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Ijetae Ncmira 0113 01
Ijetae Ncmira 0113 01
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 (Online), An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Special Issue 2, January 2013)
National conference on Machine Intelligence Research and Advancement (NCMIRA, 12), INDIA.
Index Terms— Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Power System Stability, Fuzzy Logic controller.
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University (SMVDU), Kakryal, Katra, INDIA. Page 1
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 (Online), An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Special Issue 2, January 2013)
National conference on Machine Intelligence Research and Advancement (NCMIRA, 12), INDIA.
Several applications of the fuzzy logic control (FLC) in To reflect the charging and discharging characteristics
power system stabilizers have been reported and shown of the battery cells, a comprehensive non-linear model
to be effective through simulation and experimental has been used Due to the non-linear nature of the internal
verifications. resistance of the battery cells, different curves are used
In this paper, an effective and easy-to-understand Fuzzy for charging and discharging depending on the state of
Logic based algorithm is employed to control the BESS to charge. The equivalent circuit of a battery cell is shown in
improve power system stability. With the proposed FLC Fig 2.
control scheme, the active and reactive power outputs of
the BESS can be rapidly controlled. FLC is model-free in
nature, requires less development time and can handle
highly complicated and non-linear systems, etc. With
these virtues and assets, FLC has been regarded as one of
the most suitable substitution for the conventional control
techniques.
This paper also reports on the use of a new control
strategy based on hysteresis technique to control the
AC/DC converter of the BESS. This has the advantage of
reducing the complexity of the converter control. The
detailed BESS model and its controller proposed in this Fig. 2 Battery equivalent circuit
paper are suitable not only for dynamic but also transient The AC/DC converter, rated at 20 MVA, such that the
study of the performance of the BESS. BESS can provide up to 10 MW, 17.3 MVAr, is used to
interface between the AC power system and DC
II. B ATTERY ENERGY S TORAGE SYSTEM (BESS) battery.The schematic diagram of the converter is shown in
The schematic diagram of the BESS is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 3.
Fig. 1 Schematic Diagram of BESS Plant Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of AC/DC converter
The main components of BESS are Battery bank, In the control circuit, the angular speed of the
Power. Switching module associated with AC/DC generator and the BESS ac terminal voltages are omega and
converter Control system, Transformer & AC supply. The Vabc_2 respectively. Omega* represent the angular speed
battery bank consists of a set of battery cells connected in after the measurement devices. Omega* is then compared
parallel and series. The batteries of the BESS is rated at 10 with angular speed reference, to obtain the angular speed
MW, 40 MWh. Ultra capacitors (0.5F) are placed in deviation. Based on this deviation, the controllers
parallel with the battery bank to stabilize the terminal determine the needs to be supplied by the BESS.
voltage.
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University (SMVDU), Kakryal, Katra, INDIA. Page 2
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 (Online), An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Special Issue 2, January 2013)
National conference on Machine Intelligence Research and Advancement (NCMIRA, 12), INDIA.
With reference to Pbes, Qbes and Vt* the thetaref, embedded processors. This capability is useful for coding
phase angle, and Ipeak_ref, peak value, of BESS phase algorithms. The phase locked loop system can be used to
current target can be determined. At the same time, freq, synchronize on variable frequency sinusoidal signal. The
the frequency of the BESS terminal voltage, is also saturation block imposes upper and lower bounds on a
acquired from the system. Based on, Ipeakref and freq, signal. When input signal is within a range specified by
the reference phase currents of the BESS can be generated lower limit and upper limit parameter, the input signal
as follows for use in the hysteresis control. The passes through unchanged.
embedded MATLAB function allows to you add matlab When input signal is outside of these bounds, the signal
functions to simulink models for development of is clipped to upper or lower bound.
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University (SMVDU), Kakryal, Katra, INDIA. Page 3
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 (Online), An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Special Issue 2, January 2013)
National conference on Machine Intelligence Research and Advancement (NCMIRA, 12), INDIA.
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University (SMVDU), Kakryal, Katra, INDIA. Page 4
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 (Online), An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Special Issue 2, January 2013)
National conference on Machine Intelligence Research and Advancement (NCMIRA, 12), INDIA.
Each fuzzy set is defined by a triangular membership IV. RESULTS
function to form a set of seven normalized and symmetrical
triangular membership functions for each fuzzy variable.
The input gains K,, K, and the output gain K 3, shown
in Fig. 7, are used to fine tune the FLC. The fine-tuning of
FLC is carried out in off-line mode using the guided search
algorithm.
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University (SMVDU), Kakryal, Katra, INDIA. Page 5
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 (Online), An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Special Issue 2, January 2013)
National conference on Machine Intelligence Research and Advancement (NCMIRA, 12), INDIA.
It leading to an increase in accelerating power. At
that time the fuzzy controller forces the BESS to
absorb a large amount of active power to limit the
maximum angular excursion. Although the machine would
still continue to swing outward, but now the speed is
decreasing from maximum to zero. The reduction of the
speed is due to the present of decelerating power during
this period of outward swing where the power mismatch is
negative, Pm - Pe < 0. To help limit the maximum angular
excursion, the fuzzy controller forces the BESS to continue
to absorb the real power smoothly with decreasing
magnitude. After that a little amount of real power is
injected into the system to compensate for the decelerating
power in an attempt to minimize the backswing.
Fig. 10 shows the response of BESS active and reactive
power outputs. As shown 10, when the angular frequency
of G2 increases, the BESS active power output
becomes negative and hence as far as the system is
concerned, the BESS looks like a braking resistance and
when the angular frequency of G2 reduces the BESS active
power output becomes positive and hence BESS acts like a
generator of active power. On the other hand, when the
angular frequency of G2 increases, the BESS reactive
power output becomes positive to raise the BESS terminal
voltage and thus increase the load demand of the system
and when the angular frequency of G2 reduces the BESS
reactive power output becomes negative to reduce the
electric power of the system. In this way a very effective
damping is provided by the BESS. The BESS battery
terminal voltage is shown to oscillate accordingly, i.e.
when the BESS active power output is negative, the
batteries of the BESS are being charged and therefore
the battery terminal voltage increases, on the other hand
when the BESS active power output is positive, the
batteries of the BESS are being discharged, and therefore
the terminal voltage drops. In spite of the many
advantages offered by the hysteresis control of the ACDC
converter of the BESS, the high frequency charging and
discharging of the battery bank due to the switching
actions of the converter can shorten the life of the batteries.
Fig. 9 Angular Speed Deviation of 3 generators with Three Phase
Fault (a) Without BESS (b) With FLC control
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University (SMVDU), Kakryal, Katra, INDIA. Page 6
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 (Online), An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Special Issue 2, January 2013)
National conference on Machine Intelligence Research and Advancement (NCMIRA, 12), INDIA.
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University (SMVDU), Kakryal, Katra, INDIA. Page 7
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 (Online), An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Special Issue 2, January 2013)
National conference on Machine Intelligence Research and Advancement (NCMIRA, 12), INDIA.
The system response in this situation is of multi-mode V. CONCLUSIONS
oscillations and is nearly un-damped. However, when the In this thesis, a novel hysteresis FLC based control
FLC controlled BESS is connected to the system, the scheme is described and proposed for controlling BESS to
angular speed of both G2 and G3 can return to its pre- enhance system damping of an interconnected two-area
disturbance value in less than 3 seconds and significance system under both large and small disturbances.
damping improvement in GI can be observed. The simulation results of the FLC controlled BESS in all
scenarios chosen show that the BESS is effective
in providing significant extra damping, even though the
BESS capacity is only a very small fraction of the total
generating system capacity.
The results confirm that the FLC can offer a robust
performance in damping power system oscillation over a
variety of disturbances. Using the proposed control
scheme, the BESS can provide appropriate rapid active
and reactive power exchange with the power system to
damp the system oscillation and enable the system to
return back to its steady state operating condition in a
minimum time after disturbances.
A detailed model of the BESS, including the non- linear
characteristics of the battery cells both in their charging
and discharging mode, has been formulated and
implemented in this thesis. A novel hysteresis control of
the AC/DC converter associated with the BESS has been
suggested. Such a strategy reduces the complexity of the
control system and ensures tight control of BESS active
and reactive power outputs.
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Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University (SMVDU), Kakryal, Katra, INDIA. Page 8
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 (Online), An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Special Issue 2, January 2013)
National conference on Machine Intelligence Research and Advancement (NCMIRA, 12), INDIA.
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Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University (SMVDU), Kakryal, Katra, INDIA. Page 9