√ √ √ √ lim 3 +  +√lim 3 √ 2 √ 2

→0√ →0
1+− 1− −1 1+  − 1 − 1
sin() 1 +√ + 1 − √  sin() 1 √ + − 1− √
40.
25.−1 lim≤ sin() ≤ 1 ⇒= lim  ≤ ≤ ·⇒ √ 1/√≤  = →0 lim ≤√  . Since √ lim+( /) = 0 and
→0  →0  =  1++ 1− √  [71and + 11] + 1→0 −
√  →0 lim (3 + ) + 3
√
84 ¤ lim CHAPTER
(  ) = we have
2 0,LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
lim √ (1  +) − (1 − =
sin() ) 0 by the Squeeze Theorem.
 =
2 2
→0+ = →0 lim + √ 1 →0lim √ √  = lim √ √
→0  1 +  + 1 −   1 +  + 1 − 
 [1, 7, and 8] →0 1 +  + 1−
  √ = √ √ √  √
29. lim
Section 2.3 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws
√
1
−
1 1− 1+
= iflim −23√≥ 0 2=lim
31 + −0 +
√
1 + 3 1 + 1 + 
 √  = lim √ 
−
√ 
→0  1 +− 3  =→0 √  √ 1 += =→0 1− 3√ 1 if +≥13 1 + 1 +  →0  1+ 1+ 1+
41. | − 3| = 1+ 1 = 2 =
−( − 3) if  − 3  0 3 − 2 3if   3
−1 SECTION
−1 2.3 CALCULATING 1 LIMITS USING THE LIMIT LAWS ¤ 83
2 = lim √  2√  = √  √ 2  =−
 + 2 + 1 →0 1 + ( + 1 1)
+ 1 +  1 + 0 1 (
+ + 1)
1 + 0 2
26.Thus,
35. Let
lim() lim =(2 −+ 2 | − 3|) =
, ()= =lim 2 cos lim20 (2 and + () − 3)= ==lim 2lim (3 − 3) = 3(3) − 3 = 6 and
. Then
8620. ¤We
→−1 CHAPTER
→3+4 −
use 2 1LIMITSofAND
the difference →−1 DERIVATIVES
squares (2in+
→3 +the 1)( numerator
2 − 1)
and →3+(2 + 1)( + 1)( − 1)
→−1the difference of cubes in the denominator.
√ √ 2 2
√ 2

−1 ≤(2
lim 4 cos2+20 +|9− −≤ 5 1= 2⇒
3|) lim −(2 2 + ≤2 +
3+ −9cos−) 520
= 2≤+
lim (9+ +√ ⇒ 5 =3()
3) 2+ ≤ () 6. ( ≤2 ().
Since + the9) −left
252and right limits are4equal,
30.
88 ¤lim−CHAPTER
 − 1 2 ≤LIMITS (⇒ AND− 1)(DERIVATIVES
−1 + sin()

1) √≤ →3 1 (
1 − − 1)(
0  += 1)( +√31)=sin() √
(≤+ √1)( + 1) lim 2(2)√/)
40. →3
−1 lim≤ sin()
→−4  + = 4 lim 1 == lim
lim
→3 −
→−12 ( (
→−4 ≤ 2 + +1)( 4) = − lim

1)2 +
=
9 ⇒
+
2(−2) 5 / 0= ≤ lim
→−4  
(= + lim4)  2 
+ .9 Since
+ 5 = +( = = 0 and
So since
→1  −lim
3 1 →1 () = ( − lim 1)(()+= + 0, 1)by the→1 Squeeze ( −Theorem1)( + we
2 +have1) →1 2
 +  + 1 →0 3 3
→0
lim (2 + | − 3|) = 6. →0  
For the√
51. →3 lim () √ to exist, the√one-sided √√ 2limits −√
 = 2 must be equal. lim () = lim 4 − 1  = 4 − 1 = 3 and
16at)  = √ 2 −2 4) →2−
lim (√→2 49− ) =  0, we=have (4 lim
−  √
)(4 + √
sin() 0 by the
limSqueeze 169( −+ + 4)(
Theorem.

→2 − 2
lim
27. →0
21.→0
lim
lim
+
() = 0.
+  − 3= lim
 =
lim
→−4
lim →0 9 ++  − 3 2√9 + 
( + 4) · √ + 9 + =5+lim 3= →−4
= lim ( +
√ 4)
√
 √−

3
2 +9+5
 =

lim
(9 + ) − 9
√ 
→16 16 −  2 √ →16 (16 −  )(4 +√ 2 √
 ) 6 →16 if(16
→0() =
lim  + lim6  →0 + if =  + 26+ ≥.0 Now 93+= +23+  →0 ⇒≥− −6
)(4 +  )
9 =92+++ 3⇔ →0 = 7. 9 +  + 3
42. →2
| + 6| =
+  →2 + = 
−
−( √3+ 6) if 
if √ −13
+ 6√ ≥√−0 04= = −
−( √3+√6)if and
1−4 − 4if≥31 −6
= ==√
−8 1 4
3 + 2sin(),
36.|Let
41. − 3|() = = − =3 = =
+lim
→16  lim
2 , ()
lim
→−4 (4 √+ =
 2 
+

)9 += 516  =4 +lim 16 +√
16 9 +
= 1 ()
5 16(8) 5 =
=
13 − 21. Then
+ 5 128+= 5
84 ¤ (i)
52. (a) CHAPTER lim −( 2 −
() LIMITS
=3) lim AND
→0 if  DERIVATIVES
−
= 31
 √9 +  + 3 √  0 3 − →0  if  
9++3 √ 3 3 3 + 6
We’ll look →1 at−the one-sided →1−limits. 3 2 3 2 3 2
−1≤ sin() 3
≤ 1 ⇒ −  √ +  ≤  +  sin()
√  ≤ 
√ +   ⇒
Thus, ( +
lim2 )(2
2 1− + 4
12 −+ +341| − 3|) 2( (13 lim
= −+(
+ 3
26) (2
1+
−
2 2
+
2) +
  3−
2
2 3) =
+ 1− 3
)lim
−1 2
3
++
(3 (
−12 1−
3)+2) 3
=
√
2
1++−3
2 3(3) 32=+
2(
2
+66) 3
and −
31.
29. lim
28.→0
lim
lim()
√
(ii)→3
≤ √ lim
()
+ ()
≤ − = =
(). == =
limlim
So
lim
lim lim(2 √
since −→3 √
lim +) =
= 2
() 2− = 1√
and
lim == 1.lim
() Since
lim √
→3 = +
0, by
lim =
 lim
the
() Squeeze
√= = 1
lim and
 Theorem=
lim lim 2 √
() ==−2 1, we have √ lim ()  = 1.
→0 
 44 −
1 
++
+3 1 2− − 3
4 →0 + (4
→0 +
2 →0
− 1 1
4)(
+ − 23+  1)→04 + 1
 + (3 ++ 12)(−1 →0
+ − 2)(
1 + 4 +
2+−1) 1
 −
→0
+ 3  1 +  1 + 1→1 +
lim | + 6|
22.→−6
→2 + →1 = lim  + 6
→1
→−6 →2+
· √ →−6 |
→0 →2 −
=+
→1 lim6| →−6 √ −( + 6) 
→1
 − 2
lim (2 + | − 3|) = lim (22+ 3 − ) =24lim
→2 →2  − 2 + 1(++3 3) = 3 +(3− →2 =2) 6. Since 4 +the 1+ left3 and right limits are equal,
we−have Note limthat () the=fact 0.→3
(1) − = 3does
(3 +−3 2−1not+affect →3 ) + the
0−12value of the limit.
−1 1
2 lim√ 2
→3
The left and →0
right limits === lim
are
lim lim √
different, so = =  lim √0 2not
(3
==does + 3 +√2 ) = 3=
exist.
2
−
→0( + 4 +1→−6
2)( 1+
+−1)91| +4+ · 6|5 lim1 + 0 1 + 4( 1−+2)0
1+ 2
→0
→2 →0
lim
37.→3We (iii)
have
(2 When
+lim | − (4 3|)1,
= −== () lim
9)6.→2
== 4(4)3, −
( so
−2) 9 √
(1)= 74 =and 3.
+ lim
1 + 3 2=−→2 4 + ( 7−= 2) 4√
2
−44(4)+ 1+ +73 = 7. Since 4 − 9 ≤  () ≤  − 4 + 7
2
→4 →4
 3 √1 °c 2016  Cengage
2 1
 All
Learning. √
 2Rights
− 2( Reserved. 2
+ ) May √ not be scanned, copied,  or duplicated, or posted2to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
43. 2 for(iv)
− ≥  22
lim
0,
= +lim 9−
()− 5=
(2
() −=lim1)
7
(2
by =the−  22
 4)·+
Squeeze =922−
|2 − − 51|
22==42 +
Theorem.
22
−|2942−+=21| 5−22 ( + 9) − 25
30. lim ( →2+ ) 2
+
2
6 =→2= lim
limif− √+(6( +≥+ )
0 4) = √
2
=√ 69 +5=−if (  = ≥+→−42 + 2 ) √ 2 −(2 +
lim  )
2+ −6
−→4
32. lim
→−4
42. →0
| + 6| =   + 4 = →2lim
→−4
4 + 1 + = 3 +
9 lim+ 3 3 2 2( + 4)= lim  + 92 + 5
 →0   →0  ( + ) →0  ( + )2
−( += 6) limif ( + 63) = 0≥ −( 2+ − 6)1 if 4  if1−6
38. We(v) have lim lim
+
()
2(2) − 1= 2(1)
→2+
=if −
22and − 1lim 22 −
 − 16
0 34 −
( = −1 2 + 2) = 1 − 
2 ≥ 05
( + 4)( − 4) ≤ () ≤  −  + 2 for all ,
+ 2 = 2. Since 2 4 2
|2 − 1| 1→2 =→1 1 1 1 →1 =
We’ll look −at the −(2 =1)−
one-sided
− limlimits.
if −(2
2 3+−4) +1√  ) 02 3−2 −(2  = 1)
 5 =−−→−4
lim
2 −1 if   05 √ 
lim=
(vi)() 3()
2=bylim the =
does
→−4
Squeeze
lim
not→0 3 ·(
exist Theorem.
since + 9−+
=() ( + 4)1 2 + 9 + 5
23. lim  32 (6) =
+ →2 lim
) 2 2
 ·−3) =
6 2 lim= ().
lim
 3 = −
→3 →2
→1 −+ 3 12 →3  − 32( →3−3( →2+→3 312 9
 3 2 + 2 + 2( + 6)
So lim2+ − 2  = = 2 lim
[−(2 − 1)]  −=
for 4205.and −4 lim −−4 −8 = lim 4 = −2
(b)
→−6 | + 6| = lim √+46
→−6 + = √ →−64 | + = 6|  →−6 =4 − − −( + 6) 4
39.(a)
33. −1 ≤ cos(2) 

 ≤ 1 ⇒
→−4 if 
−  21 ≤
 1+ 9 + 51  4
cos(2) ≤(b) 
16 + 9 + 5 . Since 5
lim + 5− =5 0 and lim  = 0, we have


−1 −1 − →0
  () →0
(3
 and + )  −
3limits3
− 1 areifdifferent, =31+ so  2 3− 1 2 + 12
3 − (3 + ) −
24.Thelimleft right 2 2 lim = 2lim = does3not−1 exist. −1 −1
Thus,
lim
→0 +
(() 4
lim 3
cos(2)
)−= − 33−=220|= by
=→0lim
(thelim
3
Squeeze
+ −3 2[−(2Theorem.
+
→−6 3− |
→0 ++ 6|3(3 ) −lim +−0001
)3
− 2
==lim 3
→0
2
 0666
(3 +2+
=)3
3 1662
+3 =3 −4.
31. lim →0 →05 |2

 2 − = limif 1   ≤ 2
→05 1)] →05 = lim (05) 025
    −0000 1 0666  616 7
 
→0 →0 →0
  2   2 2
43. 23 − 2 ° (2 − 3− 1) if
 lim  2 · |21− 1| ==− 2 1
−0000 01
1
0666 661
1
The limit appears to be .
=
c 2016 Cengage Learning.
= =  −
2 Reserved.
All Rights + 2+ −2||
May not
) be=scanned,
|2 − 1|2−
copied, or(−)
= − posted to2a+
duplicated, or3(3
=7−accessible
publicly 9 lim website, in whole or in part. 3
44. Since || = − for =lim 0, we (3
→0
have +3(3 3
lim ) limlim [3(3 2 + )]
(3−0000 = 2lim+ 0) 2 = 1 = 1.
 →0
→−2 2 +  = →0
 
lim
→−2
→0 2++3 001 + →−2 )0666
= 3 2666
+ 2 →−2
√ 2√− 1 if 2 √− 1 ≥ 0 √ 2 − √ 1 0000
if  001≥ 05 0666 √ 667 2 2 √ 2
|2 − 1|1=+  − 1 −   1 +  + √1 −   1 +7  − 1−
2 2 1+− 2 =1 −  0000 01 0666 671
53.
25.(a)lim (i) lim
[[]]
1 = −2 for
1 −2 = ≤ 
lim 
if have −1,
− ( so + ) lim1 [[]] 1 · = √ lim (−2)
√ 1 = −2
= 1 lim √ 2
if  −05 →0= lim , which does not exist since the√ 
45. Since
→0 || =√ − −(2
−for 2−− 1)0,≈we 2 − 1lim →−2 0 − −(2 →−2
+ −
= 1)lim +
(→0 + )21 + 3 1 →0 3 ( +→0 )2−2  || 12 + −→0
+2− 1−
(0000 + 2 1 + − 0666
2
) →0
716 − 17 +  + +1)
−(2
−
32. lim  = lim = lim = lim
→0(ii)3[[]] = 2  −3 for 0001 20667 166 →03 ( + )2 2
so)→−2
2 2 2
2 − 
denominator
So approaches
= 2 [−(2 −30→0 ≤−1)]
=and
 −2,
limthefor √
(1 +
numerator lim
−
05. (1
does [[]]
− →0)= lim
√− not. →−2 = lim− √
( + =
(−3) ) −3.
√  = lim √ √
 √→0  1 + + 1 − √ →0  1 +  + 1√ − →0  1 +  + 1−
The right and left limits 1 −(2
+are 3different,
+
+ 1) so−2 lim 
 1
[[]] + does
23  +
not 1 exist.  1 + 3 + 1
(c) lim √ 2 − 1= ·lim √ 2 21=−lim 1
1→−2 1 =
−1 1 lim−1 −1= 0.
46. Since
Thus, →0||lim = 1 for + 3  − 0,
3 − 2 |→0
1 = we=√ 1have
+ lim
2 (3√ lim
++) 1 2 2==
2=
−→0
12||· 2 (1
=+−
= lim
3)
lim
+ 3 − 1 −= →0 = lim =+ 0 3 = −4.
→05 − |2 1+ 1
→05 →0
−  +
[−(2
2 − 1)] →0
→05 −  2  (05) 2
→0 025
(iii) [[]] = −3 for −3 ≤   −2, so lim1 [[]] = √ lim (−3) = −3.
33. (a) →−24= lim(b) →−24 1 + 3 + 1 [Limit Law 3]
47. (a) 2 + 2 + 1 ( + 1)22(b) −3|| (i) Since sgn
→0 2 − (−)= ( 1 for+ 1) 2 0, 2lim ++  sgn  = →0 lim 1 = 1.
26.Since
44. lim|| = − for  =  0,lim we have lim 2 = = lim lim 2  = lim  ()
→0 = lim 1 =+1.
(b)→−1 (i) [[]]= 4 − − 1 1 for →−1  − 1 ( ≤ 2+ 1)(
→−2 , so2−+ lim
1)  [[]] =
→−1
→−2 lim
( 2 +(
+ −
1)( 1)+ = 
1)(
→−2 − −1.
2 +
1)  →−2
1 − Since→
=→(ii) lim
− = −1 for 
(1 sgn+−0001
3) + lim 1 0666  0,166 lim
→0−
3 sgn  [1 = andlim11]−1 = −1.
→0−
 + 1 3 →00 −0000  1→0 0666  616 7
(ii) [[]] =  for  = ≤ lim  ( +2 1, +so lim 1 [[]] == 1 Since lim  = = 0 . 1  6=1lim sgn , lim 2 sgn  does not exist.
−(iii) lim sgn 2
45. Since || = − for   →−1 0, we have 1)(
lim −+1) 2(−2) =+→0 lim
−0000 01− →0 0666 = 661 lim7→0 , which
Thedoeslimitnot exist since
appears to be the.
→0−
→
 1  ||
→
→0−
−
 − +
→0−  3
= lim 1 +−0000 3 lim 001 + 1 0666 666 2 [1, 3, and 7]
(c) lim [[]] exists √ ⇔  is not√ an integer.√ 3 (iv) →0 Since |sgn | = 1 for  6= 0, lim |sgn | = lim 1 = 1.
→0
denominator
27. lim
→ 4 − approaches 
= lim0 and the numerator
(4 −  )(4 + 
√does
) not. 0000 16001 −  0666 667 →0
2 →0
→16 16 −  2 →16 (16 −  )(4 + 2 1
 √
)
= lim
→16 (16 −  )(4 + √ )
54. (a) Seelim the graph √ Cengage of
  = cos . 2
≈All Rights Reserved.  May = 1 + 3 · 0 +0000 1 01  0666 671 7 [7 and 8]
c 2016 Learning.
→0
°
1 + 3 − 1 3 1 1 not 3 1be scanned, copied, or duplicated,
1 000011 1 1 or1posted 0666
to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
716 7
46. Since || =
Since −1≤ forcos = 0, 0weonhave √lim − have√==lim −=]] = = −1 lim 0 = 0.
lim [− + = we
−2), =
() =[[cos
→16 (4 + →0  ) 16 = 4(1
1|| ++ 1) 16 →0 2+16(8)
= 0001
 1280667 →0+ 166 3
on [− −2). 3 3
47. (a)  √  √ sgn  = 1 for   0,√lim sgn  =  lim 1 = 1.
 2
− 4 4
+ 1 + 3 ( +− 12)2 (b) (i)Since 1 + 3 + ( 1− 2)2  →0 1 ++ 3 + 1 →0 +
28.(c)lim Since
lim ° 0 √ ≤
c 2016 2 cos   1
= lim
Cengage Learning. on √ [−2 0)
· All Rights Reserved. May ∪ (0 2],
= notlim = we
lim
be scanned, have () =
copied, or duplicated,0 = orlim
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
→2 →0 4
 − 3 − 4 1 + 3 − 1 →2 1 + 2 3 + 1
( − 4)( + 1) (ii) Since 2 →0 →2 (1 + 3)
( sgn+ 2)( − 1
 =−−1 →02 3
for +1)0, lim sgn  = lim −1 = −1.
2)(
on [−2 0) ∪ (0 2]. →0− →0−
 − 2 = lim0 1 + 3 + 1 1 √ 
=(iii) Since = 0 lim sgn  6= lim sgn , lim sgn[Limit  doesLaw 3]
not exist.
Since −1 ≤ cos =→2 lim
0 on( (2+ 2)( ], 2we + have
1) 3 →0  4() · 5= −1 →0 on−(2 ]. →0+ →0
 
Note that (0)
c 2016 = 1.Learning. All Rights Reserved.=May1not
Cengage
(iv) Since |sgn | = 1 for  6= 0, lim
be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a→0
|sgn | = lim in1 whole
publicly accessible website,
= 1.
°
lim (1 + 3) + lim 1 and 11] or in part.
[1→0
3 →0 →0

°c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted  to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
1 
= lim 1 + 3 lim  + 1 [1, 3, and 7]
°c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not 3 be scanned, →0 →0
copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

1 √ 
= 1+3·0+1 [7 and 8]
3
1
1 2
= (1 + 1) =
3 3
  (2) = [[2]] + [[−2]] = 2 + (−2) = 0, so lim  () 6=  (2).
→2
  
2 √
56. lim 0 1− = 0 1 − 1 = 0. As the velocity approaches the speed of light, the length approaches 0.
2 SECTION 2.3 CALCULATING LIMITS USING THE LIMIT LAWS ¤ 89
→−
SECTION 2.3 CALCULATING LIMITS USING THE LIMIT LAWS ¤ 89

A left-hand
(b) limit is necessary since  is not defined for  =.0.
(b) (i) lim
lim−  ()
(i) →0 () =
=00 and lim
lim+  ()
and →0 () = 0, so
= 0, lim
lim  ()
so →0 () = 0.
→0− →0+ →0
57. Since As is →
(ii)() a polynomial, () = 0 + lim
− ,  () → 0, so
(2)−
2
1  + 2() · +   . Thus, by the Limit Laws,
+=· ·0.
(ii) As  → (2) ,  ()  → 0, so →(2) lim −  () = 0. 
→(2)−
lim () = lim 0 + 1  + 2 2 + · · · +   = 0 + 1 lim  + 2 lim 2 + · · · +  lim 
→ +→ → → →
90 ¤ (iii) As
As 
CHAPTER
(iii)  2→
→ (2)
LIMITS +
(2) ,,  ()
AND → −1, so
→ −1,
DERIVATIVES
() lim
lim +  ()
so2 →(2) () =
= −1.
−1.
+ 
= 0 + 1  + 2  + · · · +   = ()
→(2)

(iv)
(iv) Since the answers=in
62. Let () Since
= [[]]the
andanswers
() parts
in−[[]]. (ii)
(ii) and
parts Then andlim(iii) are not
not equal,
are and
()
(iii) lim ()
equal, do not
lim
lim does
exist
 ()
() not
not exist.
does [Example
exist. 10]
→3 →3 →2
Thus, for any polynomial , lim () = (). →2
→
(c)
but lim
(c)lim ()+exists
lim[()
() ()]for
exists =all
for alllim in
 the
the−open
([[]]
in [[]])interval
open = lim (−
interval ) except
)
0 = 0.
(− except 
= −2 and
= −2 and 
== 2.
2.
→
→3 →3 →3
→
()
58. Let () = where () and () are any polynomials, and suppose that () 6= 0. Then
55. The
55.Let
63. The graph
graph
() of
= of  ()
()
() =
and
() [[]]
[[]] +
= () +=[[−]] is
is the
the same
1 − (),
[[−]] whereas
same asthe
is graph
the of
of ()
() =
the Heaviside
graph −1 with
−1
function
= holes
defined
with at
holesin each
each integer,
at Exercise since
since  ()
1.3.59.
integer, () =
=00 for
for any
any
integer
integer . . Thus,
Thus, →2 lim
lim−  () lim
()→= −1 and
−1
= () and →2 lim
lim+  ()
() = = −1,
−1,() so lim
lim  ()
so →2 () = −1. However,
= −1. However,
()
Thus, either= or
lim () lim→2is 0−for=any value of .[Limit Then
→2 + Lawlim 5]  ()=and lim →2 do not57]
[Exercise
() exist,
=but lim [ ()()] = lim 0 = 0.
().
→ → () lim  () →0 () →0 →0 →0
 (2)
(2) =
= [[2]]
[[2]] +
+ [[−2]]
[[−2]] =
= 2
2 +
+ (−2)
→
(−2) =
= 0,
0, so
so lim
lim 
 ()
() =
6 =
6 
 (2).
(2).
→2
√ √ √
→2 √ 
6−  −2   6−−2 6−  + 2 3−+1
64. lim √   = 2lim ()  √ −8
√ · √ · ()
√ −8
59.
56.→2lim [()
3 − 0−−8] 1 = →1
lim
2
→2 3√ − −− · (
1 −0.1)6As−=  lim
+velocity
2 3 −  ·+→1 lim
1 (the
− 1) = 10 · 0 = 0. length approaches 0.
56. →1
→
lim
lim−  0 1 1− − 22 = = 00− 11
 1−1 1= = 0. As the the→1velocity  −approaches
1
approaches the speed
speed of
of light,
light, the
the length approaches 0.
→ −   √ 2 
Thus, lim  () = lim {[ () − 8] + − 8}2= √
2 lim [ () − 8] + lim 8 = 0 + 8 = 8.  √ 
A left-hand
→1 limit is →1 necessary 6since
−  is not defined
→1 3 −for  + 1 . →1 6 −  − 4 3−+1
= lim
A left-hand limit is necessary √ since  · √
2 is not defined for   . →2 = lim · √
→2 3 −  − 12 6−+2 3−−1 6−+2
 () − 8
Note: The value
57. Since () is a polynomial,of lim () = does not affect the 2answer since it’s  multiplied by 0. What’s important is that
 . Thus, by the Limit Laws,
57. Since () is a polynomial, →1  () − 1 √ = 00 ++ 11 
 +
+ 22 
2 + +√·· ·· ·· +
+   . Thus, by the Limit Laws,
(2 − ) 3 −  + 1 2 3 −  + 1 1 2 
8 ()
lim = lim = lim  0 √
+ 1   = ·lim √  = 0=
lim
 () − lim
→ ()
exists. = →
→2 lim
(2 − )
0 + 6 +
1− +

222
+ 2 ++ ·→2·· ·· ++ 6 −  = + 
2
+
0 +2
lim
lim 
11 → + + lim
lim 
22 → 2 ++ ·· ·· ·· +
+ lim
lim 
 → 
→1  − →
1 →
2 
→ → →

=  0 + 1  + 2 2 + · · · +   = ()
= 0 + 1 + 2  + · · · +   = ()
65. Since the denominator approaches  () 2 0 as  →−2, () the limit2 will exist only if the numerator also approaches
60. (a) lim  () = lim ·  () = lim · lim  = 5 · 0 = 0 
Thus, for any polynomial 2, lim = (). 2
0 Thus,
as →0→for−2.
any In polynomial
→0
order for ,
this→
lim
→
()→0
to happen, weneed→0
= (). lim 32 +  +  + 3 = 0 ⇔
→−2
 
 ()  ()  ()
(b) lim
2 ()
=+lim ·  = 12 lim− 22 +· lim + 3 = = 05 · 0⇔= 0 = 15. With  = 15, the limit becomes
58.3(−2)
Let ()+ (−2)  + 3=
where 2 0 ⇔()
() and are any
any polynomials, and
and suppose
suppose that 0. Then
()
() =
58. Let →0 = () →0 where () and () →0
are  polynomials,
→0
that ()
() 6= 6= 0. Then
2
()
3 + 15 + 18 3( + 2)( + 3) 3( + 3) 3(−2 + 3) 3
lim
Observethat  ()=≤→−2 lim
2
for()
all − and lim = lim = = = −1.
−. 1So, by the
2
61.→−2 −2Squeeze
− 1 Theorem,
2 +0 lim
≤ − ()
2 lim
→ ()
( ,1)( + 2)0 = 0→−2 = lim() −3 lim  () = 0.
lim
lim ()
() =
= lim
lim
() =
=
→ [Limit
[Limit
→0
Law
Law 5]
5] =
=
()
→0
[Exercise
[Exercise 57]
57] =
= ().
().
→0
→ () lim
lim  () ()
→
→ → () → () ()
66. Solution 1: First, we find the→ coordinates of  and  as functions of . Then we can find the equation of the line determined
°c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

 () − 8 
  () − 8
59.bylim
these two−points,
[() 8] = and
lim thus ()find −the
8 · -intercept
( − 1) =(the
limpoint − and
()), 8 lim take the−limit as  ·→ 0. The coordinates of  are (0 ).
59. →1
lim [() − 8] = →1 lim  − 1 · ( − 1) lim  − 1 ·· →1
= →1 lim (
( − 1)
1) = = 10 10 · 0 0= = 0.
0.
→1 →1 −1 →1 2− 1 2 →12
The point  is the point of intersection of the two circles  +  =  and ( − 1)2 +  2 = 1. Eliminating  from these
Thus, lim  ()
lim
Thus, →1 () == →1lim
lim {[{[ ()
() −− 8]8] ++ 8}8} = lim
lim [
= →1 [ ()
() − − 8]
8] + lim
lim 8
+ →1 8= =00+ +8 8= = 8.8.
equations,→1
we get 2 →1 − 2 = 1 − ( − 1)2 ⇔→12 = 1 + 2 −→1 1 ⇔  = 12 2 . Substituting back into the equation of the
 ()
() − −8
Note:
Note: The
The value
value of lim  − 1 does
lim
of →1
8
does notnot affect the
affect the2answer
answer since
since it’sit’s multiplied
multiplied by by 0.0. What’s
What’s important
important is is that

that
shrinking circle to find the
→1  − 1 -coordinate, we get 12 2 +  2 = 2 ⇔  2 = 2 1 − 14 2 ⇔  =  1 − 14 2
 ()
() − −8 8 exists.   
lim
limpositive exists.
(the
→1
→1

−1 − 1-value). So the coordinates of  are 2    1 − 4  . The equation of the line joining  and  is thus
1 2 1 2

 
  () 2  
60. (a) lim  () = 1lim () · 2 = lim  () () lim 22 = 5 · 0 = 0
lim 22 ·· →0
1 −  2 −
60. (a) →0
lim  () = 4→0 lim 2 ·  = →0
2 lim  = 5 · 0 = 0
 − →0
= 1 2
→0 ( − 0). We→0 set  = 0 in→0 order to find the -intercept, and get
2
 −0  
 ()   ()   ()
(b) lim  =
lim
(b) →0
() lim
lim 22 ·· 
()
 = lim () lim  = 5 · 0 = 0
lim 22 ·· →0 lim  = 5
= →0 = →0 ·0=0 
→0  →0  →0  →0 1 2
1 2
 −2 1 − 14 2 + 1  
 = −2  2  = =2 1 − 14 2 + 1
61. Observe that 0 ≤  () ≤ 2 for all , and
2 4.. So,
21 2
61. Observe that 0 ≤  () ≤  for all1, −and1 2lim 0 = 0 = lim
4
 lim− 10 = 0 = lim
→0
1−
→0
 So,−by
by1 the
the Squeeze
Squeeze Theorem,
Theorem, lim lim  ()
→0 () == 0. 0.
→0 →0 →0

 
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All+
° Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a √  website, in whole or in part.
publicly accessible
Now we take the Cengage
c 2016
° limit as  → All
Learning. : lim
0 Rights  =Maylim
Reserved. not be2 − 14 or2duplicated,
scanned,1copied, + 1 =or posted lim to2a publicly
1 +accessible
1 = website,
4. in whole or in part.
→0+ →0+ →0+

So the limiting position of  is the point (4 0).

c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°