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Cu31924002964777 1
Cu31924002964777 1
Cu31924002964777 1
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Cornell University Library
QA 55.H4
Logarithmic and trigonometric tables,
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002964777
LOGARITHMIC AND
TRIGONOMETRIC TABLES
LOGARITHMIC AND
TRIGONOMETRIC TABLES
TO ACCOUPAHT A
LOUIS INGOLD
Neto gorfe
KotlBooIl ^xtSS
J. S. CuBhing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co.
Norwood, MftSB., U.S.A.
EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES*
TABLE I. FIVE-PLACE COMMON LOGARITHMS OF
NUMBERS FROM 1 TO 10 000
Column A
;
a
: ;
o
;;
ExampUI. Find the logarithm of .001264T. Opposite 126 in column 4 find .10175;
the tabular differenceis 34 (zeros dropped) .7 x 34 is given in the margin as 24
; this cor- ;
rection added gives .10199 as the mantissa of .0012647 ; hence log .0012647 = 7.10199 - 10.
Mnwmple 2. Find the loganthm of 1.85643. Opposite 185 in column 6 find .26858
tahalar difference 23 ; .43 x 28 is given in the mat^a as 10 ; this correction added gives
.26868 as the mantissa of 1.85648; hence log 1.85643 = 0.26868.
§8] COMMON LOGARITHMS ix
find from the table the number having this mantissa, then place the
decimal point by means of the two following rules :*
Rule III. If the characteristic of the logarithm is positive {in which
case the mantissa is not followed by — 10), begin at the left, count digits
one more than tlie characteristic, and place the decimal point to the right of
the last digit counted.
RnLB IV. If the characteristic is negative (in which case the mantissa
the mantissa in the table next less than the given mantissa, and write down the corre-
sponding number here, 1774 the tabular difi'erence is 25 the actual difference (found by
; ; ;
subtracting the mantissa of i7T4 from the'given mantissa) is 17 ; hence the proportionality
factor is 17/25 = .68 or .7 (to the nearest tenth). Since moving the decimal point does not
affect the mantissa, it follows that the digits in the required number are 17747 (to five pieces).
The characteristic 2 directs to count 8 places from the left ; hence x = 177.47.
EcLE. In general, when the given mantissa is not found in the table,
•write down four digits of the number corresponding to the mantissa in the
table next less than the given mantissa, determine a fifth figure by dividing
the actual difference by the tabular difference, and locate the decimal point
by means of the characteristic.
the decimal point would fall just after the first significant figure ; move the decimal point
one place to the right for each positive unit in the characteristio, one place to the left for
Illustration of Cologarithms
IkmmpUS. Toflnd*8=?5xm76XjT46.
1415.8
,
We might odd tlie logarithms of the factors In the numerator and iVom this sum subtract
the logarithm of the denominator ; but we can shorten the operation by adding the nega-
tive of the logarithm of the denominator instead of subtracting the logarithm itself. The
negative of the logarithm of a number (when written in convenient form for computation)
is called the cologaiithm of the number. Ws may find the negative of any number by
subtracting it from zero, and
convenient in logarithmic computation to write zero in the
It is
form 10.00000 - 10. Thus the negative of 2.17 is 7.88 - 10 the negative of 1.1482 - 10 is ;
8.8568. Eememberlng that the cologarithm of a number Is its negative we have the follow-
ing rnle
To find the cologarithm. of a wumber begin at the left of its logarithm {including
the characterisHc) and subtract each digit from 9, except the last,* which subtract
from 10 logarithm
; if thehas n^t — 10 after the mantissa, write — 10 after the result;
if the logarithm has —10 after the mantissa, do not write — 10 after the result.
By this rule the cologarithm of a number can be read directly out of the table without
taking the trouble to write down the logarithm. must be given not to forget the
Attention
characteristic. The use of the cologarithm is governed by the principle
Adding the cologarithm is egu^alent to twbtracting the logarithm.
Returning to the computation of the given problem we should write
Iog4S.25=1.688S0
log 182.76=2.12807
log .1745= 9.24180 - 10
oolog 1415.8 = 6.84915 - 10 (add)
loga)= 9.89752 - 10 whence »= .7898
^eample 4. Find the 5th power of 7.26842
log 7.26842= 0.86144
_5 (multiply)
log a> = 4.80720 whence x =
Baample 6. Find the 4th root of .007564
log .007564= 7.87875-10.
(It is convenient to have, after the division by 4, — 10 after the mantissa ; hence before the
division we add 30.00000 - 80.)
log .007564 = 87.87875 - 40 (divide by 4),
loga!= 9.46969-10 whence » = .2949
9' The Slide Rule. A slide lule consists of two pieces of tbe shape
of a ruler, one of which slides in grooves in the other ; each is marked
FlQ. 1
1
xu EXPLANATION. OF THE TABLES [§10
y = .30146 ; if we draw the straight line ANB, it is clear that the straight
line differs from the true curve AMB, but the difference is very slight.
:
EXERCISES
Find the values of each of the following products by logarithms
1. ; check each com-
putation by a multiplication of round numbers.
((1)8.1416x205.6. (6)64.32x2780.5. (o) 82.16 x(- 44.52).
((*) 281.6 X .0024. (0 (- .008T14) x (1206.B). (/) .968752 X .0010746.
2. Substitute 4- for x in each of the parts of Ex. 1, and then find the indicated quo-
tient In each case by logarithms.
3. Find the value of each of the following expressions by logarithms ; checls each
computation.
, , 8.1416 Xia09.4 ,j, 725 x(- 8.472) '
(o) (3. 1416)' . (<)) (1.728)».
782.56x28.5" 6806.4 X .0126 (d) ^8.1416. (/) (2.469)8/2.
(.g) (-27.846)8. (A) (.000166)Vr. (4) (8.1416)(2.84)» =-(.006)1/8.
6. Find the area of a rectangle whose base is 281.75 and whose height is 514.25.
6. Find the area and the volume of a sphere whose radius is 4.6152.
10. ^he amouut a of a principal p at compound interest of rate r for n years Is given
by the formula a = p{l + r)n. Find aifp^ 12,753, r = .06, and ft — 5.
:
indicated by the printing, the values of these functions for angles from
45° to 90° may be read directly from the same table. For angles less than
45° read down the page, the degrees being found at the top and the min-
utes on the left ; for angles greater than 45° read up the page, the degrees
being found at the bottom and the minutes on the right.
To find a function of an angle (such as 15° 27'.6, for example) which
does not reduce to an integral number of minutes, we employ the process
of interpolation. To illustrate, let us find tanl5°27'.6. In the table
we find tan 15° 27' = .27638 and tan 15° 28' = .27670; we know that
tan 16° 27'.6 between these two numbers. The process of interpola-
lies
tion depends on the assumption that between 15° 27' and 15° 28' the tan-
gent of the angle varies directly as the angle while this assumption is not ;
varies as the angle, an increase of 0'.6 In the angle will increase the tan-
gent by .6 X .00032 = .00019 (retaining only five places) ; hence
tan 15°27'.6 = .27638 + .00019 = .27657.
The difference between two successive values in the table is called, as
in Table the tabular difference (.00032 above). The proportional part
I,
tabular difference = 26 .8 x 26 = 21
j
log27.86= 1.44483.
log sin 51° 27' = 9.89324 - 10 (add).
log = 1.38807
a: a; = 21.78
The only new idea here is the method of finding log sin 61° 27', which
means the logarithm of the sine of 51° 27'. The most obvious way is to find
in Table I, sin 51° 27' = .78206, and then to find in Table II, log .78206
= 9.89324 — 10, but this involves consulting two tables. To avoid the
necessity of doing this, Table III gives the logarithms of the sines,
cosines, tangents, and cotangents. The arrangement and the principles
of interpolation are similar to those given on p. viii for Table I. The stu-
dent should note carefully that Table III does not give the sines, cosines,
etc., of angles, but rather their logarithms ; also that the sines and cosines
of all acute angles, the tangents of acute angles less than 45° and the
all
cotangents of all acute angles greater than 45° are proper fractions, and
their logarithmsend with — 10, which is not printed in the table, but
which should be written down whenever such a logarithm is used.
Sample 1. rind log sin 68" 25'.4.
On the page having 68* at the bottom, and in the row having 25' on the right find log
sin 68° 25' = 9.96843 —10 { the tabular difference is 5 ; .4 x 5 is given in the margin as 2
this is the correction to be added, giving log sin 6S° 25'.4 = 9.96345 - 10.
(In case of sine and tangent add the correction.)
In finding log etna for any angle (f, note that log etna = — log tan a,
since etn a = 1/tan a. Hence the tabular differences for log ctn are pre-
cisely the same as those for log tan throughout the table, but taken in
reversed order. Likewise, log sec a = — log]eos a, log ese a = — log sin a
hence log sec a and log esc a are omitted.
For angles near 0° or near 90°, the Interpolations are not very accurate
if the differences are large. A special process, called logarithmic interpo-
lation, is given on p. 45, for angles below 3° or above 87°.
Thufl to find Vl. lT, re ad in Vn column the To find V11.7, read iii
result: 1.0S167.
the same Une, in VlO« col umn the result; S.420S3. To And VUT, read 10 times the
entry in Va col umn , since VllT = lOVl.lT.
vTTf — 1.05378 from y/n column -v/ll.T = 2.27019 from
Similarly, ; the same Une In
The effect of a change in the decimal point in n^, »', and 1/n is only
to shift the decimal point in the result, without altering the digits printed.
A — B — C. FOUR-PLACE TABLES
18. Four-place Tables. These are duplicates of the preceding five-
place tables, reduced to four places, and with larger intervals between
the tabulations. The value of such four-place tables consists in the greater
speed with which they can be used, in case the degree of accuracy they
aHord is sufficient for the purpose in hand.
19. Sources and Checks used. In arranging all bi these tables, several
extant tables have been used as sources and the proofs have been read
;
against the standard seven-place tables of Vega, and at least one other
table, or against at least two independent sources when the figures are
not given by Vega. In all oases, the stereotyped plates have been proof-
read five times, by three different persons.
In case of apparent doubt, especially in the last place of decimals, the
values have been recomputed, either by series or by the condensed fifteen-
place tables of Houel.
While errors may occur, it is believed that they must be purely typo-
graphical in most cases such an error is revealed by the unreasonable
;
differences it creates.
CONTENTS
PASES
ExPLA.I7^TION OF THE TABLES v-xvii
Table
LOGARITHMIC ATO TRIGOIfOMETRIC
TABLES
TABLE I
1 TO 10 000
TO
N.
12
650— logarithms of Numbers— 700 13
IT.
650
14
IJ
16
q
18 900 — Logarithms of Nmnbers — 960
N.
I]
20 Logarithms of Important Constants [la
2^= KVUBBB
TABLE II
ACTUAL VALUES
01' THE
TRIGONOMBTEIC FUNCTIONS
- "'
1/1 J-
22 0° — Values of Trigonometric Functions — 1° ro
1
m 2° — Talues of Trigonometric Functions — 3° 23
(
24
7°
II] 6°— Values of Trigonometric Functions— 25
1
26
n]
28
O]
30
iq 18°— Values of Trigonometric Functions— 19° 31
;
32
iq
34
11] 26°— Talues of Trigonometric Functions — 37° ss
Sin Tan Ctu Cos (
63°
36
n]
38
rq
40
.
II]
42 40° — Talues of Trigonometric Functions — 41° [n
/
II]
44 44° — Talues of Trigonometric Functions
/
:
TABLE III
COMMON LOGARITHMS
01" THE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
FROM
Note ; To find log sin a and log tan a more precisely than by ordinary
interpolation, for small values of a, if a is not a tabulated angle.
Let t be the first tabulated angle below a. Express both a and t lu the
same unit (minutes, or seconds, or any other convenient unit). Then
log sin a— log sin « = log a — log t,
45
46 0° — Logarithms of Trigonometric Functions [HI
L Siu
u
1
Ill] 1° — Logarithms of Trigonometric Functions 47
48 2" — Logarithms of Trigonometric Functions [in
Degrees
92 V— Kadian Measure — Trigonometric Functions [v
1
V] V — Badiau Measure — Trigonometric Functions 93
a
c
c
•I
t
H
8
94 Table VI — Powers — Boots — Reciprocals [VI
n
vvi] Powers — Boots — Reciprocals 95
n
96
VVI} Powers — Boots — Reciprocals 97
n
98
VI]
100
vq
102 Powers — Boots — Eeciprocals [VI
n
VI]
104
VI]
106
vq Powers — Boots — Reciprocals 107
n
108
VI]
110
vq
112
vn]
114 Napierian or Natural Logarithms — 10 to 99 [vii
10
BRIEF TABLES
PRINCIPALLY TO FOUR PLACES
116
A]
118 Table B— Antilogarithms to Four Places [B
B]
120 Table C — Pour Place Trigonometric ^unctions [c
[Charaoteristios of Logarithms omitted — detennine by the usual rule from the value]
Radians
c] Four Place Trigonometric Functions 121
[Characteristics of Logarithms omitted —determine by the usual rule from the value]
Radians
122 Four Place Trigonometric Pimctions [0
[Obaracteristics of Logarltlims omitted —determine by the Qsusl rule fl-om the value]
Radxaub
C] Four Place Trigonometric Functions 123
[Characteristics of Logarith
124 Four Place Trigonometric Functions [C
Logarithms omitted — determine by the usual rule from the value]
[Characteristics of
Radiaxe
THE CALCULUS
BV
The same general tendency has led to the treatment of topics with a view
toward bringing out their essential usefulness. Rigorous forms of demonstra-
tion are not insisted upon, especially where the precisely rigorous proofs
would be beyond the present grasp of the student. Rather the stress is laid
upon the student's certain comprehension of that which is done, and his con-
viction that the results obtained are both reasonable and useful. At the
same time, an effort has been made to avoid those grosser errors and actual
misstatements of fact which have often offended the teacher in texts otherwise
attractive and teachable. i