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Ping (2004)95 investigated the mechanical properties of HPC and

concluded that the HPC with water binder less than 0.3 has lower

strength than the control group at early stages before 28 days and at

later ages it exceeded the strength of the control group. The

compressive strength at the age of 1 year is 1.2 to 1.5 times greater

than the strength of the concrete at the age of 28 days. The strength of

HPC with silica fumes is higher than HPC with slag by partial

replacement of cement. The split tensile strength is about 5 to 10% of

the compressive strength.

Bhanja and Sengupta (2005)24 conducted experimentation on

water binder ratios ranging from 0.26 to 0.42 and silica fume binder

ratios from 0.0 to 0.3 for tensile strength of high performance

concrete, and determined compressive, split tensile and flexural

strengths for all the mixes. Compressive and tensile strengths

increased with silica fume incorporation and the results showed that

the optimum replacement percentage is not a constant one but

depends on the water cementitious material ratio of the mix.

Selim Pul (2008)103 produced a high strength concrete strength

ranging from 44 to 81 MPa. Compressive, Uniaxial tensile, flexural

and split tensile strength test have conducted and proposed

relationships between the respective tensile strengths and concluded

that the ratios of flexural tensile strength and uniaxial tensile strength

to compressive strength increased but whereas for split tensile

strength there is no effect.

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2.4.2.4 Bond Strength

Fu et al., (1998)39 conducted experiments on bond strength

between concrete, steel rebar using silica fume and methylcellulose as

admixture and concluded that the combined use of silica fume (15%

by weight of cement) and methylcellulose (0.4% by weight of cement)

as admixtures was found to give concrete that exhibited high bond

strength to steel rebar. The bond strength attained was higher than

those attained by using either silica fume or methylcellulose.

2.4.2.5 Static and dynamic elastic modulus

Zhou et al., (1995)138 conducted experimentation on high

performance concrete mixes, of low water cement ratio and fixed

mortar composition, containing six different types of aggregates of

constant volume fraction, has been used to check modulus of

elasticity at 7, 28 and 91 days. The results confirmed that apart from

the aggregates of very low and very high modulus, concrete modulus

at 28 days can be predicted quite well by well known models,

concluded that the cube strength of weaker aggregate is drastically

reduced.

Mostofinejad and Nozhati (2005)86 prepare a model to predict

the modulus of elasticity of high strength concrete based on some

known characteristic of the concrete mix. Forty five mix proportions

including 5 different ratios of silica fume (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%), three

water to cementitious materials ratio (0.24, 0.3 and 0.4) and three

types of coarse aggregates, (limestone, quartzite and andesitic) were

selected. 540 cylinder specimens were cast, cured and tested after 7,
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28 and 91 days. Different ratios of silica fume different ratios of water

to cementitious materials, the relationship of modulus of elasticity of

coarse aggregate and concrete at different ages were discussed and

also proposed empirical equations.

2.4.2.6 Poisson’s ratio

Bertil Persson (1999)23 conducted experimentation and studied

on poison’s ratio of high performance concrete subjected to air or

sealed curing. Parallel studies of strength and internal relative

humidity were carried out. The results indicate that the poison’s ratio

of high performance concrete is slightly smaller than that of normal

strength concrete.

2.4.2.7 Shrinkage and creep

Surendra et al., (1997)117 investigated long term shrinkage

cracking on HPC. The main aim of this study is determining the

parameters which influence shrinkage cracking, by improving material

quality which prevent or limit shrinkage cracking. A computer model

developed which is capable to predict the age of first cracking.

Experimental results are presented with the composition of several

materials to describe the role of various percentages of silica fume and

shrinkage reducing admixture on mechanical properties. He conclude

that this model can predict the age of first cracking through the

fracture mechanics concepts in conjunction with coupling the effects

of creep relaxation and shrinkage stress.

Jason Weiss et al. (1998)60 studied the early age shrinkage

cracking on restrained concrete structures with ring-type and slab-

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type specimens. Experimentation is performed on both high strength

and normal concretes with addition of 0, 1 and 2% of shrinkage

reducing admixtures. Results are good agreement between theoretical

modeling and experimental observations.

Jianyong and Yao Yan (2001)61 studied the creep and drying

shrinkage properties of HPC. Prepared three HPC mix with variable

cement content, Ground granular blast slag (GGBS) and silica fume,

their creep behaviour and drying shrinkage characteristics were

measured with the Chinese Standard GBJ 82-85. The effects of GGBS

and silica fume on creep and drying shrinkage of HPC were compared

and the mechanism was analysed. Addition of silica fume and GGBS

in concrete will strengthen the structure and reduce the drying

shrinkage and creep.

Al-Amoudi (2007)11 conducted experimentation to assess the

properties of plain and silica fume cement concrete. The specimens

are cast and cured in the field under hot weather conditions. The

shrinkage strains in both the plain and silica fume cement concrete

specimens cured by continuous water pounding were less than that in

similar concrete specimens cured by covering them with wet burlap.

The results point to the importance of selecting a good quality silica

fume and good curing for avoiding cracking of concrete due to plastic

and drying shrinkage, particularly under hot weather conditions.

Ha Won Song et al., (2009)45 studied on the permeability of the

high-strength silica fume concrete. The permeability of concrete is

dramatically reduced when the silica fume replacement ratio exceeds

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8%. If replacement ratio is over 12% the permeability is marginal and

a programme is developed to obtain permeability.

Cusson and Margeson (2010)30 conducted experimentation and

evaluated the mechanical, chemical and durability characteristics of

different formulations of normal density, air entrained high

performance concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.35 and

concluded that HPC is prone to early age cracking when shrinkage is

restrained in concrete structures.

Ahmed et al., (2012)6 conducted experimentation on shrinkage

behaviour of concrete for 1 year observation using three mineral

additions. The test were carried out on mortar specimens with

replacement of cement by 5, 15 and 25% of lime stone, 10, 30 and

50% of slag and 10, 20 and 30% of limestone powder. Optimum

improvement of compressive strength of mortar was obtained at

substitution of cement by 10% of lime stone, 20% of natural pozzolan

and 30% of slag. Presence of limestone in the mortar improved the

microstructure.

2.4.2.8 Durability

Aitcin (2003)8 reported the durability characteristics of HPC

with water binder ratio between 0.3 and 0.4 concluded that HPC is

more durable than ordinary concrete not only because of less porous

but also capillary and pore networks are somewhat discontinued due

to the development of self desiccation in HPC and he concluded that

the fire resistance of HPC is not as good as that of ordinary concrete.