9 Signaling Flow

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Hand-over &
Power Control

Hand-over
Hand-over is a process that transfers a MS that is in

setting up or busy status to a new traffic channel.
Generally, hand-over will occur under the following two

conditions:
1. A busy MS which is moving from a cell into another;
2. A MS is making a call at overlapping area of two cells,

one of which is very busy in traffic. BSC notify MS to
measure signal strength and channel quality of adjacent
cells. This call will be handed over to the cell which is not
busy in traffic. This kind of hand-over is occurred to
balance inter-cell traffics.
Causes Resulting Hand-over
1. Weak signal level.
2. Bad signal quality.
3. Severe interference, i.e., the channel a MS is

occupying is interfered suddenly and therefore is
forced to use another channel of the same cell.
4. The MS is far away from the BS.
5. A more appropriate cell exists. This hand-over is

based on the whole system consideration aiming to
reduce the overall system interference.

Purpose of Hand-over
1. Save the calls in progress( bad quality).
2. Cell-boundary handing over to improve ongoing

calls (weak signal).
3. Intra-cell hand-over reducing interference within a

cell (severe interference)
4. Compelled hand-over to balance traffic distribution

of inter-cells.

Types of Hand-over
1. Intra-cell hand-over: hand-over occurs in the same cell.

Controlled independently by the BSC the cell attached to.
2. Inter-cell hand-over of the same BSC: involving by MSC

is not needed.
3. Inter-BSC hand-over of same MSC: Before and after

hand-over, the two cells belong to different two BSCs which
are controlled by the same MSC. All the MSC and BSCs
are involved.
4. Inter-MSCs hand-over: Before and after hand-over, the

two cells belong to different two MSCs. All the relevant
MSCs and BSCs are involved.

Hand-over inside BSC
M
BTS S
BSC
M
BTS S
In this case, BSC should set up a new link with new BTS and
assign a TCH in the new cell for MS.
2008? 4? 11? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7
Hand-over between Different BSC
BSC Old Link

M
New Link
S
MSC/VLR
BSC M
S
1. The old BSC make a hand-over request to MSC which then establish new
link with new BSC and new BTS, and retain an idle TCH in the new cell for
MS.
2. MSC is responsible for releasing the old link.
3. After the call is completed, MS should originate location updating because
of the change of LAI.

Inter-MSC Hand-over
7
MSCA 7
1 BSC M
5 A 5 S Old Link
5 New Link
2 3 4 4 6
3 5
MSCB BSC M
3
6 B S

Hand-over Procedures
1. BSCA sends hand-over request to MSCA when deemed

necessary according to MS’s measurement report.
2. MSCA sends this request to MSCB which is responsible for
setting up links with BSCB and BTSB.
3. MSCB sends back radio channel acknowledgement to MSCA.
4. Communication links are established between MSCA and
MSCB according to Hand-over Number(HON).
5. MSCA send hand-over command to MS who then handed over
to a new TCH.
6. BSCB send to MSCB, then to MSCA the command of hand-
over completion.
7. MSCA controls BSCA and BTSA to release the old TCH.

Hand-over Classification
( 1) Synchronous: MS use the same TA both in destination

and target cell. This usually applies to hand-over of same cell or
different sectors within the same cell. This is the hand-over with
highest speed.
( 2) Asynchronous: MS don’t know the TA to be used in

target cell. When either of the two cells doesn’t synchronize with
BSC, this mode should be used. The hand-over speed is low.
( 3) Pseudo-synchronous: MS is able to calculate out the TA

it should use in the target cell. When both cells have
synchronized with BSC, this mode may be used. The hand-over
speed is fast.

Hand-over flow chart
MS BTS1 BTS2 BSC MSC
MEAS REP
MEAS RES
CH ACT
CH ACT ACK
HO CMD
HO CMD
HO ACCESS
HO DET
PHY INFO
SABM
EST IND
UA
HO COM
HO COM
HO PERF
RF CH REL
RF CH REL ACK

Queuing and Forced Disconnection
1) Queuing: To increase the successful rate of hand-over,

when no radio resource is available, the applicant of hand-
over may be put into queuing and wait for release of radio
resources.
2 ) Forced disconnection: when in emergency and no

radio resource is available, some subscribers with lower
priority may be disconnected, or handed out forcibly to
ensure that the subscribers with higher priority could keep
their calls continuously.

Base Station Pre-processing
• The base station receives the following meas_rpt:
( 1) Meas_rpts made by MS and reported from

SACCH
- Downlink RXLEV
- Downlink RXQUAL(BER)
- Other adjacent cells’ downlink RXLEV
( less than 6, designated by BA list)
- Interference strip

( 2) Measurement report made by BTS
- Uplink RXLEV
- Uplink RXQUAL
- TA

Base Station Pre-processing
• Processing of BTS measurement data
( 1) RXLEV_XX( XX= DL or UL)

For each connection, at least 32 sampling data are
retained and the average of RX level is calculated out
by MS in each SACCH period.

( 2) Adjacent cells‘ BCCH carrier receiving level
RXLEV_NCELL(n))
For each connection and each cell, the latest 32

sampling data are stored by MS to calculate out the
adjacent cells’ BCCH carrier receiving level.

( 3) Power Budget( PBGT)
For each connection and each allowable cell, BSS calculates

PBGT as follows:
PBGT(n) =(Min(MS_TXPWR_MAX,P)- RXLEV_DL- PWR_C_D)-
(Min(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n),P)- RXLEV_NCELL(n))
˜ RXLEV_NCELL(n)—RXLEV_DL

Where,
RXLEV_NCELL(n) and RXLEV_DL are got by above
definitions.
PWR_C_D is the difference of cell-allowed downward
maximum power with actual power
MS_TXPWR_MAX (current traffic channel)
MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) (adjacent cell n traffic channel)
P is the maximum transmission power of MS

( 4) TA
For each connection, BSS calculate the TA using
parameters Hreqt and Hreqave
( 5) Interference strip
BSS averages interference ( using INTAVE) on idle
time-slots and maps to five classes called strips.

Parameters in connection with hand-over
( 1) UpLevTh, N, P) : upward level threshold;

( UpQualTh, N, P) : upward quality threshold;
2)
( DwLevTh, N, P) : downward level threshold;
3)
( DwQualTh, N, P) : downward quality threshold;
4)
( UpIntfTh, N, P) : upward interference threshold;
5)
( DwIntfTh, N, P) : downward interference threshold
6)
( MsDistTh, N, P) : distance threshold
7)
( same unit with TA)
( 8) HoMargin( n) : Adjacent cells’ hand-over margin

Threshold Comparison
1. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N upward

levels are lower than UpLevTh.
2. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N downward

levels are lower than DwLevTh.
3. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N upward levels

are higher than UpQualTh.
4. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N downward

levels are higher than DwQualTh.

5. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N upward
levels are higher than UpIntfTh and condition 3 is met at
the same time.
6. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N downward

levels are higher than DwIntfTh and condition 4 is met at
the same time.
7. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N TAs are

higher than MsDistTh.
8. Hand-over will occur if PBGT of some adjacent cell is

higher than its corresponding HoMargin.

Hand-over Algorithm
The hand-over algorithm BSC adopts is based on the

following equation:
• RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) + Max (0, Pa) (1)

where: Pa = (MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)- P)
• PBGT( n )- HO_MARGIN(n) > 0 (2)
BSS selects from all adjacent cells that both meets equation (1)
and (2) and queue them from large PBGT to small ones and serves
as candidate adjacent cells.

Power Control
• Purpose of Power Control
• BTS Power Control Strategy

Purpose of Power Control
• Lower interference within a cell
• Save power
• Premises: Call quality or data transmission

quality be guaranteed

Power Control Procedures
Save measured data
Average measured data
Power control decision
Send power control command
Measured data correction

Relation of Level and Power Control
63
Fast power control zone
High
Upper limit
Normal
Lower limit
Low
0

Relation of BER with Power Control
0
Fast power control
zone
Low
Upper limit
Normal
Lower
limit
High
7

BTS Power Control Strategy
•Keep current transmission power when received level is normal.

•Lower the transmission power when received level is high.
•Increase the transmission power when received level is low.
Keep current transmission power when BER is normal.
•Increase the transmission power when BER is high.
•Lower the transmission power when BER is low.

Corresponding Relation between
RXQUAL and BER
RXQUAL BER (%) Typical(%)
0 BER<0.2 0.14
1 0.2<BER<0.4 0.28
2 0.4<BER<0.8 0.57
3 0.8<BER<1.6 1.13
4 1.6<BER<3.2 2.26
5 3.2<BER<6.4 4.53
6 6.4<BER<12.8 9.05
7 12.8<BER 18.10
MS Power Control Strategy
Normal Level: LEVECAUSE = 0 Normal BER: QUALCAUSE = 0

Low Level: LEVELCAUSE = 1 Low BER: QUALCAUSE = 1
High Level: LEVECAUSE = 2 High BER: QUALCAUSE = 2
0 2 INCREASE
1 0 STAY
1 1 STAY
1 2 INCREASE
2 0 DECREASE
2 1 DECREASE
2 2 INCREASE

Range of Power Control
1. BTS Power Control
BTS has 6 classes of static power configured by network, each class
has 15 levels of dynamic power which can be configured by network.
2. MS Power Control
GSM900 class A MS power capability 43dbm( 20W)
GSM900 class B MS power control 39dbm ( 8W)
GSM900 class C MS power capability 37dbm ( 5W)
GSM900 class D MS power capability 33dbm ( 2W)
GSM900 class E MS power capability 29dbm ( 0.8W)
GSM900 power control range of MS is 43dbm ~ 5dbm, at least 2dbm
one step
DCS1800 class A MS power control capability 30dbm( 1W)
DCS1800 class B MS power control capability 24dbm( 0.25W)
DCS1800 class C MS power control capability 36dbm( 4W)
DCS1800 class D MS power control range 36dbm ~ 0dbm, 2dbm one
step


9 Signaling Flow

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Welcome to ZTE University

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

Hand-over is a process that transfers a MS that is in

Generally, hand-over will occur under the following two

1. A busy MS which is moving from a cell into another;

2. A MS is making a call at overlapping area of two cells,

1. Weak signal level.

2. Bad signal quality.

3. Severe interference, i.e., the channel a MS is

4. The MS is far away from the BS.

5. A more appropriate cell exists. This hand-over is

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

1. Save the calls in progress( bad quality).

2. Cell-boundary handing over to improve ongoing

3. Intra-cell hand-over reducing interference within a

4. Compelled hand-over to balance traffic distribution

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

1. Intra-cell hand-over: hand-over occurs in the same cell.

2. Inter-cell hand-over of the same BSC: involving by MSC

3. Inter-BSC hand-over of same MSC: Before and after

4. Inter-MSCs hand-over: Before and after hand-over, the

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BSC Old Link

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ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

1. BSCA sends hand-over request to MSCA when deemed

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( 1) Synchronous: MS use the same TA both in destination

( 2) Asynchronous: MS don’t know the TA to be used in

( 3) Pseudo-synchronous: MS is able to calculate out the TA

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

1) Queuing: To increase the successful rate of hand-over,

2 ) Forced disconnection: when in emergency and no

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• The base station receives the following meas_rpt:

( 1) Meas_rpts made by MS and reported from

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ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

• Processing of BTS measurement data

( 1) RXLEV_XX( XX= DL or UL)

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For each connection and each cell, the latest 32

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For each connection and each allowable cell, BSS calculates

PBGT(n) =(Min(MS_TXPWR_MAX,P)- RXLEV_DL- PWR_C_D)-

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ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

( 1) UpLevTh, N, P) : upward level threshold;

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1. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N upward

2. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N downward

3. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N upward levels

4. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N downward

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6. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N downward

7. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N TAs are

8. Hand-over will occur if PBGT of some adjacent cell is

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn

The hand-over algorithm BSC adopts is based on the