Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Hidrogeologi Tambang
(Course-4)

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Groundwater Balance
(Neraca Airtanah)

1
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Groundwater balance
R Qw
Qin + R = Qout + Qw
b

Qin Qout Qn Natural recharge

h2 Qw Pumping well
h1
Qin Subsurface inflow
L
Datum Qout Subsurface outflow

Subsurface flow = T . i
T Transmissivity ( K . B)
i dh / dL
b Aquifer width
3

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Location of the Research Area

2
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

LOCATION OF RAIN GAUGE

STATION

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Monthly rainfall data in each rain gauge station

Total
Location Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Agst Sept Oct Nov Dec
(Annual)

Baledono* 250 300 61 50 152 41 0 0 0 23 59 262 1198

Wonorejo* 350 400 280 109 202 12 0 0 0 102 287 398 2140

Sibon* 375 390 288 59 175 0 0 0 0 25 162 369 1843

Karangasem* 350 400 378 429 516 0 0 0 0 170 561 513 3317

Segoropuro* 100 136 24 81 55 0 0 0 0 8 67 83 554

Mandalan* 130 150 147 76 19 0 0 0 0 8 257 101 888

Kawisrejo** 198 312 196 104 42 0 0 0 0 18 219 269 1358

Umbulan** 154 101 144 44 6 0 0 0 3 0 139 172 763

Lumbang** 232 488 333 27 0 0 0 0 0 66 397 532 2075

Panditan** 318 226 321 116 53 0 0 0 0 51 405 415 1905

Puspo** 386 451 620 64 33 47 0 79 0 202 176 667 2725

Gading** 222 288 192 68 8 0 0 0 0 30 291 70 1169

Kedawung** 286 276 172 42 7 0 0 0 0 10 180 407 1380

3
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

705000 710000 715000 720000 725000

9155000
9155000
Pasuruan Municipality
Gadingrejo
Bugulkidul
Rejoso
Purworejo

ANNUAL Lekok

9150000
9150000
Kraton
TEMPERATURE Gondang Wetan Pandanrejo

Mendalan
PT TI
Gayam SP-A

Kejayan
þ
þ Production Well
SP-1

9145000
9145000
28 Grati Nguling
Winongan

Y
#
Kedungrejo Umbulan
Spring

9140000
9140000
Pasrepan
25

20

9135000
9135000

Puspo Lumbang

Leg end : N
P T.TI P ro duc tion W ell
þ
(S P -A )
P T.TI M o nitor in g W ell
þ (S P -1 )

9130000
9130000

Distr ic t B oun dar y

Pasuruan District
P rim a ry R oa d
Se c ond ar y R oad
R iv er
15 Wa te rsh ed B o unda r y
Su b W ate rsh ed B o unda r y
Hyd rog eo lo gy an d Ge o- ele ctr ica l
R ese a rc h Ar e a
Se a

9125000
9125000

o
20 Te m pe ra ture co ntour( C )
0 1 2 3 4 5
KM

705000 710000 715000 720000 725000

7

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Mean monthly discharge of Rejoso watershed

400

350

300

250
Baseflow
mm

200

150

100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Agst Sept Oct Nov Dec
Month

Rerata Curah Hujan

Rainfall Total
Riverdebit aliran sungai
discharge

4
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Hydrological Cycle; Water Balance

PRECIPITATION
(P)

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
(ET)

RUN OFF (RO)

RECHARGE (U)

P = ET + RO + U
9

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Water Balance

• A water balance is a balance between the water which goes into with
the water which come out and also the water which is saved in
watershed (drainage basin).
• The water which goes into watershed (area) is reputed only come from
the rain water (P), whereas the water which comes out from watershed
consist of evapotranspiration (Et), the overland flow, RO and Inflitration
to groundwater (U). The general equation of the water balance of area
is:

P = ETr + RO + U + ΔSg + ΔSm

10

5
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Where:
P Precipitation
ETr Real/Actual Evapotranspiration
RO Run Off
U Infiltration to groundwater
ΔSg Groundwater storage change (longterm steady condition assumed
to be zero)
ΔSm Soil moisture change (longterm steady condition assumed to be
zero)

11

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

WATER BALANCE IN REJOSO WATERSHED

Component Comment
Precipitation Evapotranspiration
Rainfall (P) Monthly input (mm): average value calculated
using Theissen Polygon Method
Evapotranspirati Monthly input (mm): estimated using
on Potential Thorthwaite Method
(Etp)
Surface Runoff
Accumulated This value is the accumulated sum of the
Potential Water negative P - Etp Soil Moisture
Loss
(Acc.Pot.WL)
Soil Moisture Initial capacity taken as 300 mm, when P –
Storage (SM) Etp is positive and the soil moisture storage is
less than AWC, this positive value is added to Infiltration
the previous month’s SM to determine current
SM. Soil moisture retention when P – Etp
negative is determined using tables or graphs
(Thompson, 1999).
Percolation
Change in Soil This is either positive or negative but is only
Moisture (ΔSM) recorded when the SM is less than AWC
Actual The rules for calculating Etr (Dunne & Leopold,
Evapotranspirati 1978)
on (Etr) Etr = Etp when P > Etp
Etr = P + | ΔSM| when P < Etp
Runoff (RO) Monthly input (mm): based on the river
discharge data minus baseflow, and calculated
as proportion on rainfall (P)
Infiltration (I) Excess rainfall (P – Etr – RO) after SM is full
Inflow to GW Calculated as 0.9 (Percolation Coefficients) x I
Based on the Soil Moisture Balance Concept
12
(Igw)

6
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Estimate Temperature Data

Mean annual temperature is principally a function of

elevation, for every 100 m increase in elevation, the
temperature decrease by approximately 0.50C. See Table 4.1
for temperature calibration in the hydrology research area.

Tcalibarted= Tmeasured – ((ΔH/100)*0,5)

Where:
T Temperature (oC)
ΔH Elevation different

13

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Estimate Potential Evapotranspiration (Thornwaite Method)

If tn = the monthly average temperature in a year (oC), with n = 1,2,3,....12, so
the monthly heat index (j) can be found as the following :
1,514
t 
j n
5 12
J j
and yearly heat indez (J) :

i
The number of daily potential evapotranspiration (cm/day) in a month can be
equally calculated same with 30 days with the number of hour per day 12
hours.

a
  10t 
ET  1.6
p 
With :  J 
a = 675 x 10-9 J3 – 771 x 10-7 J2 + 0,0178 x J + 0,496 14

7
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Water Balance Calculation of Rejoso Watershed

Based on the Soil Moisture Balance Concept

Month
Component Year
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rainfall (P) 353 323 283 106 118 5 0 4 0 51 238 369 1851
Potential ET (Etp) 99 93 90 102 103 103 101 103 114 120 112 104 1244
P - ETp 254 230 193 4 15 -98 -101 -99 -114 -69 126 265
Acc. Pot. WL -98 -198 -297 -411 -480
Soil Moisture (SM) 300 300 300 300 300 211 150 107 74 60 186 300
ΔSM 0 0 0 0 0 -89 -61 -43 -33 -14 126 114
Actual ET (Etr) 99 93 90 102 103 94 61 47 33 65 112 104 1003
Runoff (RO) 34 31 28 11 12 1 0 1 0 5 23 36
Infiltration 220 199 165 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 103 229 919
Inflow to GW 198 179 149 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 92 206 827

The average of groundwater recharge in research area is about 827 mm/year or 26,2
lt/sec/km2. This groundwater recharge amount indirectly shows high potency of
groundwater resources in the research area

15

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Recharge Rate
Hydrology data to calculate recharge rate

Average annual Temp. Area

Sub Watershed
Rainfall (mm/year) (0C) (km2)

Palembon 1700 27.5 56.8

Sumbermadu 1560 26 44.013

Umbulan 2350 22.7 10.9

Kedungsangkan 1900 26.4 99.34

16

8
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Estimate the Real Evapotranspiration (Turc

Method)

17

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Estimate the runoff (Dept.of Agriculture of India, 1990).

18

9
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Soal ETr ,Ro, U

P 1106 1018 1500

T 29 30 30,2
A 400 150 298

19

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

The calculation of recharge rate in each sub watershed

Average annual ETr Runoff Recharge rate

Sub Watershed
Rainfall (mm/year) (mm/year) (mm/year) (mm/year)

Palembon 1700 1200 200 300

Sumbermadu 1560 1200 150 210

Umbulan 2350 1250 420 680

Kedungsangkan 1900 1350 180 370

20

10
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

21

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

22

11
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

23

12