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Optimal Location of Substation Metallic Fences To Protect The Nearby Public Walking Through Numerical Evaluation
Optimal Location of Substation Metallic Fences To Protect The Nearby Public Walking Through Numerical Evaluation
Optimal Location of Substation Metallic Fences To Protect The Nearby Public Walking Through Numerical Evaluation
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2524660, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
1
"This paper was submitted for the special section of "Modern Substation Technologies". Due to an error in the
editorial process, this material was uploaded for early access. The paper has not been fully reviewed and
accepted. If the full version of this paper is accepted, it will be uploaded for early access and published in the
IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery".
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2524660, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
2
describes the problem formulation. The proposed analytical III. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
methodology is described on Section III. A case study is Computational algorithms are a reliable alternative to
presented on Section IV. Section V presents the conclusions of determine with high precision the interaction among the
this work. various electrodes that form the substation grounding grid
system. The algorithm considers:
II. BACKGROUND
• individual modeling of elements that compose the grounding
When the grounding system of a substation is submitted to system (rods, cables, counterpoise);
a phase-to-ground short-circuit fault, potentials on the mesh • a set of equations that describe the interaction among the
and surrounding area are generated. In the analysis of the various electrodes;
Ground Potential Rise (GPR), step and touch voltages and
• the determination of the short-circuit currents that flow from
potentials generated on the soil surface, the coupling through
various grounding systems to the soil;
the soil among metallic materials must be considered. These
• evaluation of the potential on the soil surface which can be
statements deal with the problem of grounding metallic fences
performed considering a single value of potential in a
as a property limit of a HVS and its correspondent grounding
determined point; potential profile and potential surface.
grid.
The methodology proposes dividing the grounding
Another aspect to be observed is that a conductor falling
electrode into segments, where each section has a particular
over the metallic fence is an event that is not considered for
current value. To determine the leakage currents flowing in
the following reasons presented in [8], Page 101.
each segment to the ground, the average electric potential on
“Construction of transmission lines over private fences is
the surface of each conductor segment is computed and
common and reliable. The number of lines crossing a
matched to the same value of constant electrical potential. In
substation fence may be greater, but the spans are often shorter
addition, the images theory is considered in order to make the
and dead-ended at one or both ends. Hence, the danger of a
normal component of the electric field equal to zero in the soil
line falling on a fence is usually not of great concern. If one is
/air boundary surface.
to design against this danger, then very close coupling of the
The algorithm precision depends mainly on the size and the
fence to adjacent ground throughout its length is necessary.
segmentation of each electrode in the mathematical modeling.
Touch and step potentials on both sides of the fence must be
This definition determines the precision of current densities in
within the acceptable limit for a fault current of essentially the
each conductor segment. Considering the approach in low
same maximum value as for the substation. This is somewhat
frequency, the precision also depends on the medium
impractical because the fence is not tied to the main ground
resistivity and the number of soil layers.
grid in the substation and the adjacent earth would be required
The problem is divided into two parts: the determination of
to dissipate the fault current through the local fence grounding
currents injected in the soil by the several elements that
system. In addition, the fault current would cause significant
compose the grounding system, and the determination of the
damage to the fence, and predicting the actual clearing time
potential in any point of the soil surface.
and touch and step voltages might be impossible.”
The following mathematical formulation describes a general
There are four situations involving the substation and fence
solution of a grounding system composed by N isolated
grounding system [9]:
electrodes which are coupled by soil. The equations system in
• Case 1: fence within the substation grounding grid area,
the case of a unique grounding electrode, composed by n
connected to the substation grounding grid.
elements, is as follows (1),
• Case 2: fence outside the substation grounding grid area,
connected to the substation grounding grid. r11 r12 ... r1n I 1 U
• Case 3: fence outside the substation grounding grid area, but r r22 ... r2 n I 2 U
not connected to the substation grounding grid. The fence is 21 ⋅ = (1)
... ... ... ... ... ...
connected to a separate grounding electrode.
• Case 4: fence outside the substation grounding grid area, but rn1 rn 2 ... rnn I n U
not connected to the substation grounding grid. The fence is where:
not connected to a separate grounding electrode. In this case, r ii self resistance of element I (Ω);
the contact of the fence post with the earth works as an r ij mutual resistance of elements i and j (Ω);
effective grounding. Ij injected current in the soil through element I (A);
This work deals with case 3, the most common topology, U Ground Potential Rise (GPR) of electrode, when the
when the coupling between two or more grounding systems current flows to the soil through the electrode (V).
through the soil occurs. Such case is considered to be the most In a compact form, the previous equation can be written as:
difficult case to evaluate numerically. In the following, the R⋅ I =U (2)
proposed mathematical model is presented. For this propose where:
studies [6]-[7] and [10] are taken as primordial references. R resistance full matrix (n x n) defined in [7] (Ω);
I current column vector (n x I) (A);
U GPR column vector (n x I) in which all elements are
0885-8977 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2524660, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
3
equal (V). and lengthy processing times, especially in the case of large
This equation system presents (n + 1) unknown variables grounding meshes.
(I 1 , I 2 ,...,I n and U) requiring, therefore, an additional equation
to reach a proper solution, IV. NUMERICAL SIMULATION
In order to clarify the potentiality of the proposed
I 1 + I 2 + ...I n = I cc (3)
technique, two case studies will be presented. The first one
where I cc is a short-circuit current injected by the electrode in analysis the Ground Potential Rise generated on a fence by the
the soil. coupling with the soil considering a short-circuit in a main
When the grounding system is formed by N isolated grounding system. The second one evaluates the GPR on a
electrodes, the equivalent equations system can be represented fence taking into account different distances from a short-
by the following generic model, circuited grounding mesh.
A. Potentials generated on a fence
r AA r AB ... r AN I A U A
BA The first simulation presented is based on the two
r r BB ... r BN I B U B
⋅ = (4) grounding systems shown in Fig. 1. The first is composed by a
... ... ... ... ... ... substation grounding mesh with unequally spaced conductors
NA
r r NB ... r NN I N U N inside a metallic fence. The second is composed by the
referred fence grounding unconnected to the potential contours
where:
of the substation grounding mesh.
RXY matrix (n x x n y ) of mutual resistances between the
Fig. 1 shows both grounding systems composed by metallic
elements of electrodes X and Y;
fence grounding (in blue), the substation grounding mesh and
RXX matrix (n x x n y ) of self resistances and mutual
resistances of X electrode elements; their corresponding dimensions.
IX column vector (n x x 1) of injected currents in the soil by The main parameters used in the simulation are: soil
the elements of electrode X, when the circulation of resistivity of first layer = 100 Ωm; first layer depth = 5 m; soil
current to the soil occurs due to a short-circuit in one or resistivity of second layer = 500 Ωm; substation and fence
more electrodes; grounding depth = 0.5 m; substation and fence grounding
UN Column vector (n x x 1) whose elements are equal to the cables = 70 mm2 (copper); current from ground to soil = 1kA.
GPR that occurs in the elements of electrode X.
This equation system presents (n A +n A +…+n n +N) unknown
variables. All the vector elements (IA,IB,…,IN and UA,UB,…,UN)
need N additional equations for its solution:
I 1A + I 2A + .............. + I nA
A
= I CC
A
I 1B + I 2B + .............. + I nB
B
= I CC
B
(5)
I 1N + I 2N + .............. + I nN
N
= I CC
N
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Transactions on Power Delivery
4
Fig. 3. Potential on the soil surface showing the coupling between the
substation and the fence grounding through the soil. Fig.5. Profile 1 m outside the fence in the longer side.
The potential profile on the soil surface (black line), the Fig. 6 shows the profile 1 m outside the fence in the shorter
substation GPR (red line) and the fence GPR (blue line) are fence side (vertical black dashed line in Fig. 2). Again, the
presented in Fig. 4. blue line is the tolerable touch limit for a 70 kg person and the
red line is the tolerable limit for a 50 kg person.
0885-8977 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2524660, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
5
V. CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, according to the simulations, it can be seen
that a grounding electrode, when submitted to a short-circuit
phase to ground, produces a Ground Potential Rise in any
Fig.8. Simplified equivalent "Y" circuit of the evaluated system. electrode in its vicinities as it is the case of a fence around a
0885-8977 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2524660, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
6
high voltage substation. The GPR in the electrodes can Grande do Sul (UFRGS) in 2000. He was a Full Professor in the Pontifical
Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) until 2006. Now he is
produce dangerous touch and step voltages that must be Technical Director of DDias Assessoria Empresarial.
verified quantitatively case by case and not in a simplified way
as normally proposed in project procedures. Alex B. Tronchoni was born in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, on
The methodology presented in this paper allows January 30, 1977. He received in 2002 the B.E. degree in Mechatronics from
the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) Brazil and
determining the coupling through soil between 2 or more
in 2008 the Msc. degree in electrical engineering from PUCRS. Currently he
grounding electrodes. Finally, the proposed method allows for is Ph.D student in the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
the evaluation of the step and touch potentials to which Brazil. His main research fields are grounding systems, lightning and power
passers-by near the metallic fences of a high voltage or extra systems.
high voltage substation are exposed to. In this context some
Arturo S. Bretas was born in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil, on July 5, 1972. He
procedures can be adopted in order to ensure the safety of received the B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees from the University of São Paulo,
human beings if the potentials are at no control. Brazil, in 1995 and 1998, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Blacksburg, in 2001. Currently, he is an Associate Professor of the Federal
University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil and Professor
The authors would like to thank CAPES, FAPERGS and of the University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. His research interests include
CEEE-D for the financial assistance and the University of power system protection, control, and restoration.
Nottingham for the facilities offered during the development of
Roberto Chouhy Leborgne received the M.Sc. degree in electrical
this work. engineering from Itajubá Federal University, Itajubá, Brazil, in 2003 and the
Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Chalmers University of
VII. REFERENCES Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, in 2007. He was with ABB-Daimler Benz
[1] W. Jaroslaw, “Distribution of step and touch voltages at typical HV/MV Transportation, Brazil, and Teyma Abengoa, Uruguay. Currently, he is a
Substation During Lightning,“ presented at the XIII International Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,
Conference on Electromagnetics Disturbances, EMD 2003, Bialystok, Brazil. His fields of interest are power quality and power system planning.
Poland, 2003.
[2] C. Portela, “Grounding systems behavior for atmospheric discharges - Marcos Telló was born in Ijuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in November
determination of relative effect related to people and equipments 1956. He received the Doctor Degree from Federal University of Rio Grande
security and the interference in the protection and control systems,” do Sul (UFRGS) in 2000. He is currently a Full Professor in the Pontifical
presented at the XIV Seminário Nacional da Produção e Transmissão de Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), where he is also the head
Energia Elétrica, SNPTEE, Belém, Brazil, 1997. of Electromagnetics Compatibility Group (GCEM).
[3] D. S. Gazzana et al. " A. study of human safety against lightning
considering the grounding system and the evaluation of the associated
parameters," Electric Power Systems Research, v. 113, pp. 88-94, Aug.
2014.
[4] M. N. O. Sadiku Numerical Techniques in Electromagnetics with
MatLab. New York: CRC Press, 2009.
[5] D. S. Gazzana et al. " Novel formulation to determine the potential on
the soil surface generated by a lightning surge," IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics, v. 52, 2015 (in press).
[6] R.J. Heppe, “Computation of potential at surface above and energized
grid or other electrode, allowing for nonuniform current distribution,”
IEEE PAS – 98, Nº. 6, pp. 1978 -1989, Nov. 1979.
[7] R.J. Heppe, “Step potentials and body currents near grounds in two
layer earths,” IEEE PAS – 98, Nº. 1, Jan/Feb. 1979.
[8] IEEE Std 80:2013 Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding.
[9] J. L. Alqueres and J. C. Praca, "The Brazilian power system and the
challenge of the Amazon transmission presented at the 1991 IEEE
Power Engineering Society Transmission and Distribution Conference,
Dallas, USA, 1991.
[10] S. L. Haffner, G. A. D. Dias and M. Telló, “Aterramento de cercas
metálicas de subestações situadas em regiões urbanas”, presented at the
XI Seminário Nacional da Produção e Transmissão de Energia Elétrica,
XI SNPTEE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1991.
[11] IEEE Std 81-2012IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground
Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Grounding System
Guilherme A. D. Dias was born in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,
in April 1950. He received the Doctor Degree from Federal University of Rio
0885-8977 (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.