Target PT 2018

PRACTICE
WORKBOOK
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Environmental Issues
Test-1
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 Environmental Issues Test-1
Part -1
Environmental Issues Test-1
1. Which of the following is/are the impacts of
oil spill on the human livelihood?
1. Food insecurity
2. Impact tourism
3. Respiratory problems
4. Reduction in marine resource extraction
Select the correct answer using the codes
given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) All
2. Consider the following statements related to
the Yamuna Action Plan:
1. It is a bilateral project between the
Government of India and Japan.
2. It aims at sewage treatment and solid
waste management along with river front
development.
3. It is being executed by the National River
Conservation Directorate, under Prime
Minister.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) Only 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) All
3. Carbon Audit is a means of measuring and
recording the CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
emissions of an organization. Which of the
following parameters are added in the
Carbon Audit?
1. Direct power usage from fuel-powered
sources.
2. Waste and recycling policy.
3. Carbon saving arrangements with supply
chain partners.
4. Paper used (quantity and type).
5. Commuting distance and type for all
employees.
Codes:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(d) All
4. Which of the following role is/are played by
Wildlife corridor in biodiversity preservation?
1. It allows an exchange of individuals
between populations, which may help
prevent the negative effects of inbreeding
and reduced genetic diversity.
2. It may facilitate the re-establishment of
populations that have been reduced or
eliminated due to random events such as
fires or disease.
Codes:
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both
(d) None
5. Montreal Protocol has been signed in
September 1987 claims at the control of:
(a) Use of ozone-depleting substances.
(b) Use of greenhouse gases.
(c) Use of chemical pesticides.
(d) Use of halogens only as they deplete
ozone.
6. Which of the following statements is/are true
regarding effects of ocean acidification?
 1. It leads to decrement in the concentration 4. Geological sequestration
of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions,
Codes:
causing an increase in the concentration
of carbonate ions. (a) 1, 2 and 3
2. It causes the saturation horizon in a water (b) 1 and 2
column to raise vertically thus calcifying (c) 1, 3 and 4
organisms become vulnerable to (d) All
dissolution of shells.
10. Which of the following statements related to
3. It impacts the reproduction, growth and
the carbon credits is/are correct?
photosynthesis process in the marine
biodiversity. 1. Carbon credit systems place a cost on
carbon emissions by creating credits
Codes: valued against one ton of hydrocarbon
(a) 2 and 3 (b) Only 2 fuel.
(c) 1 and 2 (d) All 2. Carbon Credits act as the permit that
allows the receiver to burn a specified
7. Which of the following is/are the causes of
amount of hydrocarbon fuel over a
desertification?
specified period of time.
1. Agricultural Expansion
3. Credits are granted to governments that
2. Setting up of Bio-industrial activities take action to measurably reduce carbon
3. Deforestation emissions.
4. Global Warming Codes:
5. Over grazing (a) 1 and 2
Codes: (b) 2 and 3
(a) 1 and 4 (c) 1 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 5 (d) All
(c) 3 and 5 11. Which of the following statement correctly
(d) All defines the term "Greenwashing"?
8. Which of the following factors lead to (a) It is a form of restoration and reclaiming
formation of Algal Bloom? of degraded land resource.
1. Presence of nutrients promote and (b) It is an act of restoration of coral reefs by
support the growth of algae. companies under Corporate Social
Responsibility.
2. High temperature and intermittently
exposed to high light intensities. (c) It is a coordinated attempt to project
company as environmental friendly
3. Stable water conditions with low flows.
through marketing when it is really
4. Presence of light winds. conducting business as usual.
Codes: (d) None of the above.
(a) Only 1 12. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is the carbon (C)
(b) 1 and 3 stored in soil organic matter (SOM). Which of
(c) 2, 3 and 4 the following is/are the benefits of this stored
(d) All carbon?
1. It influences nutrient holding capacity of
9. Which of the following is/are the sources of the soil.
natural carbon sequestration?
2. It is the main source of energy for soil
1. Soil microorganisms.
2. Iron fertilization
3. Reclamation of mine lands
 3. It reduces nutrient availability through (d) All
mineralization thus reduces soil
16. Which of the following statement related to
pollution.
the Living Planet Index is correct?
Codes: (a) It is an indicator of the state of global
biological diversity, based on trends in
vertebrate populations of species from
(a) Only 1 (b) 2 and 3
around the world.
(c) 1 and 2 (d) All
(b) It provides information mainly on trends
13. Which of the following statement is true in the abundance of the world's
regarding Environmental Sensitivity Index? vertebrates which are covered under
(a) It is used to identify sensitive shoreline CITES.
resources that could be at risk in the (c) It is an indicator of state of global species
event of an oil spill. that help policy-makers and scientists to
(b) It is used to identify floral and faunal design strategies for conservation.
endemicity struggling to survive in (d) It provides information mainly on trends
rapidly shrinking ecosystem. in the abundance of the world's species
(c) It is used to compare air pollution level in which are covered under Conn
cities which are more sensitive due to convention.
high population. 17. With respect to River Ganga (Rejuvenation,
(d) None. Protection and Management) Authorities
Order, 2016, consider the following
14. Which of the following is/are the impact of
statements:
soil pollution?
1. It envisages creation of National Council
1. Toxins enter in the food chain which
for River Ganga as an Authority under
causes harmful effects on organisms.
the Union Minister of Water Resources as
2. Impairs soil stability and clay ionic Chairperson.
structure.
2. It declares National Mission on Clean
3. Release vapours and hydrocarbon into Ganga to exercise the powers under the
buildings and cellars. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
4. Pass the pollutants on to the consumers 3. It sets up Ganga committees at state and
through food crops. district level.
Codes: Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (a) Only 1
(b) 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1 and 2
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 2 and 3
(d) All (d) All
15. Which of the following is/are the secondary 18. The chloro-fluoro carbons are used in which
air pollutants? of the following substances?
1. Peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) 1. Refrigerants.
2. Ozone 2. Propellants in aerosol sprays.
3. Carbon Monoxide 3. Foaming agents in plastic manufacturing.
4. Carbon dioxide 4. Fire extinguishing.
Codes: 5. Solvents for cleaning electronic
(a) 1 and 2 components.
(b) 3 and 4 Codes:
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
 (b) 1, 2, 3 and 5
(c) None
(d) All
19. Which of the following statements is/are
correct related to the Paris agreement?
1. Unlike the Kyoto protocol, Paris
agreement is not legally binding
agreement.
2. It forces developed countries to provide
100 billion dollars annually to developing
countries beginning in 2020.
3. India ratified Paris agreement on birth
anniversary of B. R. Ambedkar.
4. It does not assign any emission cut
targets on any country.
Codes:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1, 2 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) All
20. Which of the following is/are the sources of
chromium that lead to environmental
degradation?
1. Paints and dyes
2. Leather tanning
3. Welding of stainless steel
4. Tattooing
Codes:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 2
(d) All
21. According to the study conducted by WHO,
more than 3 million people were died due to
their exposure of particulate matter (PM 2.5).
Consider the following statements regarding
the study:
1. India has been placed first as more than
one fifth of such deaths took place in
India.
2. According to the study, populations in
low-income cities are the most impacted
due to PM 2.5.
3. PM 2.5 is responsible for many
cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) All
22. The responsibility of ensuring
implementation of the Graded Response
Action Plan on Pollution in NCR has been
placed on Environment Pollution Control
Authority (EPCA). Which of the following
statements related to EPCA is/are correct?
1. The Authority has the power to take up
matters suo-moto, or on the basis of
complaints made by any individual
functioning in the field of environment.
2. The Authority may deal with
environmental issues pertaining to the
National Capital Region which may be
referred to it by the Central Government.
3. The Authority will be formed for a period
of two years.
Codes:
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) All
23. Which of the following pollutants is/are true
about Bio-magnification?
1. It refers to the tendency of pollutants to
concentrate as they move form one
trophic level to another.
2. Long live, mobile and fat soluble
pollutants lead to bio-magnification.
3. Herbivores are most affected by
biological magnification.
Codes:
(a) Only 2
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) All
24. Stubble burning is the deliberate setting fire
of the straw stubble that remains after wheat
and other grains have been harvested.
Consider the following statements related to
the Stubble burning:
1. It helps in clearing kills weeds.
2. It kills slugs and other pests.
 3. It damages electrical and electronic atmosphere due to air pollution and its
equipment from floating threads of impact on climate.
conducting waste. 2. SAFAR has been launched to provide
4. It fertilizes the soil and increases carbon online metro Air Quality Information
capture in the soil. Service in real time.
Which of the above statements are correct? 3. National Air Quality Index has been
launched for monitoring the quality of air
(a) 1, 2 and 3
in major urban centres across the country
(b) 2, 3 and 4 on a real-time basis and enhancing public
(c) 1, 3 and 4 awareness for taking mitigative action.
(d) All Which of the above statements are correct?
25. Consider the following statements related to (a) 1 and 2
the systems launched by the government for (b) 2 and 3
monitoring of pollution:
(c) 1 and 3
1. SAMAR will help in studying
(d) All
concentration of black carbon in
vvvvvv
 Environmental Issues Test-1 Answers
Part -1
Ans. 1. (d)
Exp: They can cause irritation of the skin,
inflammation of the eyes, and respiratory
problems. In the long term, the damage could
be far more severe in the form of Cancer,
specifically leukemia and skin cancer, along
with chronic body pain and an increased
likelihood of heart attacks. Further, it will
impact the livelihood of fishermen as oil spill
affect their fish catching ability; coastal trade
and tourism and marine resource extraction
activities in the region.
Ans. 2. (a)
Exp: It is being executed by the National River
Conservation Directorate under Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
Ans. 3. (d)
Exp: It includes:
• Direct power usage (from fuel-powered
sources).
• Fuel-powered transport (haulage & travel).
• Waste and recycling policy.
• Carbon saving arrangements with supply
chain partners.
• Carbon saving arrangements with employees.
• Materials (waste and recycling).
• Paper used (quantity & type).
• Materials sent to recycling (quantity & type).
• Waste not recycled (mixed, by weight).
• Detailed energy usage by supplier.
• Detailed air & road travel (vehicle class and
mileages).
• Commuting: distance and type for all
employees.
Ans. 4. (c)
Exp: Wildlife corridors: It is an area of habitat
connecting wildlife populations separated by
human activities or structures (such as roads,
development, or logging). This allows an
exchange of individuals between populations,
which may help prevent the negative effects
of inbreeding and reduced genetic diversity
(via genetic drift) that often occur within
isolated populations. Corridors may also help
facilitate the re-establishment of populations
that have been reduced or eliminated due to
random events (such as fires or disease).
Ans. 5. (a)
Exp: The Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the
Ozone Layer) is an international treaty
designed to protect the ozone layer by
phasing out the production of numerous
substances that are responsible for ozone
depletion.
India has signed the Montreal Protocol in
1992, which aims to control the production
and consumption of Ozone Depleting
Substances. With the signing of the Montreal
Protocol in 1987, a treaty for the protection of
the ozone layer, the use of CFCs was to be
banned by the year 2000. After 2000, the
ozone layer is expected to recover slowly over
a period of about 50 years.
Ans. 6. (a)
Exp: Seawater absorbs CO to produce carbonic
acid, bicarbonate and carbonate ions. These
 carbonate ions are essential to the calcification
process that allows certain marine organisms
to build their calcium carbonate shells and
skeletons.
However, increase in atmospheric CO levels
lead to decrease in pH level, increase in the
concentration of carbonic acid and
bicarbonate ions, causing a decrease in the
concentration of carbonate ions.
The saturation horizon is the level below
which calcium carbonate minerals undergo
dissolution. Those organisms that can survive
below the saturation horizon do so due to
special mechanisms to protect their calcium
carbonate from dissolving. As ocean
acidification causes this horizon to rise
vertically (upwelling) in the water column so
more and more calcifying organisms will be
exposed to under saturated water and thus
vulnerable to dissolution of their shells and
skeletons.
Ans. 7. (d)
Exp: Major causes of desertification are:
Overgrazing, Deforestation, Agricultural
activities, Bio-industrial activities and
Overexploitation of vegetation for domestic
use.
Ans. 8. (d)
Exp: Algal bloom is initiated by a combination of:
• Natural factors (e.g. light intensity,
temperature, salinity, nutrients, trace
elements, water flow and motility of algal
cells).
• Anthropogenic factors (e.g. discharge of
organic or nutrient-enriched matters) that
encourage the rapid and massive growth of
algae.
Ans. 9. (b)
Exp: `Carbon sequestration is the uptake and
storage of carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere by carbon 'sinks'.
Natural iron fertilisation events (e.g.,
deposition of iron-rich dust into ocean
waters) can enhance carbon sequestration.
Sperm whales act as agents of iron
fertilisation when they transport iron from the
deep ocean to the surface during prey
consumption and defecation. The iron rich
feces causes phytoplankton to grow and take
up more carbon from the atmosphere.
Geological sequestration is artificial method
where the carbon dioxide is pumped into
underground chambers such as old oil
reservoirs, aquifers and coal seams that are
unable to be mined.
Ans. 10. (a)
Exp: A carbon credit is a financial instrument that
allows the holder, usually an energy
company, to emit one ton of carbon dioxide.
Credits are awarded to countries or groups
that have reduced their greenhouse gases
below their emission quota. Carbon credits
can be legally traded in the international
market at their current market price.
Carbon credit systems place a cost on carbon
emissions by creating credits valued against
one ton of hydrocarbon fuel. A carbon credit,
then, is essentially a permit that allows the
receiver to burn a specified amount of
hydrocarbon fuel over a specified period of
time. Credits are granted to companies or
other groups that take action to measurably
reduce carbon emissions.
Ans. 11. (c)
Exp: Green washing is when a company,
government or other group promotes green-
based environmental initiatives or images but
actually operates in a way that is damaging to
the environment or in an opposite manner to
the goal of the announced initiatives. This can
also include misleading customers about the
environmental benefits of a product through
misleading advertising and unsubstantiated
claims.
Ans. 12. (c)
Exp: Total organic carbon is a measure of the
carbon contained within soil organic matter.
Total organic carbon influences many soil
characteristics including colour, nutrient
holding capacity (cation and anion exchange
capacity), nutrient turnover and stability,
which in turn influence water relations,
aeration and workability.
 In soils with high clay content the
contribution to cation exchange from the
organic fraction is generally small compared
to that from clay. In sandier soils the relative
contribution of the organic fraction is higher
because there is less clay, even though the
amount of total organic carbon present may
be similar or less to that in clays.
By providing a food source for micro-
organisms, organic carbon can help improve
soil stability by micro-organisms binding soil
particles together into aggregates or 'peds'.
Bacteria excretions, root exudates, fungal
hyphae and plant roots can all contribute to
better soil structure.
It increases the nutrient availability through
mineralisation.
Ans. 13. (a)
Exp: Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps
provide a concise summary of coastal
resources that are at risk if an oil spill occurs
nearby. When an oil spill occurs, ESI maps
can help responders meet one of the main
responses. Objectives: reducing the
environmental consequences of the spill and
the cleanup efforts. Additionally, ESI maps
can be used by planners-before a spill
happens-to identify vulnerable locations,
establish protection priorities, and identify
cleanup strategies
Ans. 14. (d)
Exp: Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in
soils of persistent toxic compounds,
chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or
disease causing agents and other xenobiotic
(man-made) chemicals or other alteration in
the natural soil environment.
Pollution in soil is mainly associated with:
Indiscriminate use of fertilizers,
indiscriminate use of pesticides, insecticides
and herbicides, dumping of large quantities
of solid waste Deforestation and soil erosion.
The most common chemicals involved in soil
pollution are petroleum hydrocarbons,
solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy
metals.
A soil pollutant is any factor which
deteriorates the quality, texture and mineral
content of the soil or which disturbs the
biological balance of the organisms in the soil.
Pollution in soil has adverse effect on plant
growth.
Effect of Soil Pollution:
– Pollutants runs off into rivers and kills the
fish, plants and other aquatic life.
– Crops and fodder grown on polluted soil may
pass the pollutants on to the consumers.
– Polluted soil may no longer grow crops and
fodder.
– Soil structure is damaged (clay ionic structure
impaired).
– Corrosion of foundations and pipelines.
– Impairs soil stability.
– May release vapours and hydrocarbon into
buildings and cellars.
- May create toxic dusts and may poison
children playing in the area.
Ans. 15. (a)
Exp: Primary pollutants persist in the form in
which they are added to the environment. e.g.
DDT, Plastic.
Secondary pollutants are formed by
interaction among the primary pollutants.
E.g. peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is formed by
the interaction of nitrogen oxides and
hydrocarbons, Ozone.
Another classification on their existence in
nature:
• Quantitative pollutants
• Qualitative pollutants
Another classification on their nature of
disposal:
• Biodegradable pollutants
• Non-biodegradable pollutants
Ans. 16. (a)
Exp: The Living Planet Index (LPI) is an indicator
of the state of global biological diversity,
based on trends in vertebrate populations of
species from around the world.
 The Living Planet Report is published every Committees under their jurisdiction.
two years by the World Wide Fund for Similarly, at district level, District Ganga
Nature since 1998. It is based on the Living Committee will be formed.
Planet Index and ecological footprint
Ans. 18. (d)
calculations.
Exp: A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic
The report is compiled with data from the
compound that contains only carbon,
Zoological Society of London (ZSL) to
chlorine, and fluorine.
measure the abundance of biodiversity. The
index tracks 14,200 populations of 3700 Uses include:
species of vertebrates. Biodiversity
population is expected to fall 67 percent by • Refrigerants
2020, if the current situation persists. • Blowing agents
Moreover, the report warns that increased
human pressure could trigger human-nature • Propellants in medicinal applications
conflicts. It can increase the risk of water and
• Propellants in aerosol sprays
food insecurity and competition over natural
resources. it states that food production to • Foaming agents in plastic manufacturing.
meet the complex demands of an expanding
human population is the primary factor • Fire extinguishing
responsible for the destruction of habitats and • Solvents for cleaning electronic and metalic
overexploitation of wildlife. At present, components.
agriculture occupies about one-third of the
Earth's total land area and accounts for almost CFCs were phased out via the Montreal
70 % of water use. Protocol due to their part in ozone depletion.

Ans. 17. (c) However, the atmospheric impacts of CFCs

are not limited to its role as an active ozone
Exp: The Union Cabinet has approved the River reducer. This anthropogenic compound is
Ganga (Rejuvenation, Protection and also a greenhouse gas, with a much higher
Management) Authorities Order, 2016. It potential to enhance the greenhouse effect
envisages the creation of National Council for than CO2.
River Ganga (Rejuvenation, Protection and
Management) as an Authority under Prime Ans. 19. (b)
Minister as Chairperson. The new authority
Exp: The Paris Agreement is an agreement within
will be replacing the existing NGRBA
the United Nations Framework Convention
(National Ganga River Basin Authority). It
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with
declares NMCG as an Authority with powers
greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions
to issue directions and also to exercise the
mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in
powers under the Environment (Protection)
the year 2020 (i.e. in post Kyoto Protocol
Act, 1986.
scenario).
The order sets up an Empowered Task Force
The agreement was negotiated by
chaired by Union Minister of Water
representatives of 195 countries at the 21st
Resources along with other ministries,
Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC in
departments and State governments
Paris.
concerned in protection of Ganga.
Under it, all countries must pursue to keep
At the State level, it is proposed to create the
global temperature rising below 2°C by 2100
State Ganga Committees in each of the
above pre-industrial levels with an ideal
defined States as Authority, to function as
target of keeping temperature rise below
Authorities in respect of each State and
1.5°C.
perform the superintendence, direction and
control over the District Ganga Protection
 It forces developed countries to provide 100
billion dollars annually to the developing
countries beginning in 2020 to deal with
climate change.
It empowers countries to determine how to
cut their emissions but mandates that they
report transparently on those efforts.
Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement is
not legally-binding and it does not assign any
emission cut targets on any country.
The Paris Agreement officially entered into
force after 55 parties to the convention
accounting for at least 55% of total GHG
emissions ratified it.
India had ratified the Paris Agreement on
climate change on the 147th birth anniversary
of Mahatma Gandhi.
Ans. 20. (d)
Exp: Summary of Environmental and
Occupational Sources of Chromium Exposure
Environmental Sources Environmental
sources of chromium include:
• Airborne emissions from chemical plants and
incineration facilities,
• Cement dust,
• Contaminated landfill,
• Effluents from chemical plants,
• Asbestos lining erosion,
• Road dust from catalytic converter erosion
and asbestos brakes,
• Tobacco smoke, and
• Topsoil and rocks.
Occupational Sources Occupational sources
of chromium include:
• Anti-algae agents,
• antifreeze,
• Cement,
• Chrome alloy production,
• Chrome electroplating (soluble Cr[VI]),
• Copier servicing,
• Glassmaking,
• Leather tanning (soluble Cr[III]),
• Paints/pigments (insoluble Cr[VI]),
• Photoengraving,
• Porcelain and ceramics manufacturing,
• Production of high-fidelity magnetic audio
tapes,
• Tattooing,
• Textile manufacturing,
• Welding of alloys or steel, and
• Wood preservatives, i.e. Acid Copper
Chromate.
Ans. 21. (c)
Exp: India comes just behind China which
witnessed an estimated 800,000 deaths in
same period, according to study.
• The detailed study for India suggested the
reason for deaths in absolute number as
shown below.
– 2,49,388 Deaths due to Ischemic heart disease.
– 1,95,001 deaths due to stroke.
– 1,10,500 deaths due to Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
– 26,334 deaths due to lung cancer.
• According to study, all regions of the world
are affected; however, populations in low-
income cities are the most impacted.
• As per the study, of all of pollutants, fine
particulate matter has the greatest impact on
health. PM 2.5 is responsible for aggravating
or is directly responsible for many
cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer.
Ans. 22. (d)
Exp: In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-
sections (1) and (3) of section 3 of the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of
1986) (hereinafter referred to as the said Act),
the Central government hereby constitutes an
authority to be known as the Environment
Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority
 for the National Capital Region (hereinafter
referred to as the Authority) consisting of the
following persons for a period of two years.
The Authority shall exercise the following
powers and perform the following functions
for protecting and improving the quality of
the environment and preventing, controlling
and abating environmental pollution, namely
exercise the powers under section 5 of the
said Act for issuing directions in respect of
complaints relating to the violation of an
order by any authority or measure specified
pertaining to-
• Standards for the quality of the environment
in its various aspects,
• Standards for omission or discharge of
environmental pollutants from various
sources,
• Restriction of areas in which any industries,
operations or processes or class of industries
or processes shall not be carried out or shall
be carried out subject to certain safeguards,
• Procedures and safeguards for the prevention
of accidents which may cause environmental
pollution and remedial measures for such
accidents,
• Procedures and safeguards for the handling
of hazardous substances.
The Authority shall have the power to take
up matters as mentioned above, suo-moto, or
on the basis of complaints made by any
individual, representative body or
organization functioning in the field of
environment. Such complaints may be against
any individual, association, company, public
undertaking or local body carrying on any
industry, operation or process.
The Authority shall, for controlling vehicular
pollution, take all necessary steps to ensure
compliance of specified emission standards
by vehicles including proper calibration of the
equipment for testing vehicular pollution,
ensuring compliance of fuel quality
standards, monitoring and coordinating
action for traffic planning and management.
Ans. 23. (b)
Exp: In biomagnification, there is an increase in
concentration of a pollutant from one link in a
food chain to another. The omnivorous are
most affected
Ans. 24. (a)
Exp: The burning of stubble, contrasted with
alternatives such as ploughing the stubble
back into the ground has a number of
consequences and effects on the environment.
Stubble burning:
• Quickly clears the field and is cheap.
• Kills weeds, including those resistant to
herbicide.
• Kills slugs and other pests.
• Can reduce nitrogen tie-up
However, it has a number of harmful effects
on the environment:
• Loss of nutrients.
• Pollution from smoke.
• Damage to electrical and electronic
equipment from floating threads of
conducting waste.
• Risk of fires spreading out of control.
Ans. 25. (d)
Exp: A System of Aerosol Monitoring and
Research (SAMAR) has been launched which
will help the country in studying
concentration of black carbon in atmosphere
due to air pollution and its impact on climate.
SAFAR system for the air quality has been
developed by the Indian institute of Tropical
Meteorology (IITM), Pune and weather
information and forecasting is done by India
Meteorological Department (IMD).
The implementation of SAFAR is made
possible with an active collaboration with
local municipal corporations and various
local educational institutions and
governmental agencies in that Metro city. The
ultimate objective of the project is to increase
awareness among general public regarding
the air quality in their city well in advance so
that appropriate mitigation measures and
systematic action can be taken up for
betterment of air quality and related health
issues.
National Air Quality Index (AQI) has been
launched for monitoring the quality of air in
vvvvvv
major urban centres across the country on a
real-time basis and enhancing public
awareness for taking mitigative action. The
Index is centred around five chief pollutants:
Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide
and Carbon Monoxide.
 Environmental Issues Test-1
Part -2

1. Which of the following statements is/are true 2. Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and
regarding Kigali agreement? other mercury containing lamp brought
1. It aims to phase out Chloro fluorocarbons under the purview of rules.
(CFC) by the late 2040s. 3. Urban Local Bodies has been assigned the
2. It is non-binding agreement similar to duty to collect and channelized the
Paris agreement. orphan products to authorized
dismantler or recycler.
3. It has provisions for penalties for non-
compliance. Codes:
4. Under it developed countries will (a) 1 and 2
provide funding support globally. (b) Only 3
Codes: (c) 1 and 3
(a) 1 and 2 (d) All
(b) 3 and 4 4. Which of the following is/are true regarding
(c) 1, 3 and 4 Eutrophication?
(d) 2, 3 and 4 1. It refers excessive richness of nutrients in
water bodies.
2. The degree of hazard cause by radioactive
pollution depends on which of the following 2. It leads to increase in the primary
factors? productivity of the water body.
1. Concentration of the contaminants. Codes:
2. Energy of the radiation being emitted. (a) Only 1
3. Type of radiation. (b) Only 2
4. The proximity of the contamination to (c) Both
organs of the body. (d) None
Codes: 5. With reference to Climate Aviation Accord
(a) 1 and 2 concluded at Montreal in 2016, consider the
(b) 1, 2 and 3 following statements:
(c) 1, 3 and 4 1. The accord requires participating
(d) All countries to reduce aviation emission by
2020 however, participation in the deal is
3. Which of the following statements are correct voluntary.
related to the E-waste management Rules, 2. The accord will apply to passenger and
2016? cargo flights.
1. Under this rule, for the first time 3. Airflights will face the cap or charge on
producers has been covered under emissions.
Extended Producers Responsibility
(EPR). Which of the above statements is/are correct?
 (a) 1 and 2 (b) Only 2
(c) 2 and 3 (d) All (a) 4 - 2 - 3 - 1
6. Which of the following statements is/are true (b) 1 - 3 - 2 - 4
regarding possible effects of global warming? (c) 1 - 2 - 3 – 4
1. Global Warming increases risk of (d) 4 - 3 - 2 – 1
communicable diseases.
10. Which of the following statements is/are true
2. It not only brings changes in ocean regarding impact of Acid rain?
circulation but also decrease in
1. It reduces the photosynthesis process in
concentration of carbonic acid in ocean.
plants.
3. It leads to falling of groundwater level in
2. It causes leaching of the nutrients thus
various part of the country.
making the soil infertile.
4. It leads to decrement in the amount of
arable land in high altitude region. Codes:
(a) Only 1
Codes:
(b) Only 2
(a) 1 and 2
(c) Both
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(d) None
(c) 1 and 3
(d) All 11. Which of the following factors will enhance
the productivity of an aquatic body ?
7. Which of the following statements is/are true
1. Large extent of photic zone.
about the invasive species?
2. High DO and BOD.
1. Exotic species became invasive in nature
when the area does not have its natural 3. High temperature change.
predator. 4. Eutrophication.
2. Invasive species have rapid reproduction Codes:
and high dispersal ability.
(a) 1 and 2
3. Invasive species can change the food web
(b) 2, 3 and 4
in an ecosystem by destroying or
replacing native food sources. (c) 3 and 4
(d) Only 1
Codes:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) Only 2 12. With reference to 'accumulation of Aerosols
in atmosphere', which of the following
(c) Only 3 (d) All
statements is/are correct?
8. Which of the following can be the example of 1. The accumulation of aerosols in the
bioremediation? atmosphere can help in mitigating
(a) Use of the microbes to clean up the climate change.
groundwater. 2. They modify the size of existing cloud
(b) Protecting the species from extinction. particles in the atmosphere.
(c) Improving the soil moisture of an area. 3. They change how the clouds reflect and
(d) Genetic disorder of some of the species. absorb sunlight.
4. Ozone concentrated in the stratosphere
9. Arrange the following in decreasing order of play a major role in formation of Aerosols
their Global Warming Potential? in the atmosphere.
1. Methane
Select the correct answer using the code given
2. Nitrous oxide
below.
3. Hydro Fluoro Carbons
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1, 2 and 3
4. Perfluoro Carbons
(c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) All
Codes:
13. Which among the following environmental the functions assigned to the Ganga Task
factors determine the occurrence and spread Force?
of forest fires? 1. Plantation of trees on the banks of River
1. Rising instances of El-Nino. Ganga.
2. Wind speed and direction. 2. Strengthening of pollution monitoring
3. Level of moisture in soil. mechanism on ground.
4. Presence of Chir-pine needles in forest. 3. Management of public awareness and
participation programmes.
5. Change in precipitation patterns.
4. Improve drainage network of river on
Select the correct answer using the code given hybrid annuity mode on public private
below. partnership basis.
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Codes:
(b) 1, 4 and 5
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5
(c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) All
(d) All
17. Wetlands are vital for human survival. Which
14. Which of the following add nutrients in the of the following anthropogenic factors are
ecosystem? leading to its degradation?
1. Rainfall 1. Due to siltation
2. Runoff water 2. Encroachment by Real Estate Projects
3. Dustfall 3. Dumping of waste
4. Denitrification 4. Presence of invasive species
Codes: 5. Eutrophication
(a) 1 and 2 Codes:
(b) 1 and 3 (a) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 2 and 4 (b) 1, 2, 3 and 5
(d) 1, 2 and 4 (c) 2, 3 and 5
15. Which among the following statements is/are (d) All
correct regarding Gangetic Dolphins?
18. Which of the following statements is/are true
1. These are found in river Ganga only. regarding Black Carbon?
2. They have been classified as "critically 1. It is a form of particulate air pollutant
endangered" by IUCN. produced from incomplete combustion.
3. These species are practically blind and 2. It is the most strongly light-absorbing
rely on bio-sonar waves to move around. component of atmospheric gas.
4. Gangetic Dolphins have been recognized 3. It disrupts cloudiness and monsoonal
as National aquatic animal of India. rainfall.
Select the answer using the code given below. Codes:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (a) 1 and 3
(b) 1, 3 and 4 (b) Only 1
(c) 2 and 4 (c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 and 4 (d) All
16. Ganga Task Force has been approved by the 19. Which of the following will increase the
Cabinet under the Public Participation population of a community in a region?
component of the Namami Gange
1. Dispersal
Programme. Which of the following is/are
2. Natality
 3. Mortality Select the correct answer using the codes
4. Immigration given below:
(a) Only 3 (b) 2 and 3
Codes:
(c) 1 and 3 (d) All
(a) 1 and 4 (b) 2 and 4
(c) 3 and 4 (d) Only 4 23. Which of the following species and their
status is/are correctly matched?
20. Which of the following is/are ozone
1. Giraffe - Vulnerable
depleting substances?
2. Kashmiri Red Stag - Near Threatened
1. Chlorofluoro carbons
3. Grauer's Gorilla - Critically Endangered
2. Nitrogen oxides
4. Tiger - Endangered
3. Bromine
4. Sulphuric acid Codes:
5. Hydro fluoro Carbon (a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1, 3 and 4
Codes:
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(a) 1, 3 and 4
(d) None
(b) 1, 3, 4 and 5
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4 24. Which of the following statements is/are true
regarding Intergovernmental Panel on
(d) All
Climate Change (IPCC)?
21. The Maharashtra government has become the 1. It does not conduct any research nor does
first state to adopt fly ash utilization policy. it monitor climate related data.
The policy has stated the utilization of fly-ash
2. It is binding on the scientists from the
in which of the following areas?
member countries to contribute to the
1. Formation of roads work of IPCC.
2. Formation of bricks 3. IPCC's reports are written in non-
3. Used in soil conditioning for improving technical style suitable for policy makers.
its quality
Codes:
Codes: (a) 2 and 3
(a) 1 and 2 (b) Only 2 (b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3 (d) All (c) 1 and 2
22. Government eases rules for clearance of non- (d) All
polluting industrial projects. Which of the
25. Soil pH refers to the degree of soil acidity or
following statements related to it is/are
alkalinity. Which of the following are the
correct?
sources of acidity in the soil?
1. "White category Industries" can get
1. Excess rainfall leaches base cation from
consent automatically if they submit an
the soil.
undertaking on expected date of start of
production. 2. Outflow of waste from metal mines or
coal mines increases acidity.
2. "Green category Industries" do not need
to obtain consent certificate under the air 3. Weathering of soil leads to increment in
and water pollution control laws. concentrations of Fe and Al oxides.
3. There is no need to obtain 'consent to Codes:
establish' for building/construction, area (a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3
development and township projects if
(c) Only 2 (d) All
they get 'environment clearance'.
vvvvvv
 Environmental Issues Test-1 Answers
Part -2
Environmental Issues Test -2 Answers
Ans. 1. (b)
Exp: A global climate deal was reached in Kigali,
Rwanda at the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the
Parties to the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
(MOP28).
The Kigali Agreement amends the 1987
Montreal Protocol that aims to phase out
Hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), a family of
potent greenhouse gases by the late 2040s.
Around 197 countries, including India, China
and the USA, agreed at Kigali to reduce the
use of HFCs.
The Kigali Agreement will be binding on
countries from 2019. The Paris agreement
which will come into force by 2020 is not
legally binding on countries to cut their
emissions.
It also has provisions for penalties for non-
compliance. Under it, developed countries
will provide funding support globally.
The Kigali Amendment is considered
absolutely vital for reaching the Paris
Agreement target of keeping global
temperature rise to below 2-degree Celsius
compared to pre-industrial times.
Ans. 2. (d)
Exp: Contamination presents a hazard because of
the radioactive decay of the contaminants,
which emit harmful ionizing radiation such
as alpha particles or beta particles, gamma
rays or neutrons. The degree of hazard is
determined by the concentration of the
contaminants, the energy of the radiation
being emitted, the type of radiation, and the
proximity of the contamination to organs of
the body. It is important to be clear that the
contamination gives rise to the radiation
hazard, and the terms "radiation" and
"contamination" are not interchangeable.
Ans. 3. (d)
Exp: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change has notified the E-Waste
Management Rules, 2016 in supersession of
the e-waste (Management & Handling) Rules,
2011. The E-waste rules will now include
Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and other
mercury containing lamps, as well as other
such equipment.
The Rules will bring the producers under
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR),
along with targets. Producers have been
made responsible for collection of E-waste
and for its exchange. "The bulk consumers
must collect the items and hand them over to
authorize recyclers". It emphasized that
various producers can have a separate
Producer Responsibility Organization (PRO)
and ensure collection of E-waste, as well as its
disposal in an environmentally sound
manner.
The role of State Governments has been also
introduced to ensure safety, health and skill
development of the workers involved in
dismantling and recycling operations. Also a
provision of penalty for violation of rules has
been introduced.
Ans. 4. (c)
Exp: Eutrophication derives from the Greek word
eutrophos, meaning nourished or enriched.
Eutrophication refers to the addition of
artificial or non-artificial substances, such as
nitrates and phosphates, through fertilizers or
sewage, to a fresh water system.
 It can be anthropogenic or natural. It leads Exp: Global Warming leading to risk of disease
increase in the primary productivity of the infection. As carbon dioxide dissolves in sea
water body or "bloom" of phytoplankton. The water, carbonic acid is formed, which has the
overgrowth causes the loss of oxygen in the effect of acidifying the ocean, measured as a
water leading to severe reductions in fish and change in pH not in ocean circulation as such.
other animal populations.
It leads to falling groundwater level in
Some animals such as Nomurai Jellyfish show various part of the country.
an increase in population that negatively
Ans. 7. (d)
affects other species in the local ecosystem.
Exp: Invasive species will lead to extinction of
Eutrophication escalates rapidly when high
many of the indigenous species, hence it's
nutrients from fertilizers, domestic and
threat to the ecological stability of that area.
industrial wastes, urban drainage, detergents
and animal, sediments enter water streams. The indirect threats of invasive species:
Eutrophication is mainly divided into natural
and cultural Eutrophication. • Changing food webs: Invasive species can
change the food web in an ecosystem by
Ans. 5. (a) destroying or replacing native food sources.
The invasive species may provide little to no
Exp: A meeting of 2,000 delegates at the
food value for wildlife.
International Civil Aviation
Organization(ICAO), a UN agency, in • Decreasing biodiversity: Invasive species can
Montreal has settled upon a global emissions- alter the abundance or diversity of species
reduction scheme that will apply to passenger that are important habitat for native wildlife.
and cargo flights that generate more than Aggressive plant species like kudzu can
10,000 tonnes of annual greenhouse gases. quickly replace a diverse ecosystem with a
monoculture of just kudzu.
The deal, aimed at reducing the growing
climate impact of plane travel, follows years • Altering ecosystem conditions: Some
of disagreement between nations on how to invasive species are capable of changing the
slow emissions from the sector. Instead of conditions in an ecosystem, such as changing
facing a cap or charge on emissions, airlines soil chemistry or the intensity of wildfires.
will be involved in an offsetting scheme
whereby forest areas and carbon-reducing Ans. 8. (a)
activities will be funded, costing about 2% of Exp: Bioremediation is a waste management
the industry's annual revenues. Global technique that involves the use of organisms
aviation emissions in 2020 will be used as a to remove or neutralize pollutants from a
benchmark, with around 80% of emissions contaminated site.
above 2020 levels offset until 2035.
Ans. 9. (d)
The accord requires participating countries to
reduce emission by 2020 and limit it after it Exp:
comes into effect from 2021. Participation in GAS GWP LIFETIME
the deal is voluntary from 2021 to 2026. The
deal becomes mandatory from 2027. 1. Carbon 1 50 - 200
Countries like US and China have agreed to dioxide
go with the accord while Russia has refused
2. Methane 21 12
to participate during the voluntary period.
India has not agreed to the Aviation Climate 3. Nitrous oxide 310 120
Accord as it feels that reducing "emissions" in
the sector would be injustice to the country's 4. Hydro fluoro 140-11,700 1 – 270 carbons
growing economy. 5. Perfluoro 6500-9200 800-50,000
Ans. 6. (c) Carbons
 The larger the GWP (Global Warming
Potential) the more warming the gas causes.
The global warming potential is a measure of
the total energy that a gas absorbs over a
particular period of time, compared to carbon
dioxide.
Ans. 10. (c)
Exp: The exchange between hydrogen ions and the
nutrient cations like potassium and
magnesium in the soil cause leaching of the
nutrients, making the soil infertile.
This is accompanied by a decrease in the
respiration of soil organisms.
An increase in ammonia in the soil due to a
decrease in other nutrients decreases the rate
of decomposition.
Ans. 11. (d)
Exp: High DO (Dissolved Oxygen) will enhance
the productivity but high BOD(Biological
Oxygen Demand) does not represent any
growth factor for the ecosystem rather just
represent the demand.
High temperature change will kill many of
the organisms who are temperature sensitive.
Eutrophication will lead to the death of a lake.
Ans. 12. (b)
Exp: Aerosols are tiny particles made from super-
fine solid particles and liquid droplets carried
in the atmosphere .They often act as 'cloud
condensation nuclei' around which cloud
droplets are formed. Aerosols can also modify
the size of existing cloud particles, and
change how the clouds reflect and absorb
sunlight, leading to haze and much redder
sunrises and sunsets.
The accumulation of aerosols in the
troposphere is thought to have a cooling
effect, as clouds reflect the sun's energy. It
may provide an alternative way to mitigate
the human-induced effects of climate change.
Ammonia concentrated in the upper layer of
the troposphere play a major role for the
formation of Aerosols in the atmosphere.
Such concentration of ammonia in
troposphere is due to high agricultural
emission from livestock farming and
fertilization.
Ans. 13. (d)
Exp: Frequency of forest fires across Central Indian
forests and the Himalayan have increased in
recent years. The States of Odisha,
Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh
accounted for 1/3rd of the forest fires in 2016.
Chir pine needles are a prominent factor in
occurring and spreading of forest fires.
Besides, climatic conditions such as
temperature, wind speed and direction, level
of moisture in soil and atmosphere and
duration of dry spells. Other natural causes
are the friction of bamboos swaying due to
high wind velocity and rolling stones that
result in sparks setting off fires in highly
inflammable leaf litter on the forest floor. The
changing pattern in terms of global warming,
rising instances of El-Nino etc are also
affecting forest fires; this is due to the
cumulative effect of rising temperature,
change in precipitation patterns and air
moisture, increasing heat waves, drier soil etc.
Ans. 14. (b)
Exp: Ecosystem receives nutrients from external
sources and stores them for further use
through biological processes. For example,
Nutrients in dissolved state are gained from
rainfall or in particulate state from dust fall.
Through runoff water and denitrification
process in soil nutrients are moved out of the
ecosystem.
Ans. 15. (d)
Exp: Ganges River Dolphin is a sub-species of river
dolphins, found in the Ganga and
Brahmaputra Rivers. These species are
practically blind and rely on bio-sonar waves
to move around. There are almost 2500 river
dolphins in Ganga and there population is
diminishing. River dolphins have been
classified as "endangered" not "critically
endangered" by IUCN (International Union
for Conservation of Nature) in 1966.
Species are classified by the IUCN Red List
into nine groups,set through criteria such as
rate of decline, population size, area of
 geographic distribution, and degree of Exp: Wetlands are vital for human survival. They
population and distribution fragmentation. are among the world's most productive eco
systems. Wetlands are crucial for the survival
• Extinct (EX) - No known individuals
of variety of plants and animals. They are
remaining.
indispensable for the countless services
• Extinct in the wild (EW) - Known only to ranging from freshwater supply, food,
survive in captivity, or as a naturalized sustainable livelihood options and
population outside its historic range. groundwater recharge. They also host a huge
variety of life, protect our coastlines, provide
• Critically endangered (CR) - Extremely high natural sponges against river flooding and
risk of extinction in the wild. store carbon to regulate climate change.
• Endangered (EN) - High risk of extinction in Reasons for degradation are:
the wild.
• Nutrient enrichment.
• Vulnerable (VU) - High risk of
endangerment in the wild. • Flow of pesticides

• Near threatened (NT) - Likely to become • Siltation and farming expansion

endangered in the near future. • Encroachment by real estate projects
• Least concern (LC) - Lowest risk. Does not • Dumping of waste
qualify for a more at-risk category.
Widespread and abundant taxa are included • Unplanned urbanization and unregulated
in this category. industrialization
• Data deficient (DD) - Not enough data to • Presence of invasive species
make an assessment of its risk of extinction.
Ans. 18. (a)
• Not evaluated (NE) - Has not yet been
Exp: Black Carbon (soot), is a form of particulate
evaluated against the criteria.
air pollutant, produced from incomplete
Ans. 16. (a) combustion. It consists of pure carbon in
several linked forms.
Exp: Ganga Task Force has been approved by the
Cabinet under the Public Participation Black carbon (BC) is the most strongly light-
component of the Namami Gange absorbing component of particulate matter
Programme. (PM)
Ganga Task Force will be trained for: Black carbon warms the Earth by absorbing
heat in the atmosphere and by reducing
• Plantation of trees on the banks of river
albedo.
Ganga,
It disrupts cloudiness and monsoon rainfall
• Strengthening of pollution monitoring
and accelerates melting of mountain glaciers
mechanism on ground,
such as the HinduKush-Himalayan glaciers.
• Management of public awareness and
It stays in an atmosphere for several days to
participation programmes, and
weeks not for several months to years.
• Monitoring of Ghats for the ongoing works. Ans. 19. (b)
They have participated in various
consultative /discussion meetings. Exp: Emigration and Mortality will decrease the
Participation in awareness and plantation population. Rest will increase.
activities at selected towns has also been
Ans. 20. (c)
carried out.
Exp: Bromine combines with ozone forming
Ans. 17. (d)
bromine monoxide (BrO) and Oxygen. The
 BrO further reacts with chlorine monoxide to
give oxygen and free atoms of bromine and
chlorine.
Sulphuric acid particles free chlorine from
molecular reservoirs and convert reactive
nitrogen into inert forms.
Nitric oxide (NO) catalytically destroys
ozone.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) can gradually reach the
middle of the stratosphere, where it is
photolytically destroyed to yield nitric oxide
which in turn destroys ozone.
HFCs have an ozone depletion potential of
zero, they are potent greenhouse gases, and
thus their manufacture and use became
increasingly regulated in the 21st century.
Ans. 21. (d)
Exp: The Maharashtra government has become the
1st Indian to adopt fly ash utilization policy.
Fly Ash is the by-product of pulverized coal
combustion in thermal power plant.
These are very light particles and become
airborne. The Fly Ash Utilization Policy
states that:
• All the coal or lignite based thermal power
plants shall ensure the 100 percent utilization
of ash in the construction of road.
• The use of fly ash is to be increased to a
radius of 300 km. The thermal plants would
use the ash in the construction of roads under
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana. It will
help "Housing for all" project.
• The ash is to be used in soil conditioning for
improving its quality which would help in
increasing the crop yield, within the radius of
300 km.
• The above points would not only ensure
environment-friendly construction but also
lead to a reduction of pollution, as dry fly ash,
is a major air pollutant.
• The fly ash can be used in the agricultural
land to increase its productivity and hence
agriculture department has also been roped in
to promote the fly ash among farmers.
Ans. 22. (a)
Exp: CPCB modifies mechanism for the grant of
consent to various categories of industries
and construction projects under Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act and
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.
• No need to obtain consent for 'white' category
of industries (White category of industries
pertains to those industries which are
practically non-polluting).
• Consent can automatically be issued to 'green'
category of industries if they submit an
undertaking on expected date of start of
production (Green category of industries are
less polluting).
• No need to obtain 'consent to establish' for
building/ construction, area development
and township projects if they get
'environment clearance.
• All other projects, requiring 'environment
clearance' either from state authority or from
ministry of environment, will be exempted
from obtaining 'consent to establish'.
Ans. 23. (b)
Exp: Kashmiri Red Stag has been placed under
critically endangered status.
Ans. 24. (b)
Exp: It does not conduct any research nor does it
monitor climate related data.
Thousands of scientists from all over the
world contribute to the work of IPCC on a
voluntary basis.
Participate in the review process and the
plenary sessions, where main decisions about
the IPCC work programme are taken and
reports are accepted, adopted and approved.
The work of the organization is therefore
policy relevant and yet policy neutral.
IPCC's reports are written in non-technical
style suitable for policy makers.
The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared in
equal parts, between the IPCC and Al Gore.
Ans. 25. (d)
Exp: The sources are:
Excess rainfall leaches base cation from the
soil, increasing the percentage of Al3+ and
H+ relative to other cations. Highly
weathered soils are also characterized by
vvvvvv
having high concentrations of Fe and Al
oxides. Severely acidic conditions form in
soils near mine spoils due to the oxidation of
pyrite.