Foundation of Education 4.
Late Childhood (6-11 years)
Chapter 2 - The Learner
Reported by: Mr. Ivan James A. Fermanejo
The Learner
 Is the most important component in the
educative process.
 Center of attention in the whole educational
system.
It is necessary to study his characteristics, his capacities,
and the rest if his personality traits so that ways and
means maybe devised to enhance his ability to assimilate
learning.
The Biological and Physiological Development of the
Learner
10 Stages of Human Development
1. Pre-natal Period
 This is the period from conception to birth.
 Usually 9 calendar months or 10 lunar months.
 280 days but it only takes 266 days from conception.
 Formation of human body parts such as internal
organs, skeletal bones, flesh, etc.
 Parent’s characteristics are imparted to the child.
2. Infancy Period (Birth – 2years)
 The new born baby has the capacity for all life
sustaining activities such as breathing, sucking and
swallowing, and discharging bodily waste.
 Start to develop physical and physiological behavior
patterns such as rolling, crawling, sitting, standing,
walking, talking, laughing.
 relate emotionally to parents, kins, and others
 distinguish right from wrong through development
of a conscience
 learn sex differences and sexual modesty
3. Early Childhood (2-6 years)
 Pre-school period.
 Exploratory and inquisitive period
 Wants to explore any place or anything he can reach
and asks too many questions.
 Learns some social relationships and plays with other
children of his/her age group.
 Learns some physical and manual skills.
 Learn what is right and what is wrong
 Can walk and run with steadiness talk
understandably, follow simple directions and take a
bath and dress by himself alone.
 Elementary school period.
 Learns some manual skills taught at home and in
school.
 Learns things taught in school such as reading,
writing, arithmetic, and language, and social
(geographical) studies.
 Joins peer group.
 Further learns what is right and wrong and how to
relate himself to and with others.
 Begins to be interested in the opposite sex.
5. Puberty stage (12–15 years)
 Early high school period.
 Urge of sex begins to assert itself rapidly.
 Already capable of procreation.
 Physical and physiological changes in both sexes
takes very fast.
 Growth in height and weight is also rapid.
 Girls start having monthly period.
6. Early Adolescence (15-17 Years)
 Late high school period.
 Rapid sex maturation occurs.
 Voice, feeling, and thinking continue changing.
 Youth continue their studies and now develop their
life ambitions and aspirations.
7. Late Adolescence (18-21 Years)
 Process of development continues.
 Youth in college are now preparing for their
professional or vocational careers and those out of
schools are entering or finding jobs in preparation for
an independent life.
 Development of intellectual and social skill
continues.
8. Early Adulthood (21-40 Years)
 Start of productive years
 Higher studies may be pursued.
 New life adjustments occur such as courtship and
marriage, parenthood, employment, recreational
hobby, religious affiliation, joining clubs, and years of
achievements.
9. Middle Age (40-65 Years)
 Must have achieved most of his or her aspirations in
life such as a well-established home and family,
stable and lucrative employment or business,
creative achievements, even political achievement.
 Time for the preparation for retirement.
 Physical and physiological functioning begins to
decrease or deteriorate.
10. Old Age (65 Years and Above)
 Retirement period
 Some physical, physiological and mental functioning
continues to decline more rapidly.
DEVELOPMENTALISM
 Sometimes called Pestalozzianism
 It is a system of educational doctrines and practices
developer by the Swiss educator Johann Heinrich
Pestalozzi and followers.
 This system subjects the individual to developmental
tasks arranged from easy to difficult.
 Pestalozzianism stresses that instruction should
proceed from the familiar to the new, incorporate
the performance of concrete arts and the experience
of actual emotional responses, and be paced to
follow the gradual unfolding of the child’s
development. His ideas flow from the same stream
of thought that includes Johann Friedrich Herbart,
Maria Montessori, John Dewey, and more recently
Jean Piaget and advocates of constructivist theories
of curriculum development.
TWO BASIC FACTS ABOUT DEVELOPMENT
1. Development is sequential
Development follows strictly a definite sequence of
steps or stages of progression
 The child who learns to roll over eventually
learns to walk
 Learner has to start from Gr. 1, pass through
series of grades before reaching Gr. 6
2. The rate of development is not equal for all
individuals
Some persons develop and learn faster than others.
Two major factors:
 Heredity – Gives all the potentialities for growth
& development
 Environment – Provides the direction of the
growth and development of an individual.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Two factors that affects the growth and development of
the Learners:
1) Heredity
a) Age
Older learners have more physical strength and
higher level of comprehension than younger
ones
b) Sex
- Males are expected to be aggressive, fearless,
and capable of doing heavier work.
- Females are expected to be passive, demure,
prim and the like.
c) Physical Condition
- Healthier persons progress more rapidly in
their development than those who are less
healthy.
- Normal people develop faster and better and
are able to attain higher status than
handicapped people.
d) Intelligence
- Those who are more intelligent progress and
grow faster than those who are less intelligent.
e) Aptitude and Special Talent
- Children that are gifted with special aptitudes
and talents often shows excellence of
performance and leadership in their respective
fields of specializations far above the ordinary
individuals.
f) Temperament
- Children who are more emotionally mature
and stable are more patient in studying their
lessons hence, learn faster than those are more
temperamental.
g) Extrovert / Introvert
- Extroverts choose careers that afford theme to
more contacts with other people.
- Introverts and submissive prefer jobs than can
be performed in peace, quiet, and with less
contacts with others people.
h) Effort-making Capacity
- An important trait, one with much effort-
making capacity studies and work harder,
concentrates more, and exhibits steadiness in
his work.
i) Criminal Tendency
- Children who have this tendency are usually
bullies, troublemakers, and they commit many
anti-social acts in or out of school
2) Environment
a) Family Background
b) Community Background
c) School