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INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PAPER

HRDC - Lahore

GLOBAL ARMS INDUSTRY

PA-55202 Lt M. Salman Ibraheem

34 Lancers

Instructor
Brig (R) Tariq Sohail

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Acknowledgment

At its opening, I would take opportunity to express gratitude and thanks

to my instructor Brig (R) Tariq Sohail without whose able guidance and
continuous supervision this paper would not have been possible. For his
efforts I am extremely grateful to my instructor for having left no stone
unturned in enlightening us and educating us on subjects we could not
and would not have possibly grasped without him.

I would state with quite surety that without our competent instructors
patience with me and his inspiring intellectual prowess, I would not have
been able to begin, much less conclude my IRP.

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Theme

The international arms industry, sometimes referred to as the defense

industry or the arms trade, is an industry manufacturing and selling
weapons and technology at the global level. It comprises of a
commercial sector involved in the research and development of military
grade materials, equipment, and facilities. Corporations involved in this
business are referred to as arms dealers, contractors, or as the military
industry, producing weapons for the militaries of states and civilians.
Public sector departments also operate in the arms industry, purchasing
and retailing weapons, munitions and other military bibelots. Related to
this is an arsenal, a place where arms and ammunition are
manufactured, maintained and stored privately or publicly. Products
which might be associated with such setups include guns, artillery,
ammunition, missiles, aircraft, vehicles, naval vessels, electronics,
NVDs, weapon sights, rangefinders, grenades, landmines and more.
The industry also provides other logistical and operational support and is
worth more than trillion dollars internationally. The industry has a legacy
beginning from the time of Charlemagne, running through international
conflicts and emerging into the 21st Century.

‘Merchants of death’ as they are branded, have been rumoured to have

instigated, spurred and on several occasions actively fuelled wars for the
benefit of their profits and coffers. All these shall be discussed through
the course of this paper.

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Abstract

The international arms industry is a global conglomerate of corporations

and companies churning out, manufacturing, selling, purchasing,
retailing and developing products, weapons and technology of military
use which include vehicles, equipment, weapons, ammunitions, aircraft
and all accoutrements of military value. The foundations of the industry
as we know today, was laid during the series of European wars in the
19th Century, when corporations such as Krupp, Nordenfelt, Thorsten
and Whitworth were contracted by their respective governments to
produce military equipment ranging from boots and bullets to cannons.

Over the decades, the defense complex snowballed into a massive

oligopoly which all but virtually controlled the sale, development and
control of military grade equipment.
Due to the intricacy and lengthy nature of this topic, it shall be
summarised to as much an extent as possible in three parts to better
elaborate and further the understanding on the topic:-

 Part 1 will deal with the conception, growth and effects of

the global military industrial complex in the 19th Century.
 Part 2 will analyse in depth the actions, effects and
repercussions of the industries mushrooming in additions
to its relations and functions in major global conflicts.
 Part 3 shall analyse the intricacies and its effect on this
region of the globe as well as recommend points to either
curtail or enhance the industries abilities in relation to
Pakistan.

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Preface

No tool has played as massive a role in the development and progress

of mankind as that of weapons and tools of war. Throughout the
centuries the international weapons industry has grown from medieval
blacksmiths hammering into form the swords and plates of knights to the
behemoth of an industry we are witness to today; rolling out billions of
tons worth of military equipment including ordnance which possess the
ability to ravage the earth from pole to pole.

As of these times, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

estimates that in 2012 alone expenditures were roughly $1.8 trillion
making it one of the largest businesses on the globe. Combined arms
sales of the top 100 weapon producers alone companies stood at an
estimated $395 billion in 2012. The biggest exporters of arms of varying
grades from 2010 to 2014 were the United States, Russia, China,
Germany and France, and the five biggest importers were India, Saudi
Arabia, China, the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan.
During the course of this paper, I shall attempt to dissect and answer the
questions of how the industry was born? What exactly spurred its
growth, who were the major players who constituted the field during its
early years and how it affected and shaped the course of history
throughout ages.

All these inquiries shall be answered, discussed and shed light on to the
best of the authors ability.

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The Global Arms Industry

Introduction

1. The 19th Century saw France, the UK, Netherlands and states in the
German confederation became self-sufficient in arms production, with
the exodus of skilled labour bringing Portugal and Russia into the
modern age of weaponry as well
2. The arms industry as we know today came about in the second half of
the 1800s as a byproduct of large military-industrial firms. Owing to the
inability of states like Russia and Japan to manufacture the latest military
equipment with existing resources and capacity contracts for the
manufacture of such military equipment were hence awarded to firms
and corporation based in such countries which had witnessed the full
might of the industrial revolution.
3. The British government in 1854, two tears prior to the Crimean War
awarded a contract to Elswick Ordnance for the procurement of his
state-of-the-art breech loading rifled artillery. This singular actions
prompted the private sector to invest and look into new vistas of
weapons production, with surplus stocks being normally exported to
foreign clients. Armstrong likewise, became one of the first international
arms and ordinance dealers, selling his systems to governments across
the globe. In successive chapters this paper shall further enumerate how
this tiny complex snowballed into the industry we see today.
Aim
4. The aim of this paper shall be to study and evaluate the beginnings,
growth and effects as well as the players who left marks on the industry
and hence shaped the course of human history.

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Sequence

5. This research paper shall be sequenced as following in the interests

of brevity and clarity:

a. Part 1 – Birth & Growth

(1) Roots of the trade
(2) Early arms-producers
(3) Industry during conflicts
(4) Effects on Europe and the world

b. Part 2 – Spread & Internationalization

(1) 20th Century arms industry
(2) Manufacturers by state

c. Part 3 – Cold War and Today

(1) Post-World War Two Industry
(2) Pakistan & the arms industry

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Part -1
Birth & Growth

Roots of the trade

6. In the early 19th Century, European powers France, Britian and the
Netherlands as well as Germany began indigenous production of
weaponry, further hastened by the industrial revolution, which had
allowed for the large scale manufacture of steel and heavy equipment.
The arms industry’s foundations were laid in the second half of the
nineteenth century as subsidiary and expansion of European military-
industrial companies. In 1854, UK government awarded the contract for
modern breech loading rifled artillery to Elswick Ordnance of William
Armstrong making it one of the worlds first large commercial orders for
military equipment. This single action galvanised the private sector into
arms manufacturing as businesses realised the potential of it. Armstrong
became one of the worlds first arms dealers, selling his arms and
systems to states across the globe, from North America to Asia.

7. 1884 saw the first shipyard at Elswick that specialised in the

manufacture of warships making it the only such facility in the world to
completely fabricate and arm a warship on its own. The shipyard
manufactured warships for navies the world over, including the
Japanese Navy and the Greek Navy. The effects of this sprouting arms
industry can be judged from the fact that Armstrong’s cruisers and
warships played an important role in the defeat of the Russian fleet at
the Battle of Tsushima in 1905.
8. On the other side of thr Atlantic, the American Civil War was in full
swing and in 1861 the union had a clear advantage over the
confederacy as it largely employed breech-loading rifle against the
muskets of the south. This was the launch of the major industrial
production of mechanised weapons in the United States.
9. Prussia was not to be left behind and in 1866 it enhanced its
indigenous defence production, defeating Austria and France in
conflicts. Meanwhile, the machine gun had been invented and saw large
scale employment in militariesr. Germany took the lead in innovation of
arms and used this weapon nearly defeating the allies in World War I.

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10. France decided to consolidate this increasingly lucrative form of

trade and in 1885 repealed its ban on weapon exports. Due to the
bloodshed in the First World War , arms traders and weapon
manufacturers garnered the reputation as "merchants of death" and
accused of instigating and perpetuating conflict to maximise their profits
from arms sales. An inquiry into such allegations in Britain failed support
it..
Early Arms-Producers
11. Elswick Ordnance Company. Founded in 1859 as a separation of
William Armstrong's weapons
business from other interests and
to avoid a conflict of interest
because Armstrong had been
serving as an Engineer of Rifled
Ordnance and the company's main
client was the UK Government.
Armstrong took no special interest
in the corporation until 1864 when
he retired, and Elswick Ordnance
was re-united with the businesses
to form Sir W.G. Armstrong & Company. Elswick Ordnance was the
arms branch of the company and successively of Armstrong Whitworth.
Elswick’s main customer during the early years was the crown, but the it
abandoned Armstrong’s guns in the mid-1860s due to displeasure with
Armstrong's mechanisms, and in its place built its own rifled muzzle-
loaders at Woolwich. This caused Elswick to switch to exports their guns
until the 1880s when the government again procured guns from the
EOC. Elswick was one of the largest arms developers before and during
the Great War.
12. Steyr. This particular site in the
12th and 13th century had been known
as an industrial site for forging arms for
the royal armies. The duties assigned for the iron and steel production,
particularly for melee weapons, was reintroduced by the Duke Albert in
1287. Following the Thirty Years' War, scores of firearms were produced
yearly for the Imperial Army. 1821 saw Leopold Werndl, working as a
blacksmith in Steyr, who began manufacturing iron components for
weapons. Josef Werndl on April 16, 1864 founded the "Josef und Franz

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Werndl & Comp.which led to ,since 1869, the Steyr Mannlicher firearm
production company. The company patented an advanced repeating rifle
for use in the Austro-Hungarian Army. In 1890, the Mannlicher M1901,
and the Steyr-Hahn M1912 became noteworthy models in firearm
technology which can be understood by the fact that the firm, at the
beginning of World War I had more than 15,000 employees and a
production capacity of 4,000 weapons in a single day.
13. Rheinmetall. Rheinische Metallwaren- und Maschinenfabrik which is
its complete name, was
founded in 1889 at Düsseldorf
by Heinrich Ehrhardt. taking
on a contract that Hörder
Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein
could not fulfill. At the turn of
the century Dreysesche
Gewehrfabrik, Munitions- und Waffenfabrik was added to Rheinmetall.
After the Great War, due to the treaty limitations imposed on Germany,
Rheinmetall switched to producing non-military items .In 1935, the Reich
nationalised a large part of it. The company began to manufacture guns
for tanks used by the Wehrmacht as well as anti-tank guns. Factories
were damaged by bombing during World War II leading to transfer to
eastern Germany and remote areas of Poland. t was not until 1956 that
the company resumed production following a ban on arms production.
The companys name was changed to Rheinmetall Berlin AG.
14. Mauser. Peter Paul Mauser was born on
27 June 1838, in Oberndorf am Neckar,
Württemberg. Peter was conscripted in 1859
as an artilleryman and served at the
Ludwigsburg arsenal, working as a gunsmith.
In December 1859 he had so impressed his
superiors that he was posted to the factory at
Oberndorf. Paul wa aided by his older brother
Wilhelm, working on a new firearm system in
their spare time after work. Paul's earliest
invention was a cannon. His skill in producing
both the gun and its ammunition followed
during his entire career and made him unique in this ability in
comparison to his peers. The success of the Dreyse needle gun made
Paul turn his energies to improving the design and producing a new one.

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While the original needle gun used a pin that pierced the base of the
cartridge to ignite the primer in the middle, Mauser soon developed a
needle that ignited the charge at the base, a superior design and hence
the firm went from strength to strength, eventually growing to be one of
the largest and finest Eurpoean arms manufacturers.

Industry During Conflicts

15. World War One. The First World War saw the largest mobilization
of militaries and their associated arms and technology. Before the
declaration of hostilities, the US DoD financed laboratories on a small
scale as well as independent inventors and industrial firms. A similar
situation persisted in Europe where military related scientific research
and development was mostly government funded and similarly saw a
turn towards the private sector as the war progressed. These cutting
edge technologies morphed to trench warfare and static warfare, caused
the reversal of the traditional advantage of flexblility and the use of
tactics based on mobility. Militaries turned to corporations and private
firms for even newer technologies, leading to the introduction of
weapons such as tanks and aircraft which had a massive impact on
warfare; similarly the use of poison gas made a tremendous
psychological impact, however favored neither side. Firms such as
Vickers, Armstrong-Whitworth and Elswick were contracted by the crown
and allied forces to supply weapons such as the Machine gun, tanks,
biplanes, airships and heavy weapons to the deployed formations. The
Royal Navy received the large, formidable Dreadnoughts and Cruisers
from privately owned shipyards effectively swinging the war in the favour
of the alliance.
16. World War Two. World War I was known as the chemists’ war, in
which case World War II was the physicists’ war. As is the case other
total wars, it is tough to identify lines between military funded and more
spontaneous private military-scientific research, which was a similar
case during World War II. Quite before the war with Poland, nationalism
was the driving force in the German defence industry. Investigations and
research for the possibility of a nuclear device began as early as 1939 at
the initiative of civilian scientists, after which in 1942 militaries were
heavily involved. An example is the German nuclear project which had
two independent branches, a civilian team and a military-controlled team

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to augment each others performance, the latter being aimed at

producing a bomb.
America meanwhile saw the Manhattan Project and the development of
much more extensive military-scientific progress, being massive
compared to previous involvement of civilan and private assets in the
public sector. On the Allied side were large-scale weapon producers in
the fields of aviation, heavy weaponry etc, such as Grumman, Fairchild,
Supermarine, Vickers, Colt, General Motors, Cadillac, Lockheed Martin
and similarly on the Axis side firms of a massive scale existed such as
Junkers, Messerschimdt, Krupp, Rheinmetall, Focke-Wulf, Mistubishi,
Kawasaki being the largest and the most successful of arms producers
contributing huge number of materials and equipment to their cause.
Effects on Europe and the World
17. The uncontrolled growth of the military industrial complex in the early
twentieth century caused a crowding of frms and corporations active in
the defence industry. Rumours began to arise that conflicts were
instigated by these very firms in order to maximise their profits as was
the accusation levelled against Basil Zaharoff and the Nordenfelt
corporation. The pace at which these companies produced technology
and weaponry was so fast that it drastically affected the laws of war as
conflicts became even more horrific and bloody thanks to the acquisition
of such lethal weaponry. Simultaneously, the cost of these weapons and
equipment skyrocketed making it a massive burden on the exchequer.
Since the European market was fully saturated with suppliers and
quickly running out of demand, these firms switched to selling their toold
of war abroad to third world and developing countries with horrendous
consequences.
18. States which could barely afford basic infrastructure found
themselves being caught in arms races as was the case in the Sub-
Continent in the second half of the twentieth century. At the same tim
wars grew bloodier and more gruesome leading to a high death toll in
these third world countries. Hence, the mushrooming European defence
industry, and the western military industrial complex effectively shoved
the entire world into a perpetual arms race and a continuous conflict
where being left out was not an option, owing to the pace at which newer
weaponry was developed and outmoded.

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Part -2
Spread & Internationalization

19. Twentieth Century Arms Industry

In the 20th Century, firms and companies involved in the production and
manufacture of military grade equipment are known as the military–
industrial complex (MIC) and is basically an informal alliance between a
states military and the private and civil defense industry which equips it.
One of the main reasons for this relationship between the public and
private sector was that both sides benefited, one side from acquiring
weapons, and the other being paid for its manufacture. The magnitude
of the military industrial complex can be judged from the fact that
President Dwight D. Eisenhower talked about its dangers on January 17,
1961.
Surprisingly, a similar thesis was expressed by Daniel Guérin, who in his
book Fascism and Big Business in 1936 wrote about the fascist
government support to the arms industry and the military industrial
complex. He wrote about, "an informal and changing coalition of groups
with vested psychological, moral, and material interests in the
continuous development and maintenance of high levels of weaponry, in
preservation of colonial markets and in military-strategic conceptions of
internal affairs." Franz Leopold also wrote about the industry in
Neumann's book Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National
Socialism in 1942, a study of how Nazism came into a position of power
in a democratic state.
The Cold War further hastened the growth and expansion of the military
arms industry owing to the arms race and spread and proliferation of
weapons and arms across the globe. Firms such as Grumman,
Lockheed Martin, BAe Systems, Lycoming and General Dynamics
further expanded their operations to other continents and regions. The
formation of NATO and Warsaw Pact and global militarization and a
state of perpetual war, where every nation attempted to bolster its
arsenal through the acquisition of the latest weaponry. Hence, the
influence of western military economy expanded and overflowed to parts
of the globe that had uptil then remained peaceful and without conflict.

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20. Major Manufacturers by State

Defence is a multi-trillion dollar industry, which has transformed the
world and human history more than any other business or human activity
in history. Below are the major defence corporations according to their
profits, sales and percentage of the global market.

Arms % of Total
R Total
Coy Cty sales Total Marke employ-
k profit
(US$ m.) t ent

Lockheed
1 US 35,490 45,500 78 2,981 115,000
Martin

2 Boeing US 30,700 86,623 35 4,585 168,400

BAE
3 UK 26,820 28,406 94 275 84,600
Systems

4 Raytheon US 21,950 23,706 93 2,013 63,000

Northrop
5 US 20,200 24,661 82 1,952 65,300
Grumman

General
6 US 18,660 31,218 60 2,357 96,000
Dynamics

7 Airbus EU 15,740 78,693 20 1,959 144,060

United
Technolog
8 ies US 11,900 62,626 19 5,721 212,000
Corporatio
n

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Arms % of Total
R Total
Coy Cty sales Total Marke employ-
k profit
(US$ m.) t ent

Leonardo-
9 Finmecca Italy 10,560 21,292 50 98 63,840
nica

Thales Franc
10 10,370 18,850 55 761 65,190
Group e

L-3
11 Communic US 10,340 12,629 82 778 48,000
ations

BAE
12 Systems UK 10,300 11,363 91 - -
Inc.

Almaz-
13 Russia 8,030 8,547 94 399 -
Antey

14 Airbus EU 6,750 7,936 85 566 28,800

Huntington
15 US 6,550 6,820 96 261 38,000
Ingalls

Rolls-
16 UK 5,550 24,239 23 2,155 55,200
Royce

17 United Russia 5,530 6,913 80 1,395 -

Aircraft

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Arms % of Total
R Total
Coy Cty sales Total Marke employ-
k profit
(US$ m.) t ent

Corporatio
n

Franc
18 Safran 5,420 19,515 28 1,584 66,230
e

United
Shipbuildi
19 ng Russia 5,120 6,377 80 94 -
Corporatio
n

20 Honeywell US 4,870 39,055 12 3924 131,000

Pratt &
21 US 4,800 14,501 33 1,876 31,700
Whitney

Naval Franc
22 4,460 4,460 100 138 13,650
Group e

23 Textron US 4,380 12,104 36 498 32,000

Booz Allen
24 US 4,100 5,479 75 232 22,700
Hamilton

25 Leidos US 3,930 5,772 68 164 22,000

General
26 US 3,850 146,045 3 13,057 307,000
Electric

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Arms % of Total
R Total
Coy Cty sales Total Marke employ-
k profit
(US$ m.) t ent

Airbus
Franc
27 Helicopter 3,760 8,363 45 526 22,400
e
s

28 MBDA EU 3,720 3,718 100 - 10,000

Sikorsky
29 US 3,630 6,253 58 594 16,520
Aircraft

30 ITT Exelis US 3,560 4,816 74 281 17,200

Russian
31 Helicopter Russia 3,500 4,343 80 298 41,200
s

Babcock
32 Internation UK 3,270 5,543 59 407 10,260
al Group

Mitsubishi
33 Heavy Japan 3,240 34,318 9 1,643 80,580
Industries

CACI
34 Internation US 3,200 3,565 90 136 15,300
al

AgustaWe
35 Italy 3,180 5,413 59 345 13,230
stland

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Arms % of Total
R Total
Coy Cty sales Total Marke employ-
k profit
(US$ m.) t ent

Science
36 Applicatio US 3,170 4,121 77 113 13,000
ns

Oshkosh
37 US 3,050 7,665 40 316 11,900
Truck

Swede
38 Saab 2,950 3,645 81 114 14,140
n

Rheinmeta Germa
39 2,860 6,126 47 283 21,080
ll ny

Harris
40 Corporatio US 2,850 5,012 57 534 14,000
n

41 Bechtel US 2,800 39,400 7 - -

Elbit
42 Israel 2,780 2,922 95 824 11,670
Systems

United
Engine
43 Russia 2,720 4,995 54 9 83,400
Corporatio
n

Hewlett-
45 US 2,700 112,298 2 5,113 315,700
Packard

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Arms % of Total
R Total
Coy Cty sales Total Marke employ-
k profit
(US$ m.) t ent

Israel
46 Aerospace Israel 2,660 3,642 73 83 -
Industries

47 Serco UK 2,560 8,037 32 149 120,540

EADS Franc
48 2,530 7,681 33 456 17,000
Astrium e

Computer
49 Sciences US 2,400 12,998 18 674 79,000
Corp.

Rockwell
50 US 2,400 4,610 52 632 18,300
Collins

Hindustan
51 Aeronautic India 2,390 2,582 93 467 -
s

URS
52 Corporatio US 2,310 10,991 21 247 50,000
n

General
53 US 2,280 - - - -
Atomics

Franc
54 CEA 2,270 5,732 40 57 15,870
e

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Arms % of Total
R Total
Coy Cty sales Total Marke employ-
k profit
(US$ m.) t ent

Tactical
Missiles
55 Russia 2,230 2,421 92 138 39,890
Corporatio
n

ManTech
56 Internation US 2,210 2,310 96 -615 7,800
al

57 Sukhoi Russia 2,180 2,813 78 379 -

58 Dyncorp US 2,120 3,287 65 -254 20,000

ST
Singa
59 Engineerin 2,020 5,302 38 464 22,840
pore
g

Fluor
60 Corporatio US 1,970 27,352 7 668 38,130
n

Rafael
Advanced
61 Israel 1,960 2,001 98 99 7,000
Defense
Systems

62 Selex ES Italy 1,930 2,641 73 -426 10,600

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Arms % of Total
R Total
Coy Cty sales Total Marke employ-
k profit
(US$ m.) t ent

Dassault
Franc
63 Aviation 1,860 6,100 31 647 11,600
e
Groupe

64 KRET Russia 1,850 2,427 76 207 48,550

Dassault Franc
65 1,840 5,267 35 478 8,080
Aviation e

Indian
66 Ordnance India 1,820 1,918 95 - 93,520
Factories

Cobham
67 UK 1,820 2,797 65 361 10,090
plc

Alliant
68 Techsyste US 1,820 4,775 38 341 16,000
ms

Alenia
69 Italy 1,790 4,440 40 242 11,700
Aermacchi

ThyssenKr Germa
70 1,770 52,831 3 - 156,860
upp ny

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Part -3
Cold War & Today
21. Post-WWII Industry
At the close of the second largest conflict in human history, thearms
manufacturers in the US, UK, Germany and other belligerents had
churned out billions of bullets to thousands of armoured vehicles and
aircraft. At one point, in 1944, to understand the mammoth scale of this
industry, Ford’s plant in the US, rolled out one B-17 Heavy Bomber
every hour. Hence, its quite logical thatat its conclusion, the war had left
pieces of military equipment on a massive scale, with no certain target.
Thus, in this atmosnphere, all this equipment and the accoutrements of
war required modernizations to save them from obsolescence. This
urgency, especially hastened by the onset of the Cold War in Central
And Eastern Europe, made defence and the manufacture of modern
equipment a lucrative business. In the US alone, gargantuan tenders
and contracts were handed out for the modernization of existing
equipments as the world entered the jet and nuclear age. Corporations,
racing for profits and contracts obliged and came up with everything
from modern battle rifles for the US Army, such as the ArmaLite Corp. to
tanks, manufactured by Chrysler and Ford Motor Corp to military aircraft
produced by the likes of Grumman, General Dynamics and Lockheed
Martin. In the UK, BAe systems overtook the job of producing modern
fighter aircraft for the crown, aided to an extent by Supermarine,
Hawker, Bristol and FOlland Corporations. The Russian arms industry
was all nationalized so the lure of profits affected it the least and hence
the wanton production of machines of war was limited in the USSR.
22. Pakistan & the arms industry
In Pakistan all arms manufacturing falls under the Ministry of Defence
Production which was founded in September 1951 to ensure
collaboration and coordination between all military owned factories and
arms producers since independence. The ministry is constituted of
seven specialized organizations which play their roles, albeit
independently to ensure smooth and unhindered arms manufacturing in
lines with modern trends. The Navy is primarily supported by the Karachi
Shipyard.1987 saw the inauguration of a submarine rebuild factory at
Port Qasim for the development of a submarines. Meanwhile in 2000, a
joint project with PRC paved the way for the development of the JF-17
Thunder aircraft and the Al-Khalid Tank. Pakistan meanwhile strives to

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become self-sufficient in aircraft and AFV overhaul, modernization and

and manufacture. Some of the establishments contributing to arms
manufacture and production in Pakistan are:

a. Defence Science and Technology Organization

b. Heavy Industries Taxila
c. Institute of Optronics
d. Integrated Dynamic
e. Kahuta Research Laboratories
f. Karachi Shipyard
g. Metallurgical Laboratory (Wah)
h. National Engineering and Scientific Commission
i. Air Weapons Complex
j. National Development Complex
k. Pakistan Aeronautical Complex
l. Pakistan Ordnance Factories
n. Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission

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Bibliography

1. SIPRI Yearbook 2013. www.sipri.org.

2. Arms trade key statistics. BBC News (2005-09-15). Retrieved on
2012-05-09.
3. "Small Arms Survey — Weapons and Markets- 875m small arms
worldwide, value of authorized trade is more than $8.5b". 8
December 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
4. "International Defense Industry". Archived from the original on
2011-07-26. Retrieved 2007-05-20.. www.fpa.org
5. Top List TIV Tables-SIPRI. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on
2012-05-09.
6. Delgado, Andrea. Explainer: What is the Arms Trade Treaty, 23,
Feb, 2015, https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-the-
arms-trade-treaty-37673
7. Top List TIV Tables-SIPRI. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on
2012-05-09.

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