CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses about background of the research, statement of the

problems, objective of the research, significance of the research, scope of the

research, and operational definition.

1.1 Background of the Research

Language is very important for our life which take a part as a communication

tool among human. People will get difficulty on expressing their ideas, opinions, and

feelings without language. English is world-widely spoken to communicate each

other in every fields, such as education, economy, technology, social and cultures.

Therefore most countries make English as the first language studied after their native

language. Indonesia as a developing country sees that studying English as foreign

language is very important to survive in this globalization.

Considering the importance of English, the government has includes it as one

of the compulsory subject to be taught to the student. In the newest of Indonesia

education curriculum 2013, English is taught at school starting from the junior high

school up to university.

The purpose of teaching foreign language, in this case, English is to master

the four language skills by which learner uses for holding communication with the

speaking English people. The four skills are listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
To gain four-skill above, we should fulfill the language components such as the

knowledge of structure, pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulary but that is not easy.

Some students even have some problems in the language component.

It is important to study about vocabulary because when we are learning a

foreign language, and we are lack of the vocabulary, we will find the difficulties in

understanding the meaning of the language itself. But if we have enough vocabulary

it will make us easier to learn a new language and to understand the meaning of the

language itself.

In morphological study, the process to produce new words form is called

derivational process. Derivation is an affixational process that forms a word with a

meaning and/or category distinct from that of its base (O’grady et al, 2005, p.127).

For example “seller” is formed by derivational process. The base word “sell” is a

verb form and added with suffix -er which then changed into “seller” as a noun.

One of the derivation formation processes is a derivational affix. It is attached

to the based form of a word to create a new word. An affix which is added to the left

of the root such as re- is a prefix, and one that added to the right of the root such as

-or is a suffix.

The words changing attached by affixes can influence the meaning of words

in a complete text. When students ignore the word changing will find difficulties

understanding the meaning of words or sentences in the text.

 Based on the explanation above, in this research the researcher focus on

analyzing affixes which occur in paragraph such as exposition paragraph. Researcher

finds previous study that relevant to this topic such as Muhammad Alfizan’s research

which analyze prefix in texts that are used in national examination. He finds the

distribution of derivational affixes and explains them. Beside, in this research,

researcher tries to find distribution of derivational affixes which occur in exposition

paragraph that is found in K13 English book and he asks student to identify the

structure of exposition paragraph.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Based on the problem above, the problem can be stated as follow:

“What are the derivational affixes found in exposition paragraph that are found in

Tenth grade senior high school’s English book?”

1.3 Objective of the Research

Based on the statement of the problem, the writer determines the objective of

the research as follow: “To know the derivational affixes in in exposition paragraph

that are found in Tenth grade senior high school’s English book.”

1.4 Significance of the Research

The writer hopes that this research gives the useful information for the

readers. The significance of the research can be seen as follows:

1. Theoretical

This research helps in learning affixes, especially the derivational affixes that

change the class of root or base in the part of speech.

2. Practical

The result of this research is expected to give precious contributions to

lecturers, university students and future researcher. For the lecturers, this research

might become a meaningful contribution in teaching vocabulary and exposition

paragraph. For the university students, this research hopefully can be used to study

both the affixes; inflectional and derivational not only from their hand book but also

from school text book.

For the future researcher, the result of this research is expected to be a

previous research for those who are interested in doing similar field of research.
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Free Morpheme and Bound Morpheme

Free morpheme is morphemes that can stand by themselves as single word

(Yule, 2006, p.63). In other word, Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, (2014, p.40) state,

“Free morphemes is whether they can stand alone or whether they must be attached to

a base morpheme”. For example the words of boy, open, girl, and man. Besides that,

there is a bound morpheme. According to Yule (2006, p.63), “Bound morphemes,

which are those forms that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to

another form”. In addition, Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, (2014, p.40) point out,

“Bound Morphemes are never words by themselves but are always parts of words”.

Exemplified as un-, -or, -ed, and -ing. These affixes are bound morphemes and they

are attached at the beginning (prefix), the end (suffix), in the middle (infix), or both at

the beginning and end (circumfix) of a word.

Prefix is an affix attached before a root or stem or base (Katamba, 1993,

p.44). For example un-, (unhappy, unsatisfied), and re- (replay, retell). Suffix is an

affix attached after a root (or stem or base) (Katamba, 1993, p.44). The examples in

English of suffix morphemes are -er (dancer, maker, reader), -ing (walking, standing,

jumping), and -ness (happiness, sadness, goodness). On the other hand, infix is an

affix inserted into the root itself (Katamba, 1993, p.44). For example in Bontoc,

spoken in the Philippines, the infix -um- is inserted after the first consonant of the
noun or adjective. That pusi means ‘poor’ would understand the meaning of pumusi,

‘to be poor’ (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2014, p.41). The last, circumfix is an

affix attached both at the beginning and end of a word.

Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, (2014, p.41) state:

An example of a circumfix language is German. The past participle of

regular verbs is formed by tacking on ge- to the beginning and -t to the end of

the verb root. This circumfix added to the verb root lieb ‘love’ produces

geliebt, ‘loved’ (or ‘beloved,’ when used as an adjective).

2.2 Word Formation Processes

Word as a part of language has important rule in forming a language. Every

time people get more new words unless they know the way it happens. The meaning

of new words form is influenced by the process of forming a word. This process is

usually called word formation process. Word formation process is a way forming new

word such as; etymology, coinage, borrowing, compounding, derivation, blending,

clipping, back formation, conversion and acronym. According to Crystal (2008,

p.523):

Word formation is the term refers to the whole process of

morphological variation in the constitution of words, i.e. including the two

main divisions of inflection (word variations signalling grammatical

relationship) and derivation (word variation signalling lexical relationship).

 Based on the explanations above, the writer concludes that a word formation

can be created from two existing basic form they are inflection and derivation.

2.3 Inflection

According to O’grady et al. (2005, p.127), “Inflection is the modification of a

word’s form to indicate grammatical information of various sort”. Furthemore, Yule

(2006, p.64) states, “Inflectional morphemes are not used to produce new word in the

language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word”. For

example, the English plural suffixes -s in pencil-s is an inflectional suffixes because it

distinguishes the plural form pencils from the singular form pencil. Pencils and

pencil are thus different grammatical form of the same lexeme.

2.3 Derivation

In morphological study, the process to produces new words form can be found in

derivation process. O’grady et al. (2005, p.118), “Derivation is an affixational process

that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its base”. In

line with that, Yule (2006, p.64) points out, “Derivational morphemes are bound

morpheme to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem”.

For example “seller” this word is a form of derivational. The based word is “sell” a

verb form which is added with suffix -er it changes the form be “seller” as a noun.

Besides that, Lado (1964, p.21) defines, “Derivational morphemes can change the core

meaning and often the class of the word, e.g.; book, a noun, plus -ish, a derivational

morpheme produces an adjective, bookish”.

 One of the derivation formation processes is a derivational affix. It is attached

to the based form of a word to create a new word. There are two types of affixes used

in derivational, prefix and suffix. Commonly the derivational prefixes typically

change the meaning of a word but not its lexical category, while derivational suffixes

change the meanings and the word class of the base words.

2.3.1 Derivational Affixes

Some affix creates new word by changing meaning of part of speech are

called derivation. Derivation will create a new word from the base words; it would be

affix that can change the meaning and often the class of word like in the word

popularly. The process of forming new word of popularly built from the word popular

and suffix -ly. The word popular from adjective become adverb because an additional

suffix -ly. The meaning itself are different. For example the word child become

childish because additional of suffix -ish. The suffix -ish change the grammatical

category of the word child from noun become adjective ‘childish’. The word childish

is built from the word child + suffix -ish. Because the suffix -ish are attached in the

word child, it would change the meaning. The word child means “young human

being” and childish means “an adult behaving like a child.” In addition, prefix usually

do not change the lexical category of words like (un-, dis-, re-), they change the

meaning not the lexical category.

The following is list of common derivational prefixes by Katamba (1993, p.

49)
 World-class of Word-class of
Prefix Example
input base output word
in- Adj Adj in-accurate
un- Adj Adj un-kind
un- V V un-tie
dis- V V dis-continue
dis- N (abs) N (abs) dis-order
dis- Adj Adj dis-honest
dis- V V dis-approve
re- V V re-write
ex- N N ex-mayor
en- N V en-cage

2.3.1.1 Group of quantify prefix

According to Plag (2002) prefixes can be divided into some groups. There are

group of quantify over their base words meaning, for example one (uni-, unilateral,

unification), two (bi-, bilateral) many (multi-, and poly-), half (semi-), all (omni-),

small (micro-), large (macro-).

2.3.2 Nomerous Locative Prefixes

The second is nomerous locative prefixes such as circum-, ‘around’, counter

‘against’, endo ‘internal to X’, epi ‘on, over’, inter ‘between’, intra ‘inside’, para

‘along with’, retro ‘back, backward’, trans ‘across’.

2.3.3 Temporal Prefixes

Third, there are temporal prefixes expressing notions like ‘before’ (ante-,

preandfore-, as in antechamber, antedate, preconcert, predetermine, premedical,

forefather,foresee), ‘after’ (post-, poststructuralism, postmodify, postmodern), or

‘new’ (neo-,neoclassical, Neo-Latin).

2.3.4 Negation Prefixes

a(n)-

Plag (2002, 125) states “his prefix only occurs in Latinate adjectives. With

denominal adjectives, the meaning can either be paraphrased as ‘without what is

referred to by the nominal base’, cf. for example achromatic ‘without color’, asexual

‘without sex’, or can be paraphrased as ‘not X’, as in ahistorical, asymmetrical.

Opposites formed by a(n)- are mostly contraries.”

anti-

This prefix express as ‘against, opposing’ like anti-freeze. anti- derivatives are

nouns denoting something like ‘the opposite of an X’ or ‘not having the proper

characteristics of an X’, as in anti-hero, anti-particle, anti-professor(Plag, 2002, 125).

de-

This prefix attaches to verbs and nouns to form reversative or privative verbs:

decolonize, decaffeinate, deflea, depollute, dethrone, deselect. (Plag, 2002, p.126)

dis-
 This suffix uniquely offers the possibility to negate the base verb in much the

same way as clausal negation does: disagree ‘not agree’, disobey ‘not obey’, dislike

‘not like’ (Plag, 2002, 126).

in-

This negative prefix is exclusively found with Latinate adjectives and the

general negative meaning ‘not’. For example incomprehensible, inactive, intolerable,

implausible, illegal,irregular (Plag, 2002, p.126).

mis-

Modifying verbs and nouns (with similar bracketing problems as those

mentioned above for dis-), mis- conveys the meaning ‘inaccurate(ly), wrong(ly)’:

misalign,mispronounce, misreport, misstate, misjoinder, misdemeanor, mistrial. (Plag,

2002, p.126).

non-

When attached to adjectives this prefix has the general meaning of ‘not X’:

nonbiological. either mean ‘absence of X’ or ‘not having the character of X’: non-

delivery.(Plag, 2002, p.126).

2.4 Derivational Suffixes

English derivational suffixes are added to the tail end of a stem (Finegan,

2008, p.46). Therefore, commonly the derivational suffixes usually change the class

of the words.

According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, (2014, p.45) derivational

morphemes have clear semantic content. In this sense they are like content words,

except that they are not words. As we have seen, when a derivational morpheme is

added to a base, it adds meaning. The derived word may also be of a different

grammatical class than the original word.

Form a noun from an adjective, as in book + ish but some derivational

suffixes do not change in grammatical class (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2014,

p.45). For example the base word ‘friend’ is a noun form is added with suffix ‘-ship’,

which than changed into ‘friendship’ as a noun.

The following is common derivational suffixes (adapted from Katamba, 1993).

World-class of Word-class of
Suffix Example
input base output word
-hood N N (abs) Child-hood
-ship N N (abs) King-ship
-ness Adj N (abs) Kind-ness
-ity Adj N (abs) Sincer-ity
-ment V N Govern-ment
-less N Adj Power-less
-ful N Adj Power-ful
-ic N Adj Democrat-ic
-al N Adj Medicin-al
-al V N (abs) Refus-al
-er V N Read-er
-ly Adj Adv Kind-ly
2.4.1 Derivational Suffixes Formation

2.4.1.1 Suffixes forming Nouns

Nouns suffixes are often employed to derive abstract nouns from verbs,

adjectives and nouns. Such abstract nouns can denote actions, results of actions, or

other related concepts, but also properties, qualities and the like (Plag, 2002, p.109).

From a syntactic points of view noun suffixes can be classified into three ways, they

are nouns from nouns, nouns from verbs, and nouns from adjectives.

2.4.1.1.1 Nouns from Nouns

-age
 This suffix derives nouns that express an activity (or its result) as in coverage,

leakage, spillage, and nouns denoting a collective entity or quantity, as in acreage,

voltage, yardage (Plag, 2002, p.109).

-an (and its variants -ian, -ean)

Nouns mark persons and places can take the suffix -an. Derivatives seem to

have the general meaning ‘person having to do with X’ (as in technician, historian,

utopian) (Plag, 2002, p.113).

-cy/-ce

This suffix attaches productively to adjectives in -ant/-ent (convergence,

efficiency,) but also to nouns ending in this string, (agency, presidency). The resulting

derivatives can denote states, properties, qualities or facts (Plag, 2002, p.110).

-dom

Suffix -dom attaches to nouns to form nominals which can be paraphrased as

‘state of being X’ as in apedom, or which refer to collective entities, as in

studentdom, or denote domains, realms or territories as in kingdom (Plag, 2002,

p.111).

-eer
 This is another person noun forming suffix, whose meaning can be

paraphrased as ‘person who deals in, is concerned with, or has to do with X’, as

evidenced in forms (Plag, 2002, p.111). For example auctioneer.

-er (and its orthographic variant -or)

Plag (2002, p.112) says “the suffix -er as its derivatives frequently signify

entities that are active or volitional participants in an event (e.g. teacher, singer,etc.),

apart from performers of actions we find instrument nouns (e.g.blender, mixer), nouns

denoting entities associated with an activity such as diner, lounger. Furthermore, -er

is used to create person nouns indicating place of origin or residence (e.g. Londoner,

New Yorker, Highlander, New Englander), The orthographic variant -or occurs mainly

with Latinate bases ending in /s/or /t/, such as conductor, oscillator, compressor

-(e)ry

Formations in -(e)ry refer to locations. It has the specific meanings such as

‘place where a specific activity is carried out’ or ‘place where a specific article or

service is available’. for example; bakery, brewery, fishery, pottery or cakery (Plag,

2002, p.112).

-ess

This suffix forms female human nouns form unmarked or male human noun,

showing either professional status or the status of the woman’s husband (Bauer, 2002,

p.221). For example is stewardess.

-ette

This suffix is used with some nouns to make nouns describing something

small and female gender (Acquiescence, 2015). For example is kitchenette,

flannelette, suffragette (Bauer, 2002, p.221).

-ful

The nominal suffix -ful derives measure nouns (similar to expressions such as

a lot of, a bunch of) from nominal base words that can be construed as containers:

boatful, cupful, handful, tableful, stickful (Plag, 2002, p.113).

-hood

Similar in meaning to -dom, -hood derivatives express concepts such as

‘state’, as in adulthood, childhood, (Plag, 2002, p.113).

-iana

Bauer (2002, p.221) says “his suffix is added almost exclusively to human

proper noun to form uncountable nouns meaning ‘things, especially literary facts,

connected with the person in the base’. Recent example listed in the OEDS includes

butterfieldiana, etoniana, flunkeyiana, railroadiana.”

-ing

Plag (2002, p.114) says “derivatives with this deverbal suffix denote processes

(begging, running, sleeping) or results (building, wrapping, stuffing). The suffix is

somewhat peculiar among derivational suffixes in that it is primarily used as a verbal

inflectional suffix forming present participles.”

-ism

Forming abstract nouns from other nouns and adjectives, derivatives

belonging to this category denote the related concepts state, condition, attitude,

system of beliefs or theory, as in blondism, parkinsonism, marxism (Plag, 2002,

p.113).

-ship

Suffix -ship forms nouns denoting ‘state’ or ‘condition’. Similar in meaning to

derivatives in -age, -hood and -dom. Base words are mostly person nouns as in

friendship, membership, statesmanship, vicarship (Plag, 2002, p.116).

2.4.1.1.2 Nouns from Verbs

-al

A number of verbs take -al to form abstract nouns denoting an action or the

result of an action, such as arrival, overthrowal, recital, referral, renewal (Plag, 2002,

p.109).
-ance (with its variants -ence/-ancy/-ency)

Plag (2002, p.110) says “attaching mostly to verbs, -ance creates action nouns

such as absorbance, riddance, retardance. The suffix is closely related to -cy/-

ce, which attaches productively to adjectives ending in the suffix -ant/-ent.”

Thus, a derivative like dependency could be analyzed as having two suffixes (depend-

ent-cy) or only one (depend-ency).

-ant

This suffix forms count nouns referring to persons (often in technical or legal

discourse, cf. (applicant, defendant) or to substances involved in biological, chemical,

or physical processes (attractant, dispersant,). Most bases are verbs (Plag, 2002,

p.109).

-ation

Suffix -ation is added to verb to form nouns showing action, process, state,

condition, or result compare. According to Bauer (2002, p.221), “Suffixation in -ation

in extremely (possibly fully) productive where the base ends in the suffix -ize -

categorization but is also found with bases comprising simplex lexemes formation’.

-ary

Suffix -ary is added to verb to form nouns showing thing or person belonging

to or connected with as in word dispense, dispensary (Bauer, 2002, p.222).

-ee

This suffix forms human patient noun from verb. It appears to be becoming

more productive in current English, and recent words in -ee include blackmailee,

curee, employee (Bauer, 2002, p.222).

-ment

This suffix derives action nouns denoting processes or results from verbs,

with a strong preference for monosyllables or disyllabic base words with stress on the

last syllable (e.g. assessment, endorsement) (Plag, 2002, p.116).

-ure

This suffix forms abstract nominalizations from verbs, e.g. close > closure

(Bauer, 2002, p.222).

2.4.1.1.3 Nouns from Adjectives

-cy/-ce

As already mentioned in connection with the suffix -ancy, this suffix attaches

productively to adjectives in -ant/-ent (e.g. convergence, efficiency), but also to nouns

ending in this string, as is the case with agency, presidency, regency (Plag, 2002,

p.110).
-ion

Derivatives in –ion, it marks events or results of processes. This suffix used to

form noun from adjectives (communion), verbs (opinion), and especially past

participle (allusion, creation) (Plag, 2002, p.114).

-ism

Forming abstract nouns from other nouns and adjectives, derivatives

belonging to this category marks the related concepts state, condition, attitude, system

of beliefs or theory, as in blondism, parkinsonism, respectively (Plag, 2002, p.114).

-ist

This suffix derives nouns mark persons, mostly from nominal and adjectival

bases (ballonist, careerist, fantasist, minimalist) (Plag, 2002, p.115).

-ity

According to Plag, (2002. p.115), “Words belonging to this morphological

category are nouns denoting qualities, states or properties usually derived from

Latinate adjectives (e.g. curiosity, productivity, loyalty, honesty).”

-ness
 According to Plag (2002, p.116), “Quality noun forming -ness is perhaps the

most productive suffix of English. This suffix can attach to practically any adjectives

and apart from adjectival base words”. For example are happiness, sadness, and etc.

-th

This is suffix forming nouns of action or process, state or condition

(Acquiescence, 2015). For example is warmth (Bauer, 2002, p.222).

2.4.1.2 Suffixes Forming Verbs

Verbs suffixes are formation of verb forms which added affix in the tail end of

it word. From a syntactic points of view noun suffixes can be classified into two

ways, verb from noun and verb from adjective.

2.4.1.2.1 Verbs from Nouns

-ate

This suffix represents a rather heterogeneous group. There is a class of

derivatives with chemical substances as bases, which systematically exhibit so called

native and regulative meanings (Plag, 2002, p.116). For examples are fluorinate and

methane.

-ify
 Suffix -ify is used to make, cause (makes the word a verb). This suffix

attaches to base words that are either monosyllabic, stressed on the final syllable or

end in unstressed /I/ (Plag, 2002, p.117). For example such as beautify.

-ize

Both -ize and -ify are polysemous suffixes, which can express a whole range

of related concepts such as locative, ornative, causative/factitive, resultative,

inchoative, per formative (Plag, 2002, p.118). For example apologize.

2.4.1.2.2 Verb from Adjective

-en

The Germanic suffix -en attaches to monosyllables that end in a plosive,

fricative or affricate. Most bases are adjectives (e.g. blacken), but a few nouns can

also be found (e.g. strengthen). The meaning of -en formations can be described as

causative ‘make (more) X’ (Plag, 2002, p.117).

2.4.1.2.3 Suffixes forming Adjectives

Adjectives suffixes are formation of adjective words which is added affix in

the tail end of it word. From a syntactic points of view noun suffixes can be classified
into three ways, they are adjectives from noun, adjectives from verb, and adjectives

from adjective.

2.4.1.2.3.1 Adjectives from Nouns

-al

According to Bauer (2002, p.223) this suffix is relatively unmarked

semantically, providing adjectival forms with no major change in meaning, forms

which can then be used to replace the attributive use of the corresponding noun, for

instance educational. This suffix is frequently added to already suffixed forms,

especially where the earlier suffix shows nominalization: e.g. environmental,

transformational.

-ary

Plag (2002, p.120) says: “Again a relational adjective-forming suffix, -ary

usually attaches to nouns, as in fragmentary, legendary, precautionary. We find stress-

shifts only with polysyllabic base nouns ending in -ment (cf. compliméntary vs.

mómentary)”.

-ed

This suffix derives adjectives with the general meaning ‘having X, being

provided with X’, as in broad-minded, and wooded (Plag, 2002, P.120).

-esque

This suffix is added both to common (picturesque) and to proper noun

(junoesque), and is still productive in both usage, though more productive added to

propoer nouns which are the names of people (Bauer, 2002, p.224).

-ful

Adjectival -ful has the general meaning ‘having X, being characterized by x’

and is typically attached to abstract nouns, as in beautiful, insightful, but verbal bases

are not uncommon (e.g. forgetful, mournful,) (Plag, 2002, p.118)”.

-ic

This suffix is used to having the character or form, relating to, and coming

from or containing (Acquiescence, 2015). Besides that, Plag (2002, p.118) says,

“Derivatives in -ic are stressed on the penultimate syllable, with stress beingshifted

there, if necessary (e.g. héro-heróic, párasite- parasític)”

-ing

This suffix marks causing effect. Plag (2002, p.121) says “this verbal

inflectional suffix primarily forms present participles, which can in general also be

used as adjective in attributive positions (and as nouns, see above). The grammatical

status of a verb suffixed by -ing in predicative position is not always clear. In the
changing weather the -ing form can be analyzed as an adjective, but in the weather is

changing we should classify it as a verb (in particular as a progressive form).

-less

This suffix is added very productively to common nouns, partly because there

is no other affix which competes with it (Bauer, 2002, p.224). careless and hopeless

are the examples.

-ly

This suffix is appended to nouns and adjectives. With base nouns denoting

persons, - ly usually conveys the notion of ‘in the manner of X’ or ‘like an X’, as in

brotherly, daughterly, fatherly (Plag, 2002, p.118).

-ous

Suffix -ous marks full of, or quality, nature. According to Plag (2002, p.118),

“This suffix derives adjectives from nouns and bound roots, the vast majority being

of Latinate origin (curious, barbarous, famous, synonymous, tremendous)”.

-y

This suffix is added to form adjective from noun. Suffix -y usually conveys

having the qualities of something: made of or seeming to be made of something

(Acquiescence, 2015). For example, cat + -y becomes - catty (Bauer, 2002, p.224).
2.4.1.2.3.2 Adjectives from Verbs

-able

According to Plag (2002, p.118) says “Phonologically, -able exhibits diverse

properties. Only some lexicalized derivatives exhibit stress shift (e.g. cómparable),

and base verbs in -ate are often, but not systematically, truncated, as in allocable and

irritable”.

-ive

Suffix -ive marks a tendency, inclination, character, or quality. According to

Plag (2002, p.118), “This suffix forms adjectives mostly from Latinate verbs and

bound roots that end in [t] or [s]: connective, explosive, fricative, offensive, passive,

preventive, primitive, receptive, speculative”

-less

Semantically, -less can be seen as antonymic to -ful, with the meaning being

paraphrasable as ‘without X’: expressionless, hopeless, speechless, thankless (Plag,

2002, p.122).

2.4.1.2.3.3 Adjectives from Adjectives

-ish

This suffix can attach to adjectives (e.g. clearish, freeish,), numerals

(fourteenish), adverbs (soonish, uppish), to convey the concept of ‘somewhat X,

vaguely X’. When attached to nouns referring to human e.g. childish (Plag, 2002,

p.121).

-ly

This suffix is appended to nouns and adjectives. With base nouns denoting

persons, -ly usually conveys the notion of ‘in the manner’ or ‘like’, as in brotherly.

Other common types of derivative have bases denoting temporal concepts daily or

directions easterly (Plag, 2002, p.122).

2.4.1.2.4 Suffixes forming Adverbs

Adverbs suffixes are formation of adverb words which is added affix in the

tail end of it word. From a syntactic points of view noun suffixes can be classified

into two ways, they are adverb from adjective and adverb from noun. The main

suffixes is forming adverbs, -ly, -wise, and -ward.

2.4.1.2.4.1 Adverb from Adjective

-ly

Suffix -ly means certain manner. This suffix totally product to adjectives, as in

kindly (Katamba, 1993, p.50).

2.4.1.2.4.2 Adverbs from Nouns

-wise

This suffix derives adverbs from nouns, with two distinguishable sub-groups:

manner/dimension adverbs, and so-called view-point adverbs (Plag, 2002, p.123). for

example crosswise and lengthwise.

-ward

This suffix previously is added to particles, e.g. afterward(s), homeward(s) is

now added mainly to nouns, as in earthward(s) and homeward(s) (Bauer, 2002,

p.225).
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Approach

In order to have an understandable research, the writer gives an focus in

analyzing affixes in exposition paragraph that is found in tenth grade senior high

school’s K13 English book. This research explain derivational affixes, it means

researcher explain how words change because they are attached by affixes.

3.2 Methodology

Based on the type of analyzing the data, in this study applies the qualitative

research which the data is analyzed by explaining descriptively. According to Hughes

(2003, P.ix) qualitative research means that study things in their natural settings. In

the other hand, the writer analyzes in authentic data. Becker also says in flick’s book

(2009, p.90) Qualitative research comprises a specific understanding of the relation

between issue and method. In the other side, this study has an issue that affixes occur

in exposition paragraph.
3.2 Population and Sample

3.2.1 Population

According to Arikunto (2001, p.108), “Population is the entire subject of

research.” Therefore, the population is a subject that is needed before doing an

analysis in research. Tenth grade senior high school’s K13 English book as population

in this research.

3.2.2 Sample

According to Levy and Lemeshow (2008, p.1), “sample is a subset of

individuals selected from a larger population.” From that definition, it can be meant

that sample is taken from the population. The sample in this study is a words are

attached by affixes.

3.3 Instrument

Instrument is a tool in collecting data. It is supported by Kumar (2014, p. 40).

He stated, “to collect data specifically for a study, it needs either to construct a

research instrument or to select on that has already constructed.” The instrument of

this study is a writer. In collecting the data the writer sees some phenomena around

him.
3.4 The Procedure of Data Collection

In collecting the data, researcher collect the data base on exposition paragraph

which occur in tenth grade senior high school’s K13 English book.

3.5 The Procedure of Data Analysis

The procedure of data analysis in this research is as follows:

Identifying

The writer tries to identify words are attached by affixes

Classifying

After identifying words, he classifies every word that is attached by affixes in prefix,

infix or suffix.

Explaining

The research explain how words change after affixes are attached.