issue tree diagram
and tabulated as below:
 SD - 02
FC 1 FC 2 FC 3 FC 4 FC 5 FC 6 FC 7 FC 8 FC 9 FC 10A
Area 9 17 22 12 10 29 20 22 4 10
Q1 17 31 40 22 18 53 37 40 7 18
Q2 19 37 48 26 22 63 43 48 9 22
Q3 16 31 40 22 18 53 36 40 7 18
Q4 12 23 30 16 14 40 27 30 5 14
Q5 10 19 24 13 11 32 22 24 4 11
Q6 10 19 24 13 11 32 22 24 4 11
Q7 10 19 25 14 11 33 23 25 5 11
Q8 10 19 25 14 11 33 23 25 5 11
Q9 10 19 25 14 11 33 23 25 5 11
Q10 10 20 26 14 12 34 23 26 5 12
Q11 11 20 26 14 12 34 24 26 5 12
Q12 11 20 26 14 12 34 24 26 5 12
Q13 11 22 28 15 13 37 25 28 5 13
Q14 12 22 28 15 13 37 26 28 5 13
Q15 11 22 28 15 13 37 25 28 5 13
Q16 11 21 27 15 12 36 25 27 5 12
Q17 4 8 10 5 5 13 9 10 2 5
Q18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Q19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 SD - 01
FC 13A FC 13B FC 14 FC 15 FC 16 FC 17 FC 18 FC 19 FC 20 FC 21 FC 22
Area 11 12 7 11 14 12 14 8 7 10 13
Q1 20 22 13 20 26 22 26 15 13 18 24
Q2 24 26 15 24 30 26 30 17 15 22 28
Q3 20 22 13 20 25 22 25 14 13 18 24
Q4 15 16 10 15 19 16 19 11 10 14 18
Q5 12 13 8 12 16 13 16 9 8 11 14
Q6 12 13 8 12 16 13 16 9 8 11 14
Q7 12 14 8 12 16 14 16 9 8 11 15
Q8 13 14 8 13 16 14 16 9 8 11 15
Q9 13 14 8 13 16 14 16 9 8 11 15
Q10 13 14 8 13 16 14 16 9 8 12 15
Q11 13 14 8 13 17 14 17 9 8 12 15
Q12 13 14 8 13 17 14 17 9 8 12 15
Q13 14 15 9 14 18 15 18 10 9 13 16
Q14 14 15 9 14 18 15 18 10 9 13 17
Q15 14 15 9 14 18 15 18 10 9 13 17
Q16 14 15 9 14 17 15 17 10 9 12 16
Q17 5 5 3 5 6 5 6 4 3 5 6
Q18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Q19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Part 1B
Land soaking and preparation is continued up to 4 weeks according to cropping calendar. Therefore,
by considering effective rainfall.

Field channel 1:

For week 1
Sn
+P+Ev−Re
7
LSIR = 8.64×Ea×Ec

LSIR = (74.7mm/7) + 4 mm/day + 5.10 mm/day – 2.20 mm/day

8.64 × 0.9 × 0.9

= 2.5108 l/s per ha

Therefore, required discharge (Q1’) = 0.65 × 2.5108 × 9 = 14.69 l/s
𝑄1−𝑄1′ 17−14.69
Percentage of reduction = 𝑄1
× 100% = 20
× 100% = 13.59%

Where, Q(n) is the required discharge of the nth week without effective rainfall and Q(n)’ is the
required discharge of the nth week with effective rainfall.

For week 2

LSIR = 2.5108 l/s per ha

LPIR = (50mm/7) + 4 mm/day + 5.10 mm/day – 2.20 mm/day

8.64 × 0.9 × 0.9

= 1.4963 l/s per ha

Therefore, the require discharge (Q2’) = (0.35 × 2.5108 × 9) + (0.65 × 1.4963 × 9)

= 16.66 l/s
19−16.66
Percentage reduction = 19
× 100% = 12.32%

For week 3

LPIR = 1.4963 l/s per ha

Required discharge (Q3’) = 1.0 × 1.4963 × 9 = 13.47 l/s

16−13.47
Percentage reduction = 16
× 100% = 15.81%

For week 4

LPIR = (50mm/7) + 4 mm/day + 4.49 mm/day – 2.57 mm/day

8.64 × 0.9 × 0.9

= 1.3562 l/s per ha

Required discharge (Q4’) = 0.35 × 1.3562 × 9 = 4.2720 l/s

Required discharge for land preparation in 4th week (35%) = 0.35 × 1.7233 × 9

= 5.43 l/s
5.43−4.27
Therefore, percentage of reduction = 5.43
× 100% = 21.36%

Discharge Discharge with

% reduction of
Week without effective effective rainfall,
discharge
rainfall, Q(n) Q(n)’
1 17 14.69 13.69%
2 19 16.66 12.32%
FC-1
3 16 13.47 15.81%
4 5.43 4.27 21.36%

Likewise, the calculations were done accordingly for each field in its land preparation and land soaking
period (first 4 weeks) and tabulated as below:

Discharge without Discharge without

% reduction of
Week effective rainfall, effective rainfall,
discharge
Q(n) Q(n)
1 28 31 10.48
2 31 37 14.91
FC 2
3 25 31 17.91
4 8 10 19.32
1 36 40 10.22
2 41 48 15.12
FC 3
3 33 40 17.67
4 10 13 19.68
1 20 22 10.96
2 22 26 14.53
FC 4
3 18 22 18.35
4 6 7 18.64
1 16 18 9.31
2 19 22 15.82
FC 5
3 15 18 16.84
4 5 6 20.90
1 47 53 10.68
2 54 63 14.75
FC 6
3 43 53 18.10
4 14 17 19.04
1 22 37 39.28
2 25 43 40.72
FC 7 3 21 36 42.77
4 7 12 45.56
 1 36 40 10.22
2 41 48 15.12
FC 8
3 33 40 17.67
4 10 13 19.68
1 7 7 6.72
2 7 9 17.69
FC 9
3 6 7 14.47
4 2 2 5.08
1 16 18 9.31
2 19 22 15.82
FC 10A
3 15 18 16.84
4 5 6 20.90
1 16 18 9.31
2 19 22 15.82
FC 10B
3 15 18 16.84
4 5 6 20.90
1 16 18 9.31
2 19 22 15.82
FC 11
3 15 18 16.84
4 5 6 20.90
1 11 13 12.10
2 13 15 13.58
FC 12
3 10 13 19.40
4 3 4 16.94
1 18 20 10.22
2 20 24 15.12
FC 13A
3 16 20 17.67
4 5 7 25.42
1 20 22 10.96
2 22 26 14.53
FC 13B
3 18 22 18.35
4 6 7 18.64
1 11 13 12.10
2 13 15 13.58
FC 14
3 10 13 19.40
4 3 4 16.94
1 18 20 10.22
2 20 24 15.12
FC 15
3 16 20 17.67
4 5 7 25.42
1 23 26 12.10
2 26 30 13.58
FC 16 3 21 25 16.18
4 7 8 16.94
 1 20 22 10.96
2 22 26 14.53
FC 17
3 18 22 18.35
4 6 7 18.64
1 23 26 12.10
2 26 30 13.58
FC 18
3 21 25 16.18
4 7 8 16.94

Part 2
For the field channel 1 in the week of maximum discharge (at crop irrigation requirement) required
(Q14)

Maximum discharge required for 7 days = 12 l/s

Design discharge of the channel (selected) = 30 l/s

12×7
Therefore, number of open days of channel = 30
= 3days

Likewise, the calculation is done for all fields and the number of open days were calculated. Then the
open days were adjusted as the full discharge gives less fluctuation using excel sheet.

The requirement for sub-distributary channels were taken as the summation of design discharges
the field channels and divided by 0.9 to recover the sub-distributary channel efficiency.
 Area Location Q Open
FC No: (ha) km Reqd(l/s) Q Des (l/s) days Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day
FC 1 9 0.820 12 30 3
FC 2 17 1.088 22 30 5 30 30
FC 19 8 10 30 2 30
FC 20 7 9 30 2 30 30
FC 21 10 13 30 3 30 30
FC 22 13 12 30 3 30 30 30
SD 1 1.476 66.66667 66.66667 66.66667 66.66
FC 3 22 1.551 28 45 4 45 45 45 45
FC 4 12 15 30 4 30
FC 5 10 13 30 3
FC 6 29 37 60 4 60 60 60 60
SD 2 1.980 66.667 66.667 66.667 10
FC 18 14 2.195 18 30 4 30 30 30 30
FC 17 12 2.300 15 30 4 30
FC 16 14 2.600 18 30 4 30 30 30 30
FC 15 11 3.000 14 30 3 30 30 30
FC 14 7 3.502 9 30 2
FC 13A 11 3.502 15 30 4 30
FC 7 20 3.892 26 30 6 30 30 30 30
FC 8 22 4.291 28 45 4 45
FC 9 4 4.445 5 30 1
FC 13 12 4.445 14 30 3 30 30 30
FC 12 7 4.510 9 30 2 30 30
FC 11 10 4.656 13 30 3 30 30 30
FC 10A 10 4.656 13 30 3
FC 10B 10 4.657 13 30 3
 Fluctuation of discharge
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7

Maximum discharge within the week = 436.67 l/s

Part 3
a) Total loss;
𝑄𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑑
𝑥 )
(1−100

Where, x is 1 for distributary channels and d is the distance from field channel to offtake.

For FC-1

Discharge with loss = 30 l/s = 30.25 l/s

1
(1 − 100)0.832

For FC-2

Discharge with loss = 30 l/s = 30.33 l/s

1
(1 − 100)1.088

For FC-3

Discharge with loss = 45 l/s = 45.71 l/s

1
(1 − 100)1.551
Likewise, the calculations were done for each field channels and sub-distributary channels.

Discharge up to offtake with the

FC No: loss in l/s

FC 1 30.248

FC 2 30.330

SD 1 67.663

FC 3 45.707

SD 2 102.010 and 68.0066

FC 18 30.669

FC 17 30.702

FC 16 30.794

FC 15 30.918

FC 14 31.075

FC 13A 31.075

FC 7 31.197

FC 8 46.983

FC 9 31.371

FC 13 31.371

FC 12 31.391

FC 11 31.437

FC 10A 31.437

FC 10B 31.438

Discharge of day 1

According to the table in part 2, the supply in day 1 to channels; FC 20 and FC 22 in SD-01, FC 3, FC 6
in SD-02, FC18, FC 16, FC 15, FC 7, FC 13, FC 12, and FC 11.

Therefore,

Discharge of day 1 = 67.663 + 45.707 + 68.007 + 30.669 + 30.794 + 30.918 + 31.197 +

31.371 + 31.391 + 31.437

= 399.154 l/s

Likewise, the calculations were done for 7 days according to the table in part 2.
 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7

Discharge up to
offtake with the 399.154 399.154 398.093 447.129 399.078 362.490 362.664
loss in l/s

Therefore,

Design discharge of the offtake = Maximum discharge at offtake

= 447.129 l/s.

b) The suitable flow measuring structure is parshall flume for the downstream of the offtake.

Throat width of the parshall flume is selected according to the maximum discharge (447.129×10-3
m3/s)

The throat width of the parshall flume corresponding to the 457×10-3 m3/s maximum discharge is 1’
(1 foot) (ref: Discharge characteristics of parshall flumes, table 7.4)

c)

According to the issue tree diagram the 304 D1 main distributary canal was divided into two reaches:

1. Starting point of the canal to SD-02 at 1980 m away from the starting point (reach 1-2)
2. From SD-02 to end of the main distributary canal 304 D1. (reach 2-3)

Reach 1-2

Design discharge of the canal = maximum discharge through the offtake

= 447.129 l/s

Maximum supply in the reach:

The maximum supply in the reach is calculated using the table in part 2. For the reach, maximum
supply is given in day 4 by FC 2, FC 3, SD-01 and SD-02 in contribution.

Therefore, maximum supply = 30.33 + 45.707 + 67.663 + 102.010

= 245.71 l/s

Since the maximum discharge through the canal is greater than maximum supply (447>246), the
design discharge of the canal in reach 1-2 is 447.129 l/s.

For reach 2-3

Discharge through the entry point of the reach = (Maximum discharge through reach 1-2) –
(Maximum supply in reach 1-2)

= 447.129 – 245.71

= 201.42 l/s
Maximum supply at reach 2-3:

The maximum supply in the reach is calculated using the table in part 2. For the reach, maximum
supply is given in day 6 and day 7 by FC 17, FC 14, FC 13A, FC 8, FC 9, FC 10A and FC 10B in contribution.

Therefore, maximum supply = 30.702 + 31.075 + 31.075 + 46.983 + 31.371 + 31.437 + 31.438

= 234.08 l/s

Since the maximum supply is greater than the maximum discharge through the canal (234>201), the
design discharge of the canal in reach 2-3 is 234.08 l/s which is the maximum supply of the canal.

304 D1 main distributary channel design

Channel slope = 0.00035

Manning’s roughness co-efficient = 0.025

Side slope = 1 vertical to 1.5 horizontal

Free board = 0.45 m

Reach Q B D A P R V Q' Vc CVR

1 to 2 0.448 1.00 0.61 1.17 3.20 0.37 0.38 0.447 0.40 0.95

2 to 3 0.234 1.00 0.44 0.72 2.58 0.28 0.32 0.234 0.32 0.99

Q - Channel discharge (design criteria)

B - Bed width (variable)

D - Full supply depth (variable)

A - Cross sectional area of the channel (trapezoidal = {B+1.5D)×D} - for 1:1.5 slope)

P - Wetted perimeter (trapezoidal = {B + 2*(1+1.52)(1/2) *D} - for 1:1.5 slope)

R - Hydraulic radius (R = A/P)

V - Velocity through the channel (Manning's equation - V = (1/n)*R(2/3) * S(1/2))

Vc - Critical velocity (Kennedy's equation - Vc = R*c*D0.64) where R=1.0 for

average situation and c = 0.55 for metric measurements

CVR - Critical velocity ratio (CVR = V/Vc)

The bed width and the full supply depth (FSD) of the canal is selected such that the 0.9 < CVR < 1.25
and closer to 1 in order to maintain non silt non scouring canal section.