Insight Advanced Wordlist PDF

Wordlist This list contains the key words from the Student’s Book
Unit 1 exclude (from) (v) /ɪkˈskluːd/ to prevent sb/sth moreover (adv) /mɔːrˈəʊvə(r)/ used to

(be) a bone of contention (idiom) /ə ˌbəʊn əv from taking part in sth or entering a place introduce some new information that adds to or
kənˈtenʃn/ a subject which causes disagreement Women are still excluded from some London clubs. supports what you have said previously A talented
and arguments between people Where to go on excluded (from) (adj) /ɪkˈskluːdɪd/ prevented artist, he was, moreover, a writer of some note.
holiday is always a bone of contention in our family. from taking part in sth or entering a place move the goalposts (idiom) /muːv ðə
adapt (v) /əˈdæpt/ to change your behaviour Many local people felt excluded from decisions that ˈgəʊlpəʊsts/ to change the rules for sth, or
in order to deal more successfully with a new affected their own community. conditions under which it is done, so that the
situation A large organization can be slow to adapt exclusion (n) /ɪkˈskluːʒn/ the act of preventing situation becomes more difficult for sb I finally
to change. sb/sth from entering a place or taking part in sth managed to get on top of the job and then they
He was disappointed with his exclusion from the moved the goalposts again!
alienate (from) (v) /ˈeɪliəneɪt/ to make sb feel
that they do not belong in a particular group England squad. on account of (prep) /ɒn əˈkaʊnt əv/ because of
The constant upgrading of gadgets can alienate exclusive (adj) /ɪkˈskluːsɪv/ only to be used by sb/sth She retired early on account of ill health.
those teenagers whose parents can’t afford the latest one particular person or group; only given to one owing to (prep) /ˈəʊɪŋ tə, ˈəʊɪŋ tu/ because of
technology. particular person or group The hotel has exclusive Owing to his illness, he could not continue with his
alienated (from) (adj) /ˈeɪliəneɪtɪd/ when access to the beach. studies.
sb is made to feel that they do not belong in a furthermore (adv) /ˌfɜːðəˈmɔː(r)/ in addition oxymoron (n) /ˌɒksɪˈmɔːrɒn/ a phrase that
particular group Very talented children may feel to what has just been stated He said he had not combines two words that seem to be the opposite
alienated from the others in their class. discussed the matter with her. Furthermore, he had of each other Surely it’s an oxymoron to describe it
alienating (adj) /ˈeɪliəneɪtɪŋ/ sth that makes sb not even contacted her. as a deafening silence?
feel that they do not belong in a particular group give rise to (idiom) /gɪv ˈraɪz tə/ to cause sth to personification (n) /pəˌsɒnɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/
Missing so much school as she battled with her happen or exist The novel’s success gave rise to a the practice of representing objects, qualities, etc.
illness was an alienating experience. number of sequels. as humans, in art and literature; an object, quality,
alienation (n) /eɪliəˈneɪʃn/ the feeling that go from strength to strength (idiom) /gəʊ frəm etc. that is represented in this way We had to write
you do not belong in a particular group Many ˌstreŋθ tə ˈstreŋθ/ to become more and more about the personification of autumn in Keats’s poem.
immigrants suffer from a sense of alienation. successful Since her appointment, the department progress (v) /prəˈgres/ develop over a period of
alter (v) /ˈɔːltə(r)/ to make sb/sth different has gone from strength to strength. time; to make progress The course allows students
This incident altered the whole course of events. go hand in hand (idiom) /gəʊ ˌhænd ɪn ˈhænd/ to progress at their own speed.
although (conj) /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ used for introducing to be closely connected such that one thing pull your socks up (idiom) /pʊl jɔː ˈsɒks ʌp/
a statement that makes the main statement in a causes the other Poverty and poor health often go to try to improve your performance, work,
sentence seem surprising Although the sun was hand in hand. behaviour, etc. You’re going to have to pull your
shining, it wasn’t very warm. however (adv) /haʊˈevə(r)/ used to introduce socks up.
as a result (of sth) (conj) /əz ə rɪˈzʌlt/ caused by a statement that contrasts with sth that has just rapport (n) /ræˈpɔː(r)/ a friendly relationship
or because of She died as a result of her injuries. been said He was feeling bad. He went to work, in which people understand each other very well
however, and tried to concentrate. She understood the importance of establishing a
association (n) /əsəʊʃiˈeɪʃn, -siˈeɪʃn/ close rapport with clients.
a connection or relationship between people imagery (n) /ˈɪmɪdʒəri/ language that produces
or organizations They have maintained a close pictures in the minds of people reading or reform (v) /rɪˈfɔːm/ to improve a system, an
association with a college in the US. listening Her written style uses inspirational verbal organization, a law, etc. by making changes to it
imagery. They made an election promise to reform the social
attachment (n) /əˈtætʃmənt/ a strong feeling security system.
of affection for sb/sth Prisoners can develop an improve (v) /ɪmˈpruːv/ to make sth/sb better
attachment to their guards. than before I need to improve my French. rejection (n) /rɪˈdʒekʃn/ failure to give a person
in addition (to) (conj) /ɪn əˈdɪʃn/ used when you or an animal enough care or affection It’s painful
back to square one (idiom) /bæk tə ˌskweə(r) when you experience rejection, especially by those
ˈwʌn/ a return to the situation you were in at the want to mention another person or thing after
sth else In addition to these arrangements, extra whom you classed as friends.
beginning of a project, task, etc., because you
have made no real progress If this suggestion isn’t ambulances will be on duty until midnight. repetition (n) /ˌrepəˈtɪʃn/ the fact of doing or
accepted, we’ll be back to square one. (be) in sb’s hands (idiom) /ɪn ˌsʌmbədiz ˈhændz/ saying the same thing many times In his work, we
being taken care of or controlled by sb The matter find the constant repetition of the same themes.
because of (prep) /bɪˈkəz əv/ used before a
noun or noun phrase to say that sb/sth is the is now in the hands of my lawyer. restore (v) /rɪˈstɔː(r)/ to repair a building, work
reason for sth He walked slowly because of his in spite of (conj) /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ when sth is of art, piece of furniture, etc. so that it looks as
bad leg. surprising because there is a reason which may good as it did originally Her job is restoring old
have prevented it They went swimming in spite of paintings.
chop and change (idiom) /tʃɒp ən ˈtʃeɪndʒ/
to keep changing your mind or what you are all the danger signs. result in (v) /rɪˈzʌlt ɪn/ to make sth happen
doing You can’t keep chopping and changing – are isolate (from) (v) /ˈaɪsəleɪt/ to separate sb/sth The cyclone has resulted in many thousands of
you going to apply for Law or Medicine? physically or socially from other people or things deaths.
(be) close at hand (idiom) /kləʊs ət ˈhænd/ This decision will isolate the country from the rest reverse (v) /rɪˈvɜːs/ to change sth completely
near; in a place where sb/sth can be reached easily of Europe. so that it is the opposite of what it was before
There are good cafés and a restaurant close at hand. isolated (from) (adj) /ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd/ without much The government has failed to reverse the economic
contact with other people or other countries decline.
consequently (adv) /ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli/ as a
result; therefore She failed her exams and was The decision left the country isolated from its allies. revert (v) /rɪˈvɜːt/ to return to a former state;
consequently unable to start her studies at college. isolating (adj) /ˈaɪsəleɪtɪŋ/ that makes sb feel to start doing sth again that you used to do in the
alone or lonely Caring for a new baby can be past After her divorce she reverted to her maiden
despite (prep) /dɪˈspaɪt/ used to show that sth name.
happened or is true although sth else might have isolating, so it’s good to meet other new parents.
happened to prevent it Her voice was shaking isolation (n) /aɪsəˈleɪʃn/ the state of being alone rhetorical question (n) /rɪˌtɒrɪkl ˈkwestʃən/
despite all her efforts to control it. or lonely Many unemployed people experience asked only to make a statement or to produce an
feelings of isolation and depression. effect rather than to get an answer ‘Don’t you care
determine (v) /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ to discover the facts what I do?’ he asked, but it was a rhetorical question.
about sth; to calculate sth exactly An inquiry was jump out of one’s skin (idiom) /dʒʌmp ˌaʊt
set up to determine the cause of the accident. əv wʌnz ˈskɪn/ to move violently because of a save your skin (idiom) /seɪv jɔː ˈskɪn/ to try
sudden shock It was midnight, so when I heard the to avoid death, punishment, etc. in an extremely
disaffection (n) /ˌdɪsəˈfekʃn/ the feeling of difficult situation To save his own skin, he lied and
being no longer satisfied with your situation, door open, I nearly jumped out of my skin.
lead to (v) /ˈliːd tə/ to have sth as a result blamed the accident on his friend.
organization, belief, etc. and therefore not loyal
to it There are signs of growing disaffection Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems. segregate (into) (v) /ˈsegrɪgeɪt/ to separate
amongst voters. loyalty (n) /ˈlɔɪəlti/ the quality of being faithful people of different races, religions or sexes and
in your support of sb/sth Can I count on your treat them in a different way Whites and blacks
due to (conj) /ˈdjuː tə/ caused by sb/sth; were segregated into different parts of the city.
because of sb/sth The team’s success was largely loyalty?
due to her efforts. make great strides (idiom) /meɪk ˈgreɪt straɪdz/ segregated (adj) /ˈsegrɪgeɪtɪd/ separated by
to improve the way in which sth is developing race, religion or sex and treated in a different way
enhance (v) /ɪnˈhɑːns/ to increase or further The students argued for everyone on campus to be
improve the good quality, value or status of sb/sth We’re making great strides in the search for a cure.
mixed, not split into segregated ethnic groups.
This is an opportunity to enhance the reputation of make no bones about (sth) (idiom) /meɪk nəʊ
the company. ˈbəʊnz əˌbaʊt/ to be honest and open about sth; segregation (n) /ˌsegrɪˈgeɪʃn/ the act or policy
to not hesitate to do sth She made no bones about of separating people of different races, religions or
even though (conj) /ˈiːvn ðəʊ/ despite the fact sexes and treating them in a different way Racial
or belief that; no matter whether I like her, even telling him exactly what she thought of him.
segregation began earlier in South Africa, but was
though she can be annoying at times. marginalization (n) /ˌmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ the official policy from 1948 to 1994.
evolve (v) /iˈvɒlv/ to develop gradually, process or result of making sb feel as if they are
not important and cannot influence decisions or shape (v) /ʃeɪp/ to have an important influence
especially from a simple to a more complicated on the way that sb/sth develops His ideas had
form; to develop sth in this way The idea evolved events; the act of putting sb in a position in which
they have no power Charities are working together been shaped by his experiences during the war.
from a drawing I discovered in the attic.
to prevent the marginalization of the elderly.
Definitions adapted from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9e © Oxford University Press Wordlist 1
Wordlist
(be) (all) skin and bones (idiom) /skɪn ən bewildered (adj) /bɪˈwɪldəd/ confused follow sb’s lead (idiom) /ˌfɒləʊ ˌsʌmbədiz ˈliːd/
ˈbəʊnz/ extremely thin in a way that is not He turned around, with a bewildered look on his to use an example or action done by sb else as a
attractive or healthy She may be a famous model, face. guide to copy If one bank raises interest rates, all
but she isn’t a good role model – she’s all skin and bow down to (idiom) /ˈbaʊ ˌdaʊn tə/ to allow the others will follow their lead.
bones. sb/sth to tell you what to do The government foreshadowing events /fɔːˌʃædəʊɪŋ ɪˈvents/
thanks to (conj) /ˈθæŋks tə/ used to say that sth should not bow down to pressure from any groups giving signs of things that will happen in the
has happened because of sb/sth It was all a great who advocate violence. future The technique of foreshadowing events
success—thanks to a lot of hard work. buck the trend (idiom) /bʌk ðə ˈtrend/ in the early chapters draws the reader in and
that said (conj) /ðæt ˈsed/ used to introduce an to resist or oppose the general direction in which encourages them to continue.
opinion that makes what you have just said seem a situation is changing or developing fortunately (adv) /ˈfɔːtʃənətli/ by good luck
less strong Finding football on every channel is The company managed to buck the trend and I was late, but fortunately the meeting hadn’t
intensely irritating. That said, I can’t deny its global increase profits this year. started.
popularity. bury your head in the sand (idiom) /ˌberi jɔː go against the grain (idiom) /gəʊ əˌgenst ðə
the effect of (n) /ði ɪˈfekt əv/ a change that ˌhed ɪn ðə ˈsænd/ to refuse to admit that a ˈgreɪn/ to be or do sth different from what is
sb/sth causes in sb/sth else; a result I can certainly problem exists or refuse to deal with it normal or natural It really goes against the grain to
feel the effects of too many late nights. We’re massively in debt and burying your head in the have to work on a Sunday.
the influence of (n) /ði ˈɪnfluəns əv/ the effect sand won’t help. go with the flow (idiom) /gəʊ wɪð ðə ˈfləʊ/
that sb/sth has on the way a person thinks or calmly (adv) /ˈkɑːmli/ in a way that shows you to be relaxed and not worry about what you
behaves or on the way that sth works or develops are not excited, nervous or upset ‘I’ll call the should do There’s no need to book any excursions
What exactly is the influence of television on doctor,’ he said calmly. before we get there – let’s just go with the flow.
children? clearly (adv) /ˈklɪəli/ in a way that is easy to see greedily (adv) /ˈgriːdɪli/ in a way that shows that
therefore (adv) /ˈðeəfɔː(r)/ used to introduce or hear It’s difficult to see anything clearly in this you want more money, power, food, etc. than you
the logical result of sth that has just been mirror. really need She ate noisily and greedily.
mentioned He’s only seventeen and therefore not concerned (adj) /kənˈsɜːnd/ worried and hardly (adv) /ˈhɑːdli/ almost no; almost not;
eligible to vote. feeling concern about sth The President is deeply almost none We hardly know each other.
transform (v)
/trænsˈfɔːm/ to completely concerned about this issue. hastily (adv) /ˈheɪstɪli/ very quickly, because you
change the appearance or character of sth, confess (v) /kənˈfes/ to admit, especially are in a hurry, especially when this has bad results
especially so that it is better A new colour scheme formally or to the police, that you have done sth She hastily grabbed the pile of books from the desk,
will transform your bedroom. wrong or illegal After hours of questioning, the knocking over her coffee in the process.
turn the corner (idiom) /tɜːn ðə ˈkɔːnə(r)/ suspect confessed. hopefully (adv) /ˈhəʊpfəli/ used to express what
to pass a very important point in an illness or confession (n) /kənˈfeʃn/ a statement that a you hope will happen Hopefully, we’ll arrive before
a difficult situation and begin to improve The person makes to admit that they are guilty of a dark.
doctors were worried, but she seems to have turned crime; the act of making such a statement immediately (adv) /ɪˈmiːdiətli/ without delay
the corner now and should be home in a few days. After hours of questioning by police, she made a full It was answered almost immediately.
turn upside down (idiom) /tɜːn ˌʌpsaɪd ˈdaʊn/ confession. impatiently (adv) /ɪmˈpeɪʃntli/ in an annoyed or
to cause large changes and confusion in a person’s convict (of robbery / arson, etc.) (v) /kənˈvɪkt/ irritated way, especially because you have to wait
life His sudden death turned her world upside down. to decide and state officially in court that sb is for a long time ‘Come on,’ I said impatiently, ‘we
what’s more (conj) /wɒts ˈmɔː(r)/ used to add guilty of a crime He was convicted of fraud. only have an hour until the tour starts!’
a point that is even more important You’re wrong, conviction (n) /kənˈvɪkʃn/ the act of finding sb implicate (in a robbery / attack etc.) (v)
and, what’s more, you know it! guilty of a crime in court; the fact of having been /ˈɪmplɪkeɪt/ to show or suggest that sb is
whereas (conj) /weərˈæz/ used to compare found guilty She has six previous convictions for involved in sth bad or criminal He tried to avoid
or contrast two facts Some of the studies show theft. saying anything that would implicate him further.
positive results, whereas others do not. creating mood and atmosphere /kriˌeɪtɪŋ ˌmuːd incredibly (adv) /ɪnˈkredəbli/ extremely
while (conj) /waɪl/ during the time that sth is ən ˈætməsfɪə(r)/ causing feelings or impressions That was an incredibly stupid thing to do.
happening; used to contrast two things While I associated with a particular place This novelist incredulously (adv) /ɪnˈkredjuləsli/ in a way
was waiting at the bus stop, three buses went by in excels in creating mood and atmosphere; I feel as if that shows you cannot believe sth He laughed
the opposite direction. I’m walking through 19th-century London. incredulously.
daily (adv) /ˈdeɪli/ happening, done or produced indict (v) /ɪnˈdaɪt/ to officially charge sb with a
Unit 2 every day The temperature was recorded daily. crime She was indicted on charges of corruption.
a bit (adv) /ə ˈbɪt/ rather; to a small degree dazed (adj) /deɪzd/ unable to think clearly, indictment (n) /ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/ a written
These trousers are a bit tight. especially because of a shock or because you statement accusing sb of a crime This led to his
a little (adv) /ə ˈlɪtl/ rather; to a small degree have been hit on the head Survivors waited for the indictment on allegations of conspiracy.
She seemed a little afraid of going inside. rescue boats, dazed and frightened.
involved (adj) /ɪnˈvɒlvd/ taking part in sth;
absolution (n) /ˌæbsəˈluːʃn/ a formal statement defend (v) /dɪˈfend/ to say or write sth in being part of sth or connected with sth
that sb is forgiven for what he or she has done support of sb/sth that has been criticized Some people tried to stop the fight, but I didn’t want
wrong Some people might go to church and seek He defended his decision to punish the boy. to be involved.
absolution. defendant (n) /dɪˈfendənt/ the person in a trial jeopardize (v) /ˈdʒepədaɪz/ to risk harming or
absolve (v) /əbˈzɒlv/ to state formally that who is accused of committing a crime destroying sth/sb He would never do anything to
sb is not guilty or responsible for sth The court Several witnesses gave evidence for the defendant. jeopardize his career.
absolved him of all responsibility for the accident. detain (for) (v) /dɪˈteɪn/ to keep sb in an official (in) jeopardy (idiom) /ˈdʒepədi/ in a dangerous
acquit (of charges) (v) /əˈkwɪt/ to decide and place, such as a police station, a prison or a position or situation and likely to be lost or
state officially in court that sb is not guilty of a hospital, and prevent them from leaving harmed The future of the school and 50 jobs are in
crime The jury acquitted him of murder. One man has been detained for questioning. jeopardy.
acquittal (n) /əˈkwɪtl/ an official decision in dismally (adv) /ˈdɪzməli/ in a way that causes or just (adv) /dʒʌst/ exactly; simply; only There is
court that sb is not guilty of a crime The case shows sadness She shook her head dismally. just one method that might work.
resulted in an acquittal. disorientated (adj) /dɪsˈɔːriənteɪtɪd/ unable to luckily (adv) /ˈlʌkɪli/ by good luck Luckily, I’d
aggressively (adv) /əˈgresɪvli/ in a way that is recognize where you are or where you should go remembered to put some boots in the car.
angry and threatening ‘What do you want?’ he It is very easy to get lost or disorientated in a smoky
atmosphere. naturally (adv) /ˈnætʃrəli/ in a relaxed and
demanded aggressively. normal way; in a way that you would expect
always (adv) /ˈɔːlweɪz/ at all times; on every distraught (adj) /dɪˈstrɔːt/ extremely upset and Just act naturally and no one will suspect you.
occasion There’s always somebody at home in the anxious so that you cannot think clearly
She’s still too distraught to speak about the tragedy. nearby (adv) /nɪəˈbaɪ/ a short distance from
evenings. sb/sth; not far away They live nearby.
annually (adv) /ˈænjuəli/ once a year even (adv) /ˈiːvn/ used to emphasize sth
unexpected or surprising It was cold there, even nearly (adv) /ˈnɪəli/ almost; not quite; not
The exhibition is held annually. completely I’ve worked here for nearly two years.
at the / that moment (adv) /ət ðə, ðæt in summer.
everywhere (adv) /ˈevriweə(r)/ in, to or at every only (adv) /ˈəʊnli/ nobody or nothing except;
ˈməʊmənt/ at an exact point in time We’re busy in no other situation, place, etc. There are only a
at the moment. place; all places I’ve looked everywhere.
limited number of tickets available.
baffled (adj) /ˈbæfld/ completely confused by exonerate (from / of) (v) /ɪgˈzɒnəreɪt/
to officially state that sb is not responsible for sth penalize (v) /ˈpiːnəlaɪz/ to punish sb for
sth strange or difficult to understand I’m baffled breaking a rule or law by making them suffer
by her decision. that they have been blamed for The police report
exonerated Lewis from all charges of corruption. a disadvantage You will be penalized for poor
barely (adv) /ˈbeəli/ in a way that almost does spelling.
not happen or exist She barely acknowledged his flustered (adj) /ˈflʌstəd/ nervous and/or
confused, especially because you have a lot to do penalty (n) /ˈpenəlti/ a punishment for breaking
presence. a law, rule or contract Assault carries a maximum
befuddled (adj) /bɪˈfʌdld/ confused and or are in a hurry She arrived late, looking hot and
flustered. penalty of seven years’ imprisonment.
unable to think normally He was befuddled by plea (n) /pliː/ an urgent emotional request
drink. He refused to listen to her tearful pleas.
2 Wordlist © Oxford University Press Definitions adapted from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 9e
plead (v) /pliːd/ to state in court that you are Unit 3 flat-pack (v) /ˈflæt pæk/ to take sth apart in
guilty or not guilty of a crime The accused was account for (v) /əˈkaʊnt fə(r)/ to be the small pieces that need to be put together, e.g.
deemed unfit to plead. explanation or cause of sth The poor weather may furniture that is sold in pieces in a flat box and that
present (adj) /ˈpreznt/ existing or happening have accounted for the small crowd. you have to build yourself This cabinet is solidly
now You can’t use it in its present condition. built and cannot be flat-packed.
arise (from) (v) /əˈraɪz/ (especially of a problem
proper (adj) /ˈprɒpə(r)/ right, appropriate or or a difficult situation) to happen; to start to exist fluctuating (adj) /ˈflʌktʃueɪtɪŋ/ that changes
correct; according to the rules We should have had This article explores a question which has arisen frequently in size, amount, quality, etc., especially
a proper discussion before voting. from my professional experience. from one extreme to another The documentary
prosecute (v) /ˈprɒsɪkjuːt/ to officially charge follows the fluctuating fortunes of a particular
assembly line (n) /əˈsembli laɪn/ a line of marketing company.
sb with a crime in court The police decided not to workers and machines in a factory, along which a
prosecute. product passes, having parts made, put together forage (for sth) (v) /ˈfɒrɪdʒ/ to search for food
prosecution (n) /ˌprɒsɪˈkjuːʃn/ a person or an or checked at each stage until the product is The female only leaves the young when she forages
organization that prosecutes sb in court, together finished Henry Ford introduced the first automobile for food.
with the lawyers, etc. He was a witness for the assembly line in 1913. fritter away (v) /ˈfrɪtər əˌweɪ/ to waste time or
prosecution. attribute to (v) /əˈtrɪbjuːt tə/ to say or believe money on things that are not important
recently (adv) /ˈriːsntli/ not long ago that sth is the result of a particular thing He frittered away the millions his father had left him.
We received a letter from him recently. She attributes her success to hard work and a little gain access /geɪn ˈækses/ to obtain a way of
relatively (adv) /ˈrelətɪvli/ to a fairly large luck. entering a place or the right to use sth
degree, especially in comparison to sth else boost productivity /buːst ˌprodʌkˈtɪvəti/ Protesters tried to gain access to the palace.
I found the test relatively easy. to cause the rate at which goods are produced gain experience /geɪn ɪkˈspɪəriəns/
release (on bail) (v) /rɪˈliːs/ to let sb/sth come (and the amount produced) to increase to obtain knowledge and skill through doing sth
out of a place where they have been kept Some companies have found that allowing workers for a period of time She has gained confidence and
They were released on police bail pending further to listen to music boosts productivity. experience since last year’s competition.
enquiries. boost profits /buːst ˈprɒfɪts/ to cause an gain market share /geɪn ˌmɑːkɪt ˈʃeə(ði)/
remand (in custody) (v) /rɪˈmɑːnd/ to send increase in the amount of money that you make to increase the amount that a company sells of
sb away from a court to wait for their trial which in business after paying the costs involved its products or services compared with other
will take place at a later date The two men were Unique products command higher prices and can companies selling the same things They gained
charged with burglary and remanded in custody. immediately boost profits. market share in the last financial year and are now
boost sales /buːst ˈseɪlz/ to cause the number ranked in the top three in this field.
responsible (adj) /rɪˈspɒnsəbl/ having the
job or duty of doing sth or taking care of sb/sth, of items sold to increase A film deal will usually generate (v) /ˈdʒenəreɪt/ to produce or create
meaning that you may be blamed if sth goes boost sales of the book on which it is based. sth We need someone to generate new ideas.
wrong Mike is responsible for designing the entire bring about (v) /brɪŋ əˈbaʊt/ to make sth give rise to (idiom) /gɪv ˈraɪz tə/ to cause sth to
project. happen What brought about the change in his happen or exist Fraudulent insurance claims give
revealing character /rɪˌviːlɪŋ ˈkærəkter/ attitude? rise to increasing premiums.
showing the qualities and features that make comprehensive policy (n) /ˌkɒmprɪˌhensɪv gradual (adj) /ˈgrædʒuəl/ happening slowly
people different from each other ˈpɒləsi/ a written statement of a contract of over a long period; not sudden Recovery from the
Revealing character through dialogue and action insurance that covers all the possible risks As a disease is very gradual.
can be just as effective as the use of adjectives. new driver, you’d be well advised to take out a fully happen (v) /ˈhæpən/ to take place, especially
sadly (adv) /ˈsædli/ unfortunately Sadly, after comprehensive policy. without being planned You’ll never guess what’s
eight years of marriage they had grown apart. conduct a survey /kənˌdʌkt ə ˈsɜːveɪ/ happened!
seriously (adv) /ˈsɪəriəsli/ in a serious way; used to carry out an investigation of the opinions, key indicator (n) /kiː ˈɪndɪkeɪtə(r)/ an extremely
at the beginning of a sentence to show a change behaviour, etc. of a particular group of people, important sign that sth will happen One of the key
from joking to being more serious Seriously usually by asking questions A nationally indicators of happiness is a strong social network.
though, it could be really dangerous. representative survey of the US population is launch a product /lɔːntʃ ə ˈprɒdʌkt/
spur (sb) into action (idiom) /spɜːˌ(r) ˌɪntuː conducted each year. to make a product available to the public for the
ˈækʃn/ to encourage sb to do sth or to encourage conduct market analysis /kənˌdʌkt ˌmɑːkɪt first time Before launching a product, you should
them to try harder to achieve sth He’s getting a əˈnæləsɪs/ to study closely the different areas, check the intended name in relevant languages to
new scooter if he passes his exams – that should spur countries or sections of the population that might avoid embarrassing mistakes.
him into action! buy goods or services It’s important to conduct launch an advertising campaign /lɔːntʃ ən
step up to the mark (idiom) /step ʌp tə ðə market analysis to establish the viability of a new ˈædvətaɪzɪŋ kæmˌpeɪn/ to start producing a
ˈmɑːk/ to try harder in order to benefit from an product. series of adverts in connection with a particular
opportunity or deal with a situation After some conduct market research /kənˌdʌkt ˌmɑːkɪt product Companies often used to launch an
indifferent performances, the team stepped up to the ˈriːsɜːtʃ/ to collect information about what advertising campaign on TV, but use of online
mark to finish second in their group. people buy and why Failure to conduct market advertising is increasing.
stumped (adj) /stʌmpt/ unable to answer a research is a costly mistake if the product proves launch an investigation /lɔːntʃ ən
question or solve a problem Farmers are aware of unpopular. ɪnˌvestɪˈgeɪʃn/ to start an official examination
the problem, but are stumped by what to do about it. contactless card (n) /ˈkɒntæktləs kɑːd/ of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.
suddenly (adv) /ˈsʌdnli/ quickly and a small plastic card which stores information The police have launched an investigation into the
unexpectedly I suddenly realized what I had to do. electronically and can contact an electronic device accident.
swiftly (adv) /ˈswɪftli/ quickly; after a very short to which it is not connected in order to make a lead to (v) /ˈliːd tə/ to have sth as a result
time She moved swiftly to the rescue. payment I can only use my contactless card up to A reward was offered for any information that led to
£20, but it’s useful when the cash machine is out of an arrest.
take (the) initiative (idiom) /teɪk (ði) ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ order. liability (n) /ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ the amount of money
to decide and act on your own without waiting for current account (n) /ˈkʌrənt əˌkaʊnt/ that a person or company owes The company is
sb to tell you what to do He took the initiative in a type of bank account that you can take money reported to have liabilities of nearly $90,000.
asking the board to conduct an enquiry. out of at any time, and that provides you with a line (of products / cosmetics / clothing) (n)
testify (v) /ˈtestɪfaɪ/ to make a statement that chequebook and cash card Some banks charge a /laɪn/ a type of product We are starting a new line
sth happened or that sth is true, especially as a monthly fee for their current accounts in return for of casual clothing.
witness in court She refused to testify against her added features such as travel insurance.
husband. live beyond your means (idiom) /lɪv bɪˌjɒnd
dip (v) /dɪp/ to go downwards or to a lower level jɔː(r) ˈmiːnz/ to spend more money than you
testimony (n) /ˈtestɪməni/ a formal written or Sales for this quarter have dipped from 38.7 million have After they’d lived beyond their means for the
spoken statement saying what you know to be to 33 million. first two years of their marriage, they faced heavy
true, usually in court Her claim was supported by direct debit (n) /dəˌrekt, dɪ-, daɪ- ˈdebɪt/ debts.
the testimony of several witnesses. an instruction to your bank to allow sb else to live on the breadline (idiom) /lɪv ɒn ðə
turn a blind eye (idiom) /tɜːn ə ˌblaɪnd ˈaɪ/ take an amount of money from your account on ˈbredlaɪn/ have the lowest level of income
to pretend not to notice sth bad that is a particular date, especially to pay bills We pay all on which it is possible to survive Many people
happening, so you do not have to do anything our bills by direct debit. without jobs are living on the breadline.
about it The authorities were either unaware of the escalate (v) /ˈeskəleɪt/ to become or make sth
problem or they turned a blind eye to it. loss leader (n) /ˈlɒs ˌliːdə(r)/ an item that a
greater, worse, more serious, etc. The fighting shop/store sells at a very low price to attract
usually (adv) /ˈjuːʒuəli/ in the way that is usual escalated into a full-scale war. customers The printer itself is a loss leader, but each
or normal; most often I’m usually home by ethos (n) /ˈiːθɒs/ the moral ideas and attitudes new toner cartridge sold makes a healthy profit.
six o’clock. that belong to a particular group or society make a deal /meɪk ə ˈdiːl/ to agree, especially
warily (adv) /ˈweərəli/ carefully, because you Investing in arms companies is strongly against the in business, on particular conditions for buying
think there may be a danger or problem or you do group’s ethos. or doing sth The manager has made a deal with a
not trust sb/sth The cat eyed the dog warily. catering company.
Wordlist
make a loss /meɪk ə ˈlɒs/ to lose money, seconds (n) /ˈsekəndz/ items sold at a lower volatile (adj) /ˈvɒlətaɪl/
likely to change
especially in business We made a significant loss price than usual because they are not perfect suddenly; easily becoming dangerous
on that last transaction. We used to get seconds from a biscuit factory – OK, Exporting the product was difficult due to a volatile
make a profit /meɪk ə ˈprɒfɪt/ to make money so they were broken, but they tasted the same. exchange rate.
in business, or by selling things, after paying the self-sufficient (adj) /self səˈfɪʃnt/ able to do or
costs involved The company made a healthy profit
of $106 million last year.
produce everything that you need without the
help of other people The country is totally self- Unit 4
manipulate data /məˌnɪpjuleɪt ˈdeɪtə/ sufficient in food production. accomplish (v) /əˈkʌmplɪʃ/ to succeed in doing
to control or use information in a skilful way to set up a company /set ʌp ə ˈkʌmpəni/ or completing sth I don’t feel I’ve accomplished
find things out or to make decisions They were to create or start a business that makes money by very much today.
found guilty of manipulating data to support their producing or selling goods or services She set up agile (adj) /ˈædʒaɪl/ able to think quickly and in
claim. a company buying and selling antiques online. an intelligent way Her agile mind continues to lead
manipulate our minds /məˌnɪpjuleɪt ɑː set up a display /set ʌp ə dɪˈspleɪ/ to build an her to new discoveries.
ˈmaɪndz/ to control or influence sb/sth, often in arrangement of things in a public place to inform agility (n) /əˈdʒɪləti/ the ability to think quickly
a dishonest way so that they do not realize it or entertain people or advertise sth for sale and in an intelligent way You have three minutes
Pop-up adverts online manipulate our minds when Some of us needed to arrive early for the conference to complete this test of mental agility.
we’re trying to focus on something entirely different. to set up a display. analogous (adj) /əˈnæləgəs/ similar in some
manipulate public opinion /məˌnɪpjuleɪt set up an advertising agency /set ʌp ən way to another thing or situation and therefore
ˌpʌblɪk əˈpɪnjən/ to control or influence ˈædvətaɪzɪŋ ˌeɪdʒənsi/ to create or start a able to be compared with it The national debt is
the opinions that people in society have in a business that provides a service designing and analogous with private debt.
dishonest way so that they do not realize it producing adverts on behalf of other companies analogy (n) /əˈnælədʒi/ a comparison of one
His emotional appeal was carefully calculated to He works as a photographer for an advertising thing with another thing that has similar features;
manipulate public opinion. agency. a feature that is similar The teacher drew an
(branded / counterfeit / official) merchandise (n) sharp (adj) /ʃɑːp/ sudden and rapid, especially analogy between the human heart and a pump.
/ˈmɜːtʃəndaɪs/ goods that are bought or sold; of a change in sth The director was forced to report aptitude (n) /ˈæptɪtjuːd/ natural ability or skill
goods that are for sale in a shop/store You can buy a sharp decline in profits. at doing sth His aptitude for dealing with children
official merchandise wherever you see this logo. significant (adj) /sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt/ large or got him the job.
moderate (adj) /ˈmɒdərət/ that is neither very important enough to have an effect or to be articulate (adj) /ɑːˈtɪkjələt/ good at expressing
good, large, hot, etc. nor very bad, small, cold, etc. noticed There are no significant differences ideas or feelings clearly in words He was unusually
The team enjoyed only moderate success last season. between the two groups of students. articulate for a ten-year-old.
no-claims bonus (n) /nəʊ ˈkleɪmz ˌbəʊnəs/ slump (v) /slʌmp/ to fall in price, value, number, ascertain (v) /ˌæsəˈteɪn/ to find out the true or
a reduction in the cost of your insurance because etc., suddenly and by a large amount Sales have correct information about sth It can be difficult to
you made no claims in the previous year slumped this year. ascertain the facts.
Don’t make a very small claim because you’ll lose soar (v) /sɔː(r)/ rise very quickly attribute to (v) /əˈtrɪbjuːt tə/ to say or believe
your no-claims bonus and that could cost you more Unemployment has soared to 18%. that sth is the result of a particular thing
in the long run. sort code (n) /ˈsɔːt kəʊd/ a number that is used She attributes her success to hard work and a little
(retail / fast-food / local) outlet (n) /ˈaʊtlet/ to identify a particular bank That’s your account luck.
a shop/store or an organization that sells goods number, but I’ll also need your six-digit sort code, bilious (adj) /ˈbɪliəs/ bad-tempered; full of anger
made by a particular company or of a particular please. He couldn’t cope with criticism of his work and died a
type The business has thirty-four retail outlets in splash out on (v) /splæʃ ˈaʊt ɒn/ to spend a friendless and bilious old man.
this state alone. lot of money on sth He splashed out hundreds of brain-teaser (n) /ˈbreɪn ˌtiːzə(r)/ a problem that
outstrip inflation /aʊtˌstrɪp ɪnˈfleɪʃn/ to be pounds on designer clothes. is difficult but fun to solve There were some real
faster than the general rise in the prices of services squander (v) /ˈskwɒndə(r)/ to waste money, brain-teasers in the quiz.
and goods in a particular country House prices in time, etc. in a stupid or careless way brainchild (n) /ˈbreɪntʃaɪld/ an idea or invention
the south-east continue to outstrip inflation. She squandered her chances of winning. of one person or a small group of people
outstrip rivals /aʊtˌstrɪp ˈraɪvlz/ to be stable (adj) /ˈsteɪbl/ firmly fixed; not likely to That programme was the brainchild of a young
faster, better or more successful than sb you are move, change or fail The situation in the country producer who’s new to TV.
competing against Their latest computer outstrips has remained relatively stable for a few months now. brainwash (v) /ˈbreɪnwɒʃ/ to force sb to accept
all its rivals. your ideas or beliefs, for example by repeating
standing order (n) /ˌstændɪŋ ˈɔːdə(r)/
outstrip supply /aʊtˌstrɪp səˈplaɪ/ to be greater an instruction that you give your bank to pay sb a the same thing many times or by preventing
than the amount available Demand is outstripping fixed amount of money from your account on the the person from thinking clearly They were
supply. same day each week/month, etc. If you support brainwashed into believing that their leader was
perpetuate (v) /pəˈpetʃueɪt/ to make sth such charities by standing order, you’ll never forget to all-powerful.
as a bad situation, a belief, etc. continue for a donate. brainwave (n) /ˈbreɪnweɪv/ a sudden good idea
long time This new law just serves to perpetuate steady (adj) /ˈstedi/ developing, growing, etc. I’ve had a brainwave!
inequality. gradually and in an even and regular way We are brogue (n) /brəʊg/ the accent that sb has when
pipe dream (n) /ˈpaɪp driːm/ a hope or plan that making slow but steady progress. they are speaking, especially the accent of Irish
is impossible to achieve or not practical Without a (be) strapped for cash (adj) /stræpt fə ˈkæʃ/ or Scottish speakers of English The heaviness of
boat mechanic, the idea of running fishing tours was having little or not enough money I’m strapped a brogue depends on the origin of the speaker and
just a pipe dream. for cash at the moment – can I pay you later? whether English was his or her first language.
plummet (v) /ˈplʌmɪt/ to fall suddenly and struggle to make ends meet (idiom) /ˌstrʌgl carry out (v) /ˈkæri aʊt/ to do and complete a
quickly from a high level or position Share prices tə ˌmeɪk endz ˈmiːt/ to try very hard and find task Extensive tests have been carried out on the
plummeted to an all-time low. it difficult to earn just enough money to buy the patient.
point-of-sale (terminal / advertising / things you need For years, she struggled to make cease (v) /siːs/ to stop doing sth The company
display) (n) /ˌpɔɪnt əv ˈseɪl/ the place where a ends meet. ceased trading in June.
product is sold More information on healthy foods (energy / equipment / major) supplier (n) clear up (v) /klɪər ˈʌp/ to solve or explain sth
should be provided at the point-of-sale display. /səˈplaɪə(r)/ a person or company that supplies Oh, I see – thanks for clearing up that little mystery!
pop-up (shop / restaurant / gallery) (adj) goods You will need to be able to deal with both collaborate (v) /kəˈlæbəreɪt/ to work together
/ˈpɒp ʌp/ that opens quickly somewhere and customers and suppliers. with sb in order to produce or achieve sth
is designed to only use that location for a short surge (v) /sɜːdʒ/ to move quickly and with force Researchers around the world are collaborating to
period of time The airline opened a pop-up shop to in a particular direction The gates opened and the develop a new vaccine.
promote its winter sale. crowd surged forward. commemorate (v) /kəˈmeməreɪt/ to exist to
(be) poverty-stricken (adj) /ˈpɒvəti ˌstrɪkn/ third-party (adj) /ˈθɜːd ˌpɑ:ti/ relating to or remind people of a person or an event from the
extremely poor; with very little money He came involving insurance that pays sb who is affected past A plaque commemorates the battle.
from a poverty-stricken family in turn-of-the-century by your actions Third-party insurance will only comprise (v) /kəmˈpraɪz/ to be the parts or
Brooklyn. protect you if you damage someone else’s car – not members that form sth Older people comprise a
premium (n) /ˈpriːmiəm/ an amount of money your own. large proportion of those living in poverty.
that you pay once or regularly for an insurance trappings (of success / power / wealth) (n) conduct (v) /kənˈdʌkt/ to organize and/or do
policy It’s an annual policy, but I only pay eleven /ˈtræpɪŋz/ the possessions, clothes, etc. that are a particular activity The negotiations have been
monthly premiums as the last month is free. connected with a particular situation, job or social conducted in a positive manner.
result (in / from) (v) /rɪˈzʌlt/ to make sth position They enjoyed all the trappings of wealth. conquer (v) /ˈkɒŋkə(r)/ to succeed in dealing
happen The cyclone has resulted in many trigger (v) /ˈtrɪgə(r)/ to make sth happen with or controlling sth The only way to conquer a
thousands of deaths. suddenly A wide range of emotionally stressful fear is to face it.
rocket (v) /ˈrɒkɪt/
to increase very quickly and events may trigger a relapse. contradiction (n) /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkʃn/ a lack of
suddenly The total has rocketed from 376 to 532. tumble (v) /ˈtʌmbl/ to fall suddenly and in a agreement between facts, opinions, actions, etc.
dramatic way World records tumbled at the last There is a contradiction between the two sets of
Olympics. figures.
contradictory (adj) /kɒntrəˈdɪktəri/ containing homogeneous (adj) /ˌhɒməˈdʒiːniəs, rack your brains (idiom) /ræk jɔː(r) ˈbreɪnz/
or showing a contradiction We are faced with two həˈmɒdʒənəs/ consisting of things or people that to think very hard or for a long time about sth
apparently contradictory statements. are all the same or all of the same type Old people She racked her brains, trying to remember exactly
correspondence (n) /ˌkɒrəˈspɒndəns/ are not a homogeneous group, as some people seem what she had said.
a connection between two things; the fact of to think. recall (v) /rɪˈkɔːl/ to remember sth If I recall
two things being similar There is a close impede (v) /ɪmˈpiːd/ to delay or stop the correctly, he lives in Luton.
correspondence between the two extracts. progress of sth Work on the building was impeded receptive (adj) /rɪˈseptɪv/ willing to listen to
corresponding (adj) /ˌkɒrəˈspɒndɪŋ/ matching by severe weather. or to accept new ideas or suggestions She was
or connected with sth that you have just impressionable (adj) /ɪmˈpreʃənəbl/ easily always receptive to new ideas.
mentioned Profits have risen by 15% compared influenced or affected by sb/sth He was a bad recite (v) /rɪˈsaɪt/ to say a poem, piece of
with the corresponding period last year. influence on the child, who was at an impressionable literature, etc. that you have learned, especially
croon (v) /kruːn/ to sing, especially familiar age. to an audience Each child had to recite a poem to
songs, in an exaggeratedly sentimental way incarnate (adj) /ɪnˈkɑːnət/ in human form the class.
Bobby Darin was crooning ‘Dream Lover’. The leader seemed to be the devil incarnate. recollect (v) /ˌrekəˈlekt/ to remember sth,
curiosity (n) /ˌkjʊəriˈɒsəti/ a strong desire to ingenious (adj) /ɪnˈdʒiːniəs/ very suitable for a especially by making an effort to remember it
know about sth Children show curiosity about particular purpose and resulting from clever new She could no longer recollect the details of the letter.
everything. ideas His plots are always very ingenious. reel off (v) /riːl ˈɒf/ to say or repeat sth quickly
curious (adj) /ˈkjʊəriəs/ having a strong desire ingenuity (n) /ˌɪndʒəˈnju:əti/ the ability to without having to stop or think about it
to know about sth They were very curious about invent things or solve problems in clever new He immediately reeled off several names.
the people who lived upstairs. ways The problem tested the ingenuity of even the reflect (on) (v) /rɪˈflekt/ to think carefully and
deductive (adj) /dɪˈdʌktɪv/ using knowledge most imaginative students. deeply about sth She was left to reflect on the
about things that are generally true in order to inquiring (adj) /ɪnˈkwaɪərɪŋ/ showing an implications of her decision.
think about and understand particular situations interest in learning new things An enquiring mind remember (v) /rɪˈmembə(r)/ to have or keep
or problems A deductive approach to research is is always a sign of intelligence. an image in your memory of an event, a person, a
aimed at testing theory. install (v) /ɪnˈstɔːl/ to fix equipment or furniture place, etc. from the past I don’t remember my first
dexterity (n) /dekˈsterəti/ skill in using your into position so that it can be used day at school.
hands or your mind You need manual dexterity to The hotel chain has recently installed a new booking remind (v) /rɪˈmaɪnd/ to help sb remember
be good at video games. system. sth, especially sth important that they must do
dexterous (adj) /ˈdekstrəs/ skilful with your integrity (n) /ɪnˈtegrəti/ the quality of being Remind me to phone Alan before I go out.
hands Even at seventy-five, my grandfather had the honest and having strong moral principles reminisce (v) /ˌremɪˈnɪs/ to think, talk or write
dexterous hands of a skilled craftsman. She questioned his integrity as a councillor. about a happy time in your past We spent a happy
diligence (n) /ˈdɪlɪdʒəns/ careful and thorough interchange (n) /ˈɪntətʃeɪndʒ/ the act of evening reminiscing about primary school.
work or effort She shows great diligence in her sharing or exchanging sth, especially ideas or resolve (v) /rɪˈzɒlv/ to find an acceptable
schoolwork. information The annual conference serves as a solution to a problem or difficulty Attempts are
diligent (adj) /ˈdɪlɪdʒənt/ showing care and useful interchange of ideas. being made to resolve the problem of security in
effort in your work or duties He was always a interchangeable (adj) /ˌɪntəˈtʃeɪndʒəbl/ that schools.
diligent student and I can highly recommend him for can be exchanged, especially without affecting revolutionize (v) /ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz/
this position. the way in which sth works The two words are to completely change the way that sth is done
discern (v) /dɪˈsɜːn/ to see or hear sth, usually virtually interchangeable. Aerial photography has revolutionized the study of
with difficulty We could just discern the house in introspective (adj) /ˌɪntrəˈspektɪv/ tending to archaeology.
the distance. think a lot about your own thoughts, feelings, etc. scatterbrained (adj) /ˈskætəbreɪnd/ always
discerning (adj) /dɪˈsɜːnɪŋ/ able to show good There were a lot of family problems and Jim became losing or forgetting things and unable to think in
judgement about the quality of sb/sth increasingly introspective. an organized way She’s so scatterbrained that she
The discerning customer will recognize this as a intuitive (adj) /ɪnˈtjuːɪtɪv/ obtained by using didn’t think to call and ask him.
high-quality product. your feelings rather than by considering the facts self-aware (adj) /self əˈweə(r)/ having or
disparate (adj) /ˈdɪspərət/ made up of parts He had an intuitive sense of what the reader wanted. showing knowledge and understanding of your
or people that are very different from each other kerbstone (adj) /ˈkɜːbstəʊn/ unsophisticated, own character He was sufficiently self-aware to
This machine can keep the disparate parts of the without training or experience I’m not going to recognize the cause of his problems.
system coordinated. take any notice of a review written by an unknown sociable (adj) /ˈsəʊʃəbl/ enjoying spending time
disparity (n) /dɪˈspærəti/ a difference, especially kerbstone critic. with other people I’m not feeling very sociable this
one connected with unfair treatment The minister make up (v) /meɪk ˈʌp/ to form sth evening.
acknowledged the growing regional disparities in Women make up 56% of the student numbers. team up (with) (v) /tiːm ʌp/ to join with another
economic prosperity. make out (v) /meɪk ˈaʊt/ to manage to see sb/ person or group in order to do sth together
divergence (n) /daɪˈvɜːdʒəns/ the process or sth or read or hear sth I could just make out a I usually work alone, but I teamed up with Jenna to
fact of separating or becoming different figure in the darkness. do this project.
There are divergences between the legal systems of memorize (v) /ˈmeməraɪz/ to learn sth carefully the brains behind (idiom) /ðə ˈbreɪnz bɪˌhaɪnd/
the two countries. so that you can remember it exactly the person who is responsible for thinking of and
divergent (adj) /daɪˈvɜːdʒənt/ developing or Please memorize your PIN immediately. organizing sth The band’s drummer is the brains
moving in different directions; becoming less methodical (adj) /məˈθɒdɪkl/ done in a careful behind their latest venture.
similar The two scientists have followed divergent and logical way She is very slow but methodical in transmit (v) /trænsˈmɪt/ to send an electronic
paths since the 1990s. her work. signal, radio or television broadcast, etc.
eloquent (adj) /ˈeləkwənt/ able to use language modest (adj) /ˈmɒdɪst/ not talking much about The ceremony was transmitted live by satellite to
and express your opinions well, especially when your own abilities or possessions She’s very over fifty countries.
you are speaking in public She was an eloquent modest about her success. turn around (v) /tɜːn əˈraʊnd/ to make sth start
speaker, with a beautiful voice. modesty (n) /ˈmɒdəsti/ the fact of not talking being successful after it has been unsuccessful for
find out (v) /faɪnd ˈaʊt/ to get some information much about your abilities or possessions a time The directors implemented a five-year plan
about sth/sb by asking, reading, etc. He’d been He accepted the award with characteristic modesty. to turn around the business after dismal results.
seeing her for a while, but didn’t want his parents to observant (adj) /əbˈzɜːvənt/ good at noticing upstart (n) /ˈʌpstɑːt/ person who has just
find out. things around you She keeps an observant eye on started in a new position or job but who behaves
get over (v) /get ˈəʊvə(r)/ to deal with or gain developments in education. as if they are more important than other people,
control of sth She can’t get over her shyness. pass on (v) /pɑːs ˈɒn/ to give sth to sb else, in a way that is annoying That upstart thinks he
give up (v) /gɪv ˈʌp/ to stop trying to do sth especially after receiving it or using it yourself knows everything!
They gave up protesting when more police arrived. Pass the book on to me when you’ve finished with it. variance (n) /ˈveəriəns/ the amount by which
gutter (n) /ˈgʌtə(r)/ the bad social conditions or pick sb’s brains (idiom) /pɪk ˌsʌmbədiz ˈbreɪnz/ sth changes or is different from sth else The state
low moral standards sometimes connected with to ask sb a lot of questions about sth because they of the economy explains the variance in political
the lowest level of society She rose from the gutter know more about the subject than you do trust and approval.
to become a great star. You’re good at geography – can I pick your brains varied (adj) /ˈveərid/ of many different types
have a jaw (idiom) /hæv ə ˈdʒɔː/ have a chat about this assignment? They offer a varied programme of entertainment.
Grandad, do you know the expression ‘have a jaw’? pin on (idiom) /pɪn ˈɒn/ to make sb be blamed visionary (adj) /ˈvɪʒənri/ original and showing
I mean, does anyone still use it? for sth, especially for sth they did not do You can’t the ability to think about or plan the future with
hold up (v) /həʊld ˈʌp/ to delay or block the pin this one on me—I wasn’t even there! great imagination and intelligence She proved to
movement or progress of sb/sth An accident is pull off (v) /pʊl ˈɒf/ to succeed in doing sth be an exceptional manager and a visionary leader.
holding up traffic. difficult I never thought you’d pull it off. worship (n) /ˈwɜːʃɪp/ the practice of showing
homogeneity (n) /ˌhɒmədʒəˈniːəti/ the quality put up (v) /pʊt ˈʌp/ to build sth or place sth respect for God or a god, by saying prayers,
of being homogeneous Cultural homogeneity is somewhere The council have put up a statue to singing with others, etc. 15% of the population
created by education and the media. commemorate the mining industry that shaped the attend a place of worship.
town.
Wordlist
Unit 5 exact (adj) /ɪgˈzækt/ correct in every detail outcome (n) /ˈaʊtkʌm/ the result or effect of
(be) a long way off (idiom) /ə ˌlɒŋ weɪ ˈɒf/ at a She gave an exact description of the attacker. an action or event We are waiting to hear the final
long distance away or long period of time in the extreme (adj) /ɪkˈstriːm/ not ordinary or usual; outcome of the negotiations.
future September was a long way off. serious or severe Children will be removed from outlook (n) /ˈaʊtlʊk/ the probable future for
absolute (adj) /ˈæbsəluːt/ total and complete their parents only in extreme circumstances. sb/sth; what is likely to happen The outlook for
‘You’re wrong,’ she said with absolute certainty. foremost (adj) /ˈfɔːməʊst/ the most important jobs is bleak.
accelerate (v) /əkˈseləreɪt/ to start to go faster or famous; in a position at the front This question overshoot (v) /əʊvəˈʃʊːt/ to go further than the
The car accelerated to overtake me. has been foremost in our minds recently. place you intended to stop or turn The aircraft
further down the road (idiom) /ˈfɜːðə daʊn ðə overshot the runway.
advance (v) /ədˈvɑːns/ to move forward
towards sb/sth, often in order to attack or threaten ˌrəʊd/ at some time in the future There are certain the Pacific Rim (n) /ðə pəˌsɪfɪk ˈrɪm/
them or it They had advanced twenty miles by to be more job losses further down the road. the countries around the Pacific Ocean, especially
nightfall. glide (v) /glaɪd/ to move smoothly and quietly, the countries of eastern Asia, considered as an
especially as though it takes no effort The skaters economic group He was promoted to Regional
alternate (adj) /ɔːlˈtɜːnət/ happening or Sales Director for the Pacific Rim.
following one after the other regularly were gliding over the ice.
Stretch up thirty times with alternate arms as a gross (adj) /grəʊs/ very obvious and parallel (n) /ˈpærəlel/ an imaginary line around
warm-up exercise. unacceptable It was a gross miscarriage of justice. the earth that is always the same distance from
hemisphere (n) /ˈhemɪsfɪə(r)/ one half of the the equator; this line on a map The Tropics of
alternative (adj) /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/ that can be used Cancer and Capricorn are the parallels which form
instead of sth else Do you have an alternative earth, especially the half above or below the
equator In the northern hemisphere, December is a the boundaries of the hottest part of the world.
solution?
winter month. (our) paths cross (idiom) /pɑːðz ˈkrɒs/ meet by
the Antipodes (n) /ði ænˈtɪpədiːz/ a way of chance Our paths were to cross again many years
referring to Australia and New Zealand She was historic (adj) /hɪˈstɒrɪk/ important in history;
likely to be thought of as important at some time later.
heading across the southern Indian Ocean towards
the Antipodes. in the future The party has won a historic victory prime meridian (n) /praɪm məˈrɪdiən/ a line
at the polls. of longitude at which longitude is defined as
backdrop (n) /ˈbækdrɒp/ the general conditions zero degrees The Royal Observatory is the home of
in which an event takes place, which sometimes historical (adj) /hɪˈstɒrɪkl/ connected with the
past You must place these events in their historical Greenwich Mean Time and the prime meridian of
help to explain that event It was against this the world.
backdrop of racial tension that the civil war began. context.
hit head-on (idiom) /hɪt ˌhed ˈɒn/ to collide in principal (adj) /ˈprɪnsəpl/ most important; main
chief /tʃiːf/ (adj) most important Her chief rival The principal reason for this omission is lack of time.
for the gold medal is Jones of the USA. such a way that the front part of one vehicle goes
into the front part of another vehicle or thing The prowl (v) /praʊl/ to move quietly and carefully
chug (v) /tʃʌg/ to move making the sound of an around an area, especially with the intention of
engine running slowly The train chugged steadily cars hit head-on.
hit the road (idiom) /ˌhɪt ðə ˈrəʊd/ to start a committing a crime A man was seen prowling
along the West Highland Line. around outside the factory just before the fire
collide (with) (v) /kəˈlaɪd/ to crash into another journey/trip Our flight leaves just before midday –
we should hit the road. started.
person or vehicle, etc. As he fell, his head collided pull up (v) /pʊl ˈʌp/ to stop He pulled up at the
with the table. hold-up (n) /ˈhəʊld ʌp/ a situation in which sth
is prevented from happening for a short time traffic lights.
come a long way (idiom) /ˌkʌm ə lɒŋ ˈweɪ/ real (adj) /rɪəl/ actually existing or happening
to have made a lot of progress We’ve come a long We should finish by tonight, barring hold-ups.
hurtle (v) /ˈhɜːtl/ to move very fast in a and not imagined or pretended It wasn’t a ghost;
way since the early days of the project. it was a real person.
complete with (adj) /kəmˈpliːt wɪð/ including particular direction A runaway car came hurtling
towards us. run-up (n) /ˈrʌn ʌp/ a period of time leading
sth as an extra part or feature The book, complete up to an important event; the preparation for this
with CD, costs £35. jackknife (v) /ˈdʒæk naɪf/ (of an articulated
vehicle) bend into a V-shape in an uncontrolled The shops are fully stocked for the Christmas run-up.
compulsive (adj) /kəmˈpʌlsɪv/ that makes you setback (n) /ˈsetbæk/ a difficulty or problem
pay attention to it because it is so interesting and skidding movement The motorway was closed for
several hours after a huge lorry jackknifed across all that delays or prevents sth, or makes a situation
exciting The programme made compulsive viewing. worse The team suffered a major setback when
three lanes.
compulsory (adj) /kəmˈpʌlsəri/ that must their best player was injured.
be done because of a law or a rule English is a latitude (n) /ˈlætɪtjuːd/ the distance of a place
north or south of the equator, measured in shatter (v) /ˈʃætə(r)/ to make sth suddenly
compulsory subject at this level. break into small pieces Windows were shattered
degrees The sun is directly overhead at noon at this
crackdown (n) /ˈkrækdaʊn/ severe action taken latitude. in the blast.
to restrict the activities of criminals or of people shed its load (v) /ˌʃed ɪts ˈləʊd/ (of a vehicle) to
opposed to the government or sb in authority let-down (n) /ˈlet daʊn/ sth that is disappointing
because it is not as good as you expected it to be lose or drop what it is carrying The traffic jam was
The government has ordered a crackdown on caused by a lorry shedding its load.
truancy. The London exhibition was a bit of a let-down.
longitude (n) /ˈlɒŋgɪtjuːd/ the distance of a sheer /ʃiə(r)/ used to emphasize the size, degree
crash into (v) /ˌkræʃ ˈɪntuː/ to hit an object or or amount of sth The area is under threat from the
another vehicle, causing damage place east or west of the Greenwich meridian,
measured in degrees The town is at longitude sheer number of tourists using it.
A truck went out of control and crashed into the back
of a bus. twenty-eight degrees west. skid (v) /skɪd/ to slide sideways or forwards in
lose track of (idiom) /luːz ˈtræk əv/ to not have an uncontrolled way The car skidded on the ice and
creep (v) /kriːp/ to move slowly, quietly and went straight into the wall.
carefully, because you do not want to be seen or information about what is happening or where
heard I crept up the stairs, trying not to wake my sb/sth is I lost all track of time. smash into (v) /ˈsmæʃ ˌɪntə, ˌɪntuː/ to move
parents. main (adj) /meɪn/ being the largest or most with a lot of force against sth solid The car
important of its kind Be careful crossing the main smashed into a tree.
definite (adj) /ˈdefɪnət/ sure or certain; unlikely
to change Can you give me a definite answer by road. smooth the path (for) (idiom) /smuːð ðə
tomorrow? major (adj) /ˈmeɪdʒə(r)/ very large or important ˈpɑːθ/ to make it easier for sb/sth to develop or
We have encountered major problems. make progress These negotiations are intended to
definitive (adj) /dɪˈfɪnətɪv/ considered to be the smooth the path for the emergence of a peace treaty.
best of its kind and almost impossible to improve make your way (into) (idiom) /ˈmeɪk jɔː(r) weɪ/
This is the definitive biography of Einstein. to move or get somewhere; to make progress sole (adj) /səʊl/ only; single My sole reason for
The blues eventually made its way into different coming here was to see you.
downfall (n) /ˈdaʊnfɔːl/ the loss of sb’s money,
power, social position, etc.; the thing that causes kinds of music. specific (adj) /spəˈsɪfɪk/ detailed and exact
this loss Greed was her downfall. notable (adj) /ˈnəʊtəbl/ deserving to be noticed I gave you specific instructions.
downpour (n) /ˈdaʊnpɔ:(r)/ a heavy fall of rain or to receive attention; important His eyes are his stop dead in your tracks (idiom) /stɒp ˌded ɪn
that often starts suddenly We got caught in a most notable feature. jɔː(r) ˈtræks/ to suddenly stop because sth has
torrential downpour. noticeable (adj) /ˈnəʊtɪsəbl/ easy to see or frightened or surprised you The sight made him
notice; clear or definite Her scars are hardly stop dead in his tracks.
economic (adj) /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk, ˌekəˈ-/ connected
with the trade, industry and development of noticeable now. stride (v) /straɪd/ to walk with long steps in a
wealth of a country, an area or a society (be) on the right track (idiom) /ɒn ðə ˌraɪt particular direction She came striding along to
Economic growth was fastest in Japan. ˈtræk/ to think or behave in the right way meet me.
economical (adj) /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪklˌ ˌekəˈ-/ We haven’t found a cure yet – but we are on the right stroll (v) /strəʊl/ to walk somewhere in a slow
providing good service or value in relation to the track. relaxed way People were strolling along the beach.
amount of time or money spent It would be more (be) on the road (idiom) /ɒn ðə ˈrəʊd/ travelling, the Subcontinent (n) /ðə ˌsʌbˈkɒntɪnənt/
economical to buy the bigger size. especially for long distances or periods of time a large land mass that forms part of a continent,
equator (n) /ɪˈkweɪtə(r)/ an imaginary line The band has been on the road for six months. especially the part of Asia that includes India,
around the earth at an equal distance from the only (adj) /ˈəʊnli/ used to say that no other or Pakistan and Bangladesh Large areas of the
North and South Poles The island is twenty degrees others of the same group exist or are there Subcontinent have been badly affected by recent
south of the equator. She’s their only daughter. flooding.
entire (adj) /ɪnˈtaɪə(r)/ including everything, outbreak (n) /ˈaʊtbreɪk/ the sudden start of swerve (v) /swɜːv/ to change direction
everyone or every part The entire village was sth unpleasant, especially violence or a disease suddenly, especially in order to avoid hitting
destroyed. Outbreaks of rain are expected in the afternoon. sb/sth He swerved sharply to avoid a cyclist.
technical (adj) /ˈteknɪkl/ connected with feel-good (movie / story / factor ) (adj) /ˈfiːl mortgage (n) /ˈmɔːgɪdʒ/ a legal agreement
the practical use of machinery, methods, etc. gʊd/ making you feel happy and pleased about by which a bank or similar organization lends
in science and industry We offer free technical life After the recession, people were waiting for you money to buy a house, etc., and you pay the
support for those buying our software. the return of the feel-good factor before starting to money back over a particular number of years;
technological (adj) /ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ connected spend money again. the sum of money that you borrow He didn’t earn
with technology Wireless computing was a major get on each other’s nerves (idiom) /ˌget ɒn iːtʃ enough to support his family and pay the mortgage.
technological breakthrough. ˌʌðəz ˈnɜːvz/ to annoy each other We often end much-respected (idea / person / type of love)
(reach) the end of the road (idiom) /ði ˌend əv up getting on each other’s nerves, but we never talk (adj) /ˈmʌtʃ rɪˌspektɪd/ admired or held in
ðə ˈrəʊd/ the point at which sth can no longer about the real reason. very high opinion She was a modest woman of
continue in the same way Last year’s champions get on like a house on fire (idiom) /get ˌɒn laɪk high morals and a much-respected person in the
reached the end of the road with a defeat in the ə ˈhaʊs ɒn ˌfaɪə(r)/ to become friends quickly community.
second round. and have a very friendly relationship They only narcissism (n) /ˈnɑːsɪsɪzəm/ the habit of
total (adj) /ˈtəʊtl/ including everything met a few weeks ago, but they get on like a house admiring yourself too much, especially your
The evening was a total disaster. on fire. appearance The performance was dominated by
tropic (n) /ˈtrɒpɪk/ one of the two imaginary have a change of heart (idiom) /hæv ə ˌtʃeɪndʒ the preening narcissism of the group’s lead singer.
lines drawn around the world 23° 26’ north or əv ˈhɑːt/ to have a change of attitude towards not have the heart to (idiom) /ˌnɒt hæv ðə ˈhɑːt
south of the equator The temperature is high sth/sb, usually making you feel more friendly, tə/ to be unable to do sth because you know that
between the tropics because the sun is high in the helpful, etc. Dan did not want to get married, but it will make sb sad or upset He’s recently lost his
sky, causing intense convection of rising air. recently he’s had a change of heart. mother, so I don’t have the heart to tell him it’s over
upbringing (n) /ˈʌpbrɪŋɪŋ/ the way in which a have a soft spot for sb (idiom) /hæv ə ˈsɒft spɒt between us just yet.
child is cared for and taught how to behave while fə ˌsʌmbədi/ to like sb She’s always had a soft notice (n) /ˈnəʊtɪs/ a formal letter or statement
it is growing up Her upbringing had given her the spot for you. saying that you will or must leave your job or
social skills to cope with such situations. have an old head on young shoulders (idiom) house at the end of a particular period of time
uprising (n) /ˈʌpraɪzɪŋ/ a situation in which a /hæv ən ˌəʊld hed ɒn ˌjʌŋ ˈʃəʊldəz/ used to Tenants must give written notice to the landlord of
group of people join together in order to fight describe a young person who thinks and acts in their intention to move out of the property.
against the people who are in power He led an a more sensible way than you would expect for a pledge allegiance /pledʒ əˈlɪːdʒəns/
armed uprising against the government. person of their age That’s a very mature comment to formally promise continued support for a
utter (adj) /ˈʌtə(r)/ used to emphasize how – you have an old head on young shoulders. political party, religion, ruler, etc. The bill would
complete sth is To my utter amazement, she have somebody to lean on (idiom) /hæv require schoolchildren to pledge allegiance to the
agreed. ˌsʌmbədi tə ˈliːn ɒn/ to have sb on whom you flag.
veer (v) /vɪə(r)/ to change direction suddenly can depend for help and support We all have to rally the troops (idiom) /ˌræli ðə ˈtruːps/
It is still not clear why the missile veered off course. have somebody to lean on in times of trouble. to bring people together in order to help or
hotly disputed (subject / theory / claim) (adj) support sb/sth The team captain vainly tried to
washout (n) /ˈwɒʃaʊt/ an event, etc. that is a rally his troops.
complete failure, especially because of rain /ˈhɒtli dɪˌspjuːtɪd/ that is argued about in an
They feared that the wedding was going to be a angry or excited way or with a lot of strong feeling rent (n) /rent/ an amount of money that you
washout after torrential rain. He refuses to release the legal advice on which he regularly pay so that you can use a house, etc.
based his hotly disputed claim. How much rent do you pay for this place?
write off (v) /ˌraɪt ˈɒf/ to damage sth, especially
a vehicle, so badly that it cannot be repaired infatuation (n) /ɪnˌfætʃuˈeɪʃn/ very strong rose-tinted (glasses / lens / view) /ˈrəʊz ˌtɪntɪd/
He’s written off two cars this year. feelings of love or attraction for sb/sth, especially used to describe an idea or a way of looking at a
when these are unreasonable and do not last long situation as being better or more positive than it
Unit 6 It isn’t love – it’s just a passing infatuation.
keep your head (idiom) /ˌkiːp jɔː(r) ˈhed/
really is He tends to view the world through rose-
tinted glasses.
all-consuming (work / passion / state) (adj) to remain calm in a difficult situation The police rout (the enemy) (v) /raʊt/ to defeat your
/ˌɔːl kənˈsjuːmɪŋ/ taking up all of your time or are on their way – keep your head and don’t make opponents completely in a competition, a battle,
energy I could never understand his all-consuming any sudden movements. etc. The massed army of conscripts had been
passion for collecting stamps. enough to rout the enemy.
landlord (n) /ˈlændlɔːd/ a person or company
amity (n) /ˈæməti/ a friendly relationship from whom you rent a room, a house, an office, sack (a town) (v) /sæk/ to destroy things and
between people or countries The purpose of the etc. The house has an absentee landlord who visits steal property in a town or building The army
treaty is to help the two countries develop amity. the property once a year. rebelled and sacked the palace.
(be) at sb’s beck and call (idiom) /ət ˌsʌmbədiz lease (n) /liːs/ a legal agreement that allows you seven-year (itch / campaign / romance) (adj)
ˌbek ən ˈkɔːl/ always ready to obey sb’s orders to use a building, a piece of equipment or some land /ˈsevn jɪə(r)/ occurring after seven years
She is constantly at the beck and call of her invalid for a period of time, usually in return for rent Their marriage ended when they both succumbed to
father. Under the terms of the lease, you have to pay the seven-year itch to seek new partners.
betray the cause (idiom) /bɪˌtreɪ ðə ˈkɔːz/ maintenance charges. take sth to heart (idiom) /teɪk ˌsʌmθɪŋ tə ˈhɑ:t/
to ignore or turn against the principle or belief letting agent (n) /ˈletɪŋ ˌeɪdʒənt/ a person to be very upset by sth that sb says or does
that you had previously supported in order to whose job is to manage your affairs when sb pays You shouldn’t take everything he says to heart.
achieve sth or gain an advantage for yourself money to live in your house for a period of time
Voters turned to the Communist party when they felt tenant (n) /ˈtenənt/ a person who pays rent
If you want the house to earn money while you’re for the use of a room, building, land, etc. to the
Labour had betrayed the socialist cause. abroad, you’ll need someone to act as your letting person who owns it They had evicted their tenants
compromise (n) /ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/ an agreement agent. for non-payment of rent.
made between two people or groups in which level-headed (adj) /ˌlevl ˈhedɪd/ calm and
each side gives up some of the things they want trigger revolt /ˌtrɪgə rɪˈvɒlt/ to cause a protest
sensible; able to make good decisions even in against authority, especially that of a government,
so that both sides are happy at the end In any difficult situations This position requires a level-
relationship, you have to make compromises. to happen suddenly and often involving violence
headed person with experience in managing risk. Historians have identified a number of factors
contract (n) /ˈkɒntrækt/ an official written live in each other’s pockets (idiom) /ˌlɪv ɪn iːtʃ that triggered revolt amongst the peasants in the
agreement Under the terms of the contract the job ˌʌðəz ˈpɒkɪts/ used to refer to two people who fourteenth century.
should have been finished yesterday. are too close to each other or spend too much use your head (idiom) /ˌjuːz jɔː(r) ˈhed/ used
deposit (n) /dɪˈpɒzɪt/ a sum of money that is time with each other Problems can arise when to tell sb to think about sth, especially when they
given as the first part of a larger payment young couples can’t find work and they live in each have asked for your opinion or said sth stupid
We’ve put down a 5% deposit on a house. other’s pockets all day. ‘Why don’t you want to see him again?’ ‘Oh, use your
devotion (n) /dɪˈvəʊʃn/ great love, care and long-lasting (battery / effect / relationship) (adj) head!’
support for sb/sth His devotion to his wife and /ˌlɒŋ ˈlɑːstɪŋ/ that can or does last for a long time wage war /weɪdʒ ˈwɔː(r)/ to begin and
family is touching. Events like these have such long-lasting effects. continue a war, a battle, etc. He made the decision
drive a wedge between (people) (idiom) /ˌdraɪv long-term (objective / prognosis / employment) to wage war.
ə wedʒ bɪˈtwiːn ˌpiːpl/ to make people start (adj) /ˈlɒŋ tɜːm/ that will last or have an effect wear your heart on your sleeve (idiom)
disliking each other I don’t want to drive a wedge over a long period of time The company’s long- /weə jɔː(r) ˌhɑ:t ɒn jɔː(r) ˈsliːv/ to allow your
between the two of you. term objectives include greater market share. feelings to be seen by other people You’re not one
drum up support (idiom) /ˌdrʌm ʌp səˈpɔːt/ loyalty (n) /ˈlɔɪəlti/ the quality of being faithful to wear your heart on your sleeve.
to try hard to get e.g. support or business He had in your support of sb/sth Can I count on your wrap sb round your little finger (idiom)
flown to the north of the country to drum up support loyalty? /ræp ˌsʌmbədi raʊnd jɔː ˌlɪtl ˈfɪŋgə(r)/ to
for the campaign. mania (n) /ˈmeɪniə/ an extremely strong persuade sb to do anything that you want She
estate agent (n) /ɪˈsteɪt ˌeɪdʒənt/ a person desire or enthusiasm for sth, often shared by a has always been able to wrap her parents round her
whose job is to sell houses and land for people lot of people at the same time Football mania is little finger.
The estate agent came out to measure and value sweeping the country.
our house.
euphoria (n) /juːˈfɔːriə/ an extremely strong
feeling of happiness and excitement that usually
lasts only a short time I was in a state of euphoria
all day.
Wordlist
Unit 7 ethereal (adj) /iˈθɪəriəl/ extremely delicate lay the foundations (idiom) /ˌleɪ ðə faʊnˈdeɪʃnz/
ambling (adj) /ˈæmblɪŋ/ at a slow relaxed speed and light; seeming to belong to another, more to put forward a principle or an idea on which sth
This track has an ambling melody and a hint of spiritual, world In a translucent sky, the domes and is based and from which it grows They had laid the
reggae. spires of the city looked almost ethereal. foundations for future development.
anti-Semitic (adj) /ˌænti səˈmɪtɪk/ that shows evocative (adj) /ɪˈvɒkətɪv/ making you think lilting (adj) /ˈlɪltɪŋ/ rising and falling in a
hatred of Jews or involves the unfair treatment of or remember a strong image or feeling, in pleasant way She had a light Scottish accent with a
of Jews Police investigated the attack as a possible a pleasant way Her new book is wonderfully characteristic lilting tone.
anti-Semitic crime. evocative of village life. lowbrow (adj) /ˈləʊbraʊ/ having no connection
back the wrong horse (idiom) /ˌbæk ðə ˌrɒŋ fascinating (adj) /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/ extremely with or interest in serious artistic or cultural ideas
ˈhɔːs/ to support sb/sth that is not successful interesting and attractive Your trip to Alaska He has very lowbrow tastes.
He isn’t going to win this election – we’ve backed the sounds absolutely fascinating. medium (n) /ˈmiːdiəm/ the material or the
wrong horse. forefront (n) /ˈfɔːfrʌnt/ important or leading form that an artist, a writer or a musician uses
backdrop (n) /ˈbækdrɒp/ everything seen position in a particular group or activity The new Watercolour is her favourite medium.
around an event that is taking place, but which is product took the company to the forefront of the mellow (adj) /ˈmeləʊ/ soft, rich and pleasant
not part of that event The mountains provided a computer software field. Mellow music and lighting helped to create the right
dramatic backdrop for our picnic. frenetic (adj) /frəˈnetɪk/ involving a lot of atmosphere.
bark up the wrong tree (idiom) /ˌbɑ:k ʌp ðə energy and activity in a way that is not organized menacing (adj) /ˈmenəsɪŋ/ seeming likely to
ˌrɒŋ ˈtriː/ to have the wrong idea about how to Liverpool scored two goals in a frenetic final six cause you harm or danger At night, the dark
get or achieve sth You’re barking up the wrong tree minutes. streets become menacing.
if you’re expecting us to lend you any money. genre (n) /ˈʒɒnrə/ a particular type or style of monorail (n) /ˈmɒnəʊreɪl/ a railway system in
bitterly disappointed (adj) /ˌbɪtəli literature, art, film or music that you can recognize which trains travel along a track consisting of
dɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd/ extremely upset because sth you because of its special features Crime fiction is a a single rail, usually one placed high above the
hoped for has not happened or been as good, genre which seems likely to remain popular. ground Although expensive to build, a monorail
successful, etc. as you expected They were bitterly get off on the wrong foot (idiom) /get ˌɒf ɒn has one of the best chances of all transit modes of
disappointed at the result of the game. ðə ˌrɒŋ ˈfʊt/ to start a relationship badly with making a profit in the long run.
brilliantly conceived (adj) /ˈbrɪliəntli kənˌsiːvd/ colleagues, neighbours, etc.; to start from an motif (n) /məʊˈtiːf/ a design or a pattern used
planned or thought through in your mind in an incorrect idea I seem to have got off on the wrong as a decoration that is repeated and developed
extremely successful way The plan was brilliantly foot with the new boss. in a work of art, literature or music The rug was
conceived. glass ceiling (idiom) /glɑːs ˈsiːlɪŋ/ the way in decorated with a simple flower motif.
brisk (adj) /brɪsk/ quick; busy We went for a which unfair attitudes can stop women, or other multifaceted (adj) /ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/ having many
brisk walk before lunch. groups, from getting the best jobs in a company, different aspects to be considered To solve this
etc. although there are no official rules to prevent kind of multifaceted problem, we need a team of
brush stroke (n) /ˈbrʌʃ strəʊk/ a mark made by them from getting these jobs She progressed
moving a brush once across a surface The artist experts in their field.
through the ranks to middle management, but then multifarious (adj) /mʌltiˈfeəriəs/ of many
has used tiny brush strokes. seemed to hit the glass ceiling.
building block (n) /ˈbɪldɪŋ blɒk/ a piece of different kinds; having great variety
highbrow (adj) /ˈhaɪbraʊ/ concerned with Diving allows the breathtaking experience of seeing
wood or plastic used as a toy for children to build or interested in serious artistic or cultural ideas
things with; parts that are joined together in order the multifarious life forms in a coral reef.
Highbrow critics generally disapprove of this type offensive (adj) /əˈfensɪv/ rude in a way that
to make a large thing exist Single words are the of novel.
building blocks of language. causes you to feel upset, insulted or annoyed
highly controversial (adj) /ˌhaɪli ˌkɒntrəˈvɜ:ʃl/ The programme contains language which some
by the back door (idiom) /baɪ ðə ˌbæk ˈdɔː(r)/ causing a great deal of angry public discussion
in an unfair or indirect way He used his friends to viewers may find offensive.
and disagreement His highly controversial new open doors (idiom) /ˌəʊpən ˈdɔ:z/ to provide
help him get into the civil service by the back door. play sparked a riot outside the theatre.
canvas (n) /ˈkænvəs/ a piece of strong heavy opportunities for sb to do sth and be successful
hit the nail on the head (idiom) /ˌhɪt ðə ˌneɪl ɒn An excellent degree will open doors for you in the
rough material used for making tents, sails, etc. ðə ˈhed/ to say sth that is exactly right Yes, you’ve
and by artists for painting on Traditionally tents very best companies.
hit the nail on the head – that is indeed the problem, overrated (adj) /ˌəʊvəˈreɪtɪd/ that is too highly
were made of canvas, but lighter weight materials but how can we fix it?
are often now used. thought of or valued There is nothing original
hit the roof (idiom) /hɪt ðə ˈruːf/ to become about his writing and I believe it is overrated.
captivating (adj) /ˈkæptɪveɪtɪŋ/ taking all your very angry Dad hit the roof when I took the car
attention; very attractive and interesting He found palette (n) /ˈpælət/ the colours used by a
without permission. particular artist Greens and browns are typical of
her captivating.
hugely influential (adj) /ˌhjuːdʒli ɪnfluˈenʃl/ Ribera’s palette.
catchy (adj) /ˈkætʃi/ pleasing and easily having a great deal of influence on sb/sth It was a
remembered Successful songs at the Eurovision peculiar (adj) /pɪˈkjuːliə(r)/ belonging or
highly influential work in shaping modern music. relating to one particular place, situation, person,
Song Contest generally have catchy tunes.
immediately obvious (adj) /ɪˌmiːdiətli ˈɒbviəs/ etc., and not to others; strange or unusual He has
come up against a brick wall (idiom) /ˌkʌm ʌp easy to see or understand without delay It was
əˌgenst ə ˌbrɪk ˈwɔːl/ to become unable to make his own peculiar style which you’ll soon get used to.
immediately obvious that the bag was too heavy. perspective (n) /pəˈspektɪv/ the art of creating
any progress because there is a difficulty that
stops you I approached several companies to back impenetrable (adj) /ɪmˈpenɪtrəbl/ impossible to an effect of depth and distance in a picture by
the project, but I kept coming up against a brick wall. understand I find his style somewhat impenetrable. representing people and things that are far away
comprehensible (adj) /ˌkɒmprɪˈhensəbl/ intellectual (adj) /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl/ connected as being smaller than those that are nearer
that can be understood by sb The instructions with or using a person’s ability to think in a logical the front The artist plays with perspective to
should be easily comprehensible to parents. way and understand things; well educated and confuse the eye.
enjoying activities in which you have to think post-industrial (adj) /ˈpəʊst ɪnˌdʌstriəl/
conventional (adj) /kənˈvenʃənl/ following seriously about things I don’t think he has the
what is traditional or the way sth has been done no longer relying on heavy industry In a post-
intellectual skills necessary to study at this level. industrial society, service industries create more
for a long time You can use a microwave or cook it
in a conventional oven. intensely private (adj) /ɪnˌtensli ˈpraɪvət/ wealth than manufacturing.
never wanting to share thoughts and feelings with post-war (adj) /ˈpəʊst ˌwɔː(r)/ existing,
dreary (adj) /ˈdrɪəri/ that makes you feel sad; other people at all You won’t get an interview with
dull and not interesting He didn’t want to go back happening or made in the period after a war,
her – she’s an intensely private person. especially the Second World War The post-war era
to his dreary little bedsit.
intricate (adj) /ˈɪntrɪkət/ having a lot of different saw major reforms in welfare.
drive sb up the wall (idiom) /draɪv ˌsʌmbədi parts and small details that fit together
ˌʌp ðə ˈwɔːl/ make sb crazy or angry That noise is predate (v) /ˌpriːˈdeɪt/ to be built or formed, or
The building has intricate geometric designs on to happen, at an earlier date than sth else in the
driving me up the wall. several of the walls. past Very few of the town’s fine buildings predate
dull (adj) /dʌl/ not interesting or exciting intriguing (adj) /ɪnˈtriːgɪŋ/ very interesting the earthquake of 1755.
The first half of the game was pretty dull. because of being unusual or not having an primitive (adj) /ˈprɪmətɪv/ very simple and old-
eagerly anticipated (adj) /ˌiːgəli ænˈtɪsɪpeɪtɪd/ obvious answer These discoveries raise intriguing fashioned The methods of communication used
that sb looks forward to with great interest, questions. during the war were primitive by today’s standards.
pleasure and excitement The birth of the royal jarring (adj) /ˈdʒɑːrɪŋ/ having an unpleasant or
baby was eagerly anticipated. pro-democratic (adj) /ˌprəʊ deməˈkrætɪk/
annoying effect There was a jarring note of triumph in favour of a system where a country is controlled
elaborate (adj) /ɪˈlæbərət/ very complicated in his voice. by representatives who are elected by the people
and detailed; carefully prepared and organized jaunty (adj) /ˈdʒɔ:nti/ lively; showing that you Despite heavy pressure, the troubled region remains
She had prepared a very elaborate meal. are feeling confident and pleased with yourself I staunchly pro-democratic.
enchanting (adj) /ɪnˈtʃɑːntɪŋ/ attractive and remember our old milkman – always whistling and profoundly moving (adj) /prəˌfaʊndli ˈmuːvɪŋ/
pleasing What an enchanting little town! with his cap at a jaunty angle. causing very deep feelings of sadness or sympathy
enthusiastically received (adj) /ɪnˌθjuːziˌæstɪkli lavishly decorated (adj) /ˌlævɪʃli ˈdekəreɪtɪd/ It’s a profoundly moving story of love and friendship
rɪˈsiːvd/ that produces a very positive reaction made to look attractive by putting generous through times of great sorrow.
showing a lot of excitement and interest His new amounts of decorations on it The room was
play was enthusiastically received by the critics. lavishly decorated with tinsel and holly.
provocative (adj) /prəˈvɒkətɪv/ intended to Unit 8 illicit (adj) /iˈlɪsɪt/ not allowed by the law
make people angry or upset; intended to make (be) a no-brainer (n) /ə ˌnəʊ ˈbreɪnə(r)/ The global illicit trade in endangered species is
people argue about sth The book’s epilogue is a decision or a problem that you do not need to ravaging the world’s biodiversity.
deliberately provocative. think about much because it is obvious what you immigrant (n) /ˈɪmɪgrənt/ a person who has
raucous (adj) /ˈrɔːkəs/ sounding loud and rough should do The question of who to support in this come to live permanently in a country that is not
They grew more and more raucous as the evening election should be a no-brainer. their own European immigrants settled much of
went on. (be) a storm in a teacup (idiom) /ə ˌstɔːm ɪn ə Australia.
repellent (adj) /rɪˈpelənt/ very unpleasant; ˈtiːkʌp/ a lot of anger or worry about sth that is impoverished (adj) /ɪmˈpɒvərɪʃt/ very
causing strong dislike I found the pictures repellent. not important They’ll forget about it soon – it’s just poor; without money The story is about two
silhouette (n) /ˌsɪluˈet/ a picture that shows a storm in a teacup. impoverished students who decide to hitchhike to
sb/sth as a black shape against a light abundant (adj) /əˈbʌndənt/ existing in large the festival.
background, especially one that shows the quantities; more than enough Fish are abundant inflict (v) /ɪnˈflɪkt/ to make sb/sth suffer sth
side view of a person’s face I could see its black in the lake. unpleasant They inflicted a humiliating defeat on
silhouette against the evening sky. acute (adj) /əˈkjuːt/ very serious or severe the home team.
simply enchanting (adj) /ˌsɪmpli ɪnˈtʃɑ:ntɪŋ/ He was suffering from acute chest pains. migrant (n) /ˈmaɪgrənt/ a person who moves
very attractive or pleasing, especially in a natural from one place to another, especially in order to
way What a simply enchanting little town! alleviate (pressure / suffering / a shortage) (v) find work It is estimated that seasonal migrants
/əˈliːvieɪt/ to make sth less severe Building a make up 70% of the labour force.
sluggish (adj) /ˈslʌgɪʃ/ moving, reacting or new hospital would alleviate pressure on the older
working more slowly than normal and in a way building, which is now too small for the city’s needs. panacea (n) /ˌpænəˈsiːə/ sth that will solve all
that seems lazy The growth of the export market the problems of a particular situation There is no
has helped to compensate for sluggish demand antisocial (adj) /ˌæntiˈsəʊʃl/ harmful or single panacea for the problem of unemployment.
at home. annoying to other people, or to society in general
Their antisocial behaviour drove the other residents (a(n) possible / potential / obvious) pitfall (n)
soothing (adj) /ˈsuːðɪŋ/ that makes sb who to make a complaint. /ˈpɪtfɔːl/ a danger or difficulty, especially one
is anxious, upset, etc. feel calmer It is well that is hidden or not obvious at first We need to be
documented that music can have a soothing effect. assert (v) /əˈsɜːt/ to state clearly and firmly that alert to potential pitfalls.
sth is true She continued to assert that she was
soppy (adj) /ˈsɒpi/ silly and sentimental; full of innocent. (a desperate / sad / tragic) plight (n) /plaɪt/
unnecessary emotion She loves watching soppy a difficult and sad situation The African elephant is
romances. building site (n) /ˈbɪldɪŋ saɪt/ an area of land in a desperate plight.
where sth is being built Tidy your room – it looks
(be) spot on (idiom) /spɒt ˈɒn/ exactly right like a building site! principal (adj) /ˈprɪnsɪpl/ most important; main
His assessment of the situation was spot on. Tourist revenue is now our principal source of wealth.
chaotic (adj) /keɪˈɒtɪk/ in a state of complete
strike the right note (idiom) /ˌstraɪk ðə ˌraɪt confusion and lack of order The traffic in the city is principle (n) /ˈprɪnsɪpl/ a moral rule or a strong
ˈnəʊt/ to do, say or write sth that is suitable chaotic in the rush hour. belief that influences your actions Stick to your
for a particular occasion It is a bizarre tale and principles and tell him you won’t do it.
the author strikes just the right note of horror and city dweller (n) /ˈsɪti ˌdwelə(r)/ sb who lives in
a city 85% of city dwellers breathe heavily quick fix (n) /kwɪk ˈfɪks/ a rapid solution to a
disbelief. problem, especially an easy or temporary one
polluted air.
subway (n) /ˈsʌbweɪ/ a path that goes under There is no quick fix for the steel industry.
a road, etc. which people can use to cross to the commence (v) /kəˈmens/ to begin to happen; to
begin sth The meeting is scheduled to commence remedy (n) /ˈremədi/ a way of dealing with or
other side; an underground railway system in improving an unpleasant or difficult situation
a city He ran through the pedestrian subway. at noon.
There are a number of possible remedies to this
superstructure (n) /ˈsuːpəstrʌktʃə(r)/ congested thoroughfare (n) /kənˌdʒestɪd problem.
a structure that is built on top of sth, for example, ˈθʌrəfeə(r)/ crowded public street used by
traffic, especially a main road in a city If these resolve (a dispute / crisis / situation) (v) /rɪˈzɒlv/
the upper parts of a ship or the part of a building to find an acceptable solution to a problem or
above the ground This superstructure is a stunning plans are approved, one of the city’s most congested
thoroughfares will turn into a pedestrian zone. difficulty We hope that the dispute can be resolved
new urban landmark. peacefully.
surging (adj) /ˈsɜːdʒɪŋ/ moving quickly and (a(n) political / economic / humanitarian) crisis
(n) /ˈkraɪsɪs/ a time of great danger, difficulty scarce (adj) /skeəs/ that there is not enough
with force in a particular direction He struggled in of and that is only available in small quantities
vain to swim against the surging tide. or confusion when problems must be solved or
important decisions must be made It is hoped that Details of the accident are scarce.
swallow your words (idiom) /ˌswɒləʊ jɔː(r) his resignation will end the latest political crisis in seize (v) /siːz/ to take sb/sth in your hand
ˈwɜːdz/ to admit that what you said was wrong the country. suddenly and using force She tried to seize the gun
You’ll swallow your words when you see how from him.
successful it is. desist (v) /dɪˈzɪst, -ˈsɪst/ to stop doing sth They
agreed to desist from the bombing campaign. sewage system (n) /ˈsuːɪdʒ ˌsɪstəm/
theme (n) /θiːm/ the subject or main idea in a the connected pipes for carrying away used
talk, piece of writing or work of art elicit (v) /iˈlɪsɪt/ to get information or a reaction
from sb, often with difficulty I could elicit no water and waste substances that are produced by
North American literature is the main theme of this human bodies Without a sewage system in place,
year’s festival. response from him.
many fear that water supplies will become polluted
thundering (adj) /ˈθʌndərɪŋ/ making a very emigrant (n) /ˈemɪgrənt/ a person who leaves in the camp.
loud deep noise The village is a quiet backwater their country to live in another During the reign
of Charles I there was a flood of emigrants to North slum tenement (n) /ˈslʌm ˌtenəmənt/ a large
away from the thundering traffic. building divided into flats/apartments, in a very
America.
tone (n) /təʊn/ a shade of a colour Dark, rich poor area of a city Martin Luther King moved into
tones will absorb light to make a room look smaller. endeavour (v) /enˈdevə(r)/ to try very hard a slum tenement to draw attention to the living
to do sth I will endeavour to do my best for my conditions of the poor.
transparent (adj) /trænsˈpærənt/ easy to country.
understand They ensured that the plans were squalid (adj) /ˈskwɒlɪd/ very dirty and
transparent at every stage. fall into the trap (of doing sth) (idiom) /ˈfɔːl unpleasant The dogs were being kept in squalid
ˌɪntə ðə ˌtræp/ to do sth that is a mistake but conditions described as ‘the worst ever seen’ by the
underachiever (n) /ˌʌndərəˈtʃiːvə(r)/ which seems at first to be a good idea Parents
a person who does less well than they could do, officer who rescued them.
often fall into the trap of trying to do everything for
especially in school work Einstein was a notorious their children. stand-alone building (n) /ˈstænd əˌləʊn
underachiever as a child. ˌbɪldɪŋ/ building that is not joined to any others
fasten (v) /ˈfɑːsn/ to fix or place sth in a Our architecture projects range from stand-alone
uninspiring (adj) /ˌʌnɪnˈspaɪərɪŋ/ not making particular position, so that it will not move
people interested or excited The view from the buildings to house extensions and the remodelling
She fastened the rope to a tree. of interiors.
window was uninspiring.
fight an uphill battle (idiom) /faɪt ən ʌpˌhɪl stark (adj) /stɑːk/ very different to sth in a way
unobtrusive (adj) /ˌʌnəbˈtruːsɪv/ not attracting ˈbætl/ to take part in a struggle or argument that
unnecessary attention The service at the hotel is that is easy to see The good weather was in stark
is difficult to win and takes a lot of effort over a contrast to the storms of previous weeks.
efficient and unobtrusive. long period of time He’s fighting an uphill battle to
utterly appalled (adj) /ˌʌtəli əˈpɔːld/ totally be fit in time for the championships. tackle (crime / an issue / a challenge) (v)
horrified by sth unpleasant or wrong I am utterly /ˈtækl/ to make a determined effort to deal with
have the upper hand (idiom) /hæv ði ˌʌpə ˈhænd/ a difficult problem or situation The government is
appalled by the illegal persecution of endangered to have an advantage over sb so that you are in
species. determined to tackle inflation.
control of a particular situation Moving quickly
whimsical (adj) /ˈwɪmzɪkl/ unusual and not across the country, the king’s forces soon had the take the bull by the horns (idiom) /teɪk ðə ˌbʊl
serious in a way that is either amusing or annoying upper hand. baɪ ðə ˈhɔːnz/ to face a difficult or dangerous
Much of his writing has a whimsical quality. situation directly and with courage Nora decided
human (adj) /ˈhjuːmən/ of or connected with to take the bull by the horns and organize things for
(be / fall) wide of the mark (idiom) /ˌwaɪd əv ðə people rather than animals, machines or gods
ˈmɑːk/ not accurate Their predictions turned out herself.
The hostages were used as a human shield.
to be wide of the mark. throw cold water on sth (idiom) /θrəʊ ˌkəʊld
humane (adj) /hjuːˈmeɪn/ showing kindness ˈwɔːtər ɒn ˌʃʌmθɪŋ/ to give reasons for not being
towards people and animals by making sure in favour of sth; to criticize sth She immediately
that they do not suffer more than is necessary threw cold water on his plans to expand the
Campaigners claim that the animals are not being business.
kept in humane conditions.
Wordlist
unprecedented (adj)
/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ dependence (on) (n) /dɪˈpendəns/ the state of more or less (idiom) /ˌmɔːr ɔː ˈles/
that has never happened, been done or been needing the help and support of sb/sth in order to approximately She could earn $200 a day, more
known before There were unprecedented scenes of survive or be successful The government wants to or less.
violence in the city’s main square. reduce industry’s dependence on coal. neck and neck (idiom) /nek ən ˈnek/ level with
unsociable (adj) /ʌnˈsəʊʃəbl/ not enjoying depletion (n) /dɪˈpliːʃn/ the reduction of sth sb in a race or competition The cyclists were neck
the company of other people; not friendly I was by a large amount so that there is not enough and neck as they approached the final lap.
feeling very unsociable, so I didn’t go to the party. left This campaign highlights the causes for the obsession (with) (n) /əbˈseʃn/ a thing or person
unsocial (adj) /ʌnˈsəʊʃl/ outside the normal depletion of the ozone layer. that sb thinks about too much Fitness has become
times of working She works long and unsocial devotee (n) /ˌdevəˈtiː/ a person who admires an obsession with him.
hours. and is very enthusiastic about sb/sth He’s been a or so (idiom) /ɔː ˈsəʊ/ about It’ll cost €100 or so.
(be) up in arms about/over (idiom) /ʌp ɪn ˈɑːmz golf devotee for twenty-five years. or thereabouts (idiom) /ɔː ˌðeərəˈbaʊts/ used
əˌbaʊt, ˌəʊvə(r)/ to be very angry about sth and diagnosis (n) /ˌdaɪəgˈnəʊsɪs/ the act of to say that a particular number, quantity, time, etc.
ready to protest strongly about it Everyone was up discovering or identifying the exact cause of is not exact She must be about sixty or thereabouts.
in arms about the increase in tuition fees. an illness or a problem They are waiting for the par for the course (idiom) /ˌpɑː fə ðə ˈkɔːs/
urban infrastructure (n) /ˌɜːbən ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/ doctor’s diagnosis. just what you would expect to happen or expect
the basic systems and services that are necessary endemic (adj) /enˈdemɪk/ regularly found in sb to do in a particular situation
for a town or city to run smoothly, for example a particular place or among a particular group Starting early and working long hours is par for the
buildings, transport and water and power supplies of people and difficult to get rid of Malaria is course in this job.
Improvements in urban infrastructure are essential endemic in many hot countries. take sth with a pinch of salt (idiom) /teɪk
to keep pace with a growing population. exhaustion (n) /ɪgˈzɔːstʃən/ the state of being ˈsʌmθɪŋ wɪð ə ˌpɪntʃ əv ˈsɒlt/ to take sth with a
yield (v)
/jiːld/ to stop resisting sth/sb; to agree very tired Her face was grey with exhaustion. pinch of salt means to be careful about believing
to do sth that you do not want to do fatigue (n) /fəˈtiːg/ a feeling of being extremely that sth is completely true If I were you, I’d take
He reluctantly yielded to their demands. tired, usually because of hard work or exercise everything he says with a pinch of salt.
Driver fatigue was to blame for the accident. preoccupation (n) /priˌɒkjuˈpeɪʃn/ a state of
Unit 9 fixation (with) (n) /fɪkˈseɪʃn/ a very strong thinking about sth continuously; sth that you
a level playing field (idiom) /ə ˌlevl ˈpleɪɪŋ interest in sb/sth, that is not normal or natural think about frequently or for a long time She
fiːld/ a situation in which everyone has the He's got this fixation with cleanliness. found his preoccupation with money very irritating.
same opportunities It is argued that this type of fortitude (n) /ˈfɔ:tɪtjuːd/ courage shown by prognosis (n) /prɒgˈnəʊsɪs/ an opinion, based
education system creates a level playing field. sb who is suffering great pain or facing great on medical experience, of the likely development
a race against time (idiom) /ə ˌreɪs əˌgenst difficulties She endured her illness with great of a disease or an illness; a judgement about how
ˈtaɪm/ a situation in which you have to do sth or fortitude. sth is likely to develop in the future The prognosis
finish sth very fast before it is too late Getting food get your fix (idiom) /ˌget jɔː(r) ˈfɪks/ get an is not good.
to the starving refugees is now a race against time. amount of sth that you need and want frequently, ray of hope (idiom) /ˌreɪ əv ˈhəʊp/ a small
a slave to (idiom) /ə ˈsleɪv tə/ sb who is so especially a drug, but also informally sth that is amount of hope There was just one small ray of
strongly influenced by sth that they cannot live done to excess, e.g. watching television I have to hope.
without it or cannot make their own decisions get my fix of coffee before I can face the day. recovery (n) /rɪˈkʌvəri/ the process of
Sue’s a slave to fashion. give or take (idiom) /ˈgɪv ɔː(r) ˌteɪk/ becoming well again after an illness or injury;
across the board (idiom) /əˌkrɒs ðə ˈbɔːd/ approximately correct It’ll take about three weeks, the process of improving or becoming stronger
involving everyone or everything in a company, give or take a day or so. again My father has made a full recovery from the
an industry, etc. The industry needs more go cold turkey (idiom) /gəʊ ˌkəʊld ˈtɜːki/ operation.
investment across the board. stop taking a drug in a sudden way that produces reliance (on) (n) /rɪˈlaɪəns/ the state of needing
addiction (to) (n) /əˈdɪkʃn/ condition of being an unpleasant state Some say addicts will never sb/sth in order to survive, be successful, etc.; the
addicted to sth harmful She has an addiction to TV quit unless they go cold turkey, but others claim there fact of being able to rely on sb/sth Heavy reliance
game shows. are more effective solutions. on one client is risky when you are building up a
adrenaline junkie (n) /əˈdrenəlɪn ˌdʒʌŋki/ grain of truth (idiom) /ˌgreɪn əv ˈtruːθ/ a very business.
sb who craves, and cannot exist without, the small amount of truth There’s a grain of truth in restriction (on) (n) /rɪˈstrɪkʃn/ a rule or law that
feeling of excitement when your heart beats faster that argument. limits what you can do or what can happen
and your energy levels increase He’s a complete handicap (n) /ˈhændikæp/ sth that makes it There are no restrictions on the amount of money
adrenaline junkie – extreme sports are a normal way difficult for sb to do sth In a job like this, lack of you can withdraw.
of life for him. experience is no real handicap. serenity (n) /səˈrenəti/ the quality of being calm
aficionado (n) /əˌfɪʃəˈnɑːdəʊ/ sb who likes a have a weakness for sth (idiom) /hæv ə and peaceful The hotel offers a haven of peace and
particular sport, activity or subject very much ˈwiːknəs fə ˌsʌmθɪŋ/ have difficulty in resisting serenity away from the bustle of the city.
and knows a lot about it This coffee is regarded by sth/sb that you like very much He has a weakness set the pace (idiom) /ˌset ðə ˈpeɪs/ to do sth at
aficionados as one of the world’s finest. for chocolate. a particular speed or to a particular standard so
agonizing (adj) /ˈægənaɪzɪŋ/ causing great pain, hurdle (n) /ˈhɜːdl/ a problem or difficulty that that other people are then forced to copy it if they
anxiety or difficulty It was the most agonizing must be solved or dealt with before you can want to be successful The company is no longer
decision of her life. achieve sth The next hurdle will be getting her setting the pace in the home computer market.
ailing (adj) /ˈeɪlɪŋ/ ill/sick and not improving; parents’ agreement. something like (idiom) /ˈsʌmθɪŋ laɪk/ used to
having problems and getting weaker She looked in round numbers (idiom) /ɪn ˈraʊnd ˌnʌmbəz/ show that a description or an amount, etc. is not
after her ailing father. presented as a whole number, usually one ending exact They pay six pounds an hour – something
anguish (n) /ˈæŋgwɪʃ/ severe pain, mental in 0 or 5 There were about 150 there, in round like that.
suffering or unhappiness He groaned in anguish. numbers. somewhere around (idiom) /ˈsʌmweər əˌraʊnd/
association (with) (n) /əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃn, -siˈeɪʃn/ in the region of (idiom) /ˌɪn ðə ˈriːdʒən əv/ approximately the number or amount mentioned
a connection or relationship between people used when you are giving a number, price, etc. to It cost somewhere around £2,000.
or organizations They have maintained a close show that it is not exact He earns somewhere in strip of land (n) /ˌstrɪp əv ˈlænd/ a long narrow
association with a college in the US. the region of €50,000. area of land They were interested in buying a strip
aversion (to) (n) /əˈvɜːʃn/ a strong feeling of not (be) in the running (idiom) /ˌɪn ðə ˈrʌnɪŋ/ of land from the local recreation ground, but the
liking sb/sth He had an aversion to getting up early. having some chance of succeeding or achieving council rejected the idea.
chronic (adj) /ˈkrɒnɪk/ lasting for a long time; sth She’s in the running for an Oscar. susceptibility (to) (n) /səˌseptəˈbɪləti/
difficult to cure or get rid of She suffered with insistence on (n) /ɪnˈsɪstəns ɒn/ an act of the state of being very likely to be influenced,
chronic arthritis. demanding or saying sth firmly and refusing to harmed or affected by sth Researchers want to
compulsion (n) /kəmˈpʌlʃn/ a strong desire to accept any opposition or excuses They didn’t identify the genes that increase an individual’s
do sth, often sth that others feel is wrong, silly or appreciate the new headteacher’s insistence on a susceptibility to this disease.
dangerous He felt a great compulsion to tell her strict uniform policy. take a fancy to (something) (idiom) /ˌteɪk ə
everything. kick the habit (idiom) /ˌkɪk ðə ˈhæbɪt/ to stop ˈfænsi tə/ to start liking sth or sb, often without
conformity (with) (n) /kənˈfɔ:məti/ behaviour doing sth harmful that you have done for a long an obvious reason He’s taken quite a fancy to his
or actions that follow the accepted rules of society time If you’ve smoked for years, it’s very hard to kick next-door neighbour.
The procedure is in strict conformity with standard the habit. tenacity (n) /təˈnæsəti/ the quality of not giving
international practices. live and breathe sth (idiom) /ˌlɪv ən ˈbriːð up sth easily; the quality of being determined
crumb of comfort (idiom) /ˌkrʌm əv ˈkʌmfət/ ˌsʌmθɪŋ/ to be very enthusiastic about sth They competed with skill and tenacity.
sth very small that helps you not to worry or suffer He just lives and breathes football. terminal (adj) /ˈtɜːmɪnl/ that cannot be cured
quite as much The government’s only crumb of lapse of time (n) /ˌlæps əv ˈtaɪm/ a period of and will lead to death, often slowly He has
comfort is that their opponents are as confused as time that passes He wrote to us after a considerable terminal lung cancer.
they are. lapse of time. torment (n) /ˈtɔːment/ extreme suffering,
deficiency (n) /dɪˈfɪʃnsi/ the state of not having, menace (to) (n) /ˈmenəs/ a person or thing that especially mental suffering; a person or thing that
or not having enough of, sth that is essential causes, or may cause, serious damage, harm or causes this She suffered years of mental torment
Vitamin deficiency in the diet can cause illness. danger The communists remain a potential menace after her son’s death.
to the stability of the government.
torrent of criticism (idiom) /ˌtɒrənt əv hard of hearing (adj) /ˌhɑːd əv ˈhɪərɪŋ/ unable raise the white flag (idiom) /ˌreɪz ðə ˌwaɪt
ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm/ a large amount of disapproval to hear very well His sight is still good, but recently ˈflæg/ to show a sign that you accept defeat and
expressed suddenly and violently His attempts at he’s become rather hard of hearing. wish to stop fighting They raised the white flag and
street art provoked a torrent of criticism. holiday entitlement (n) /ˈhɒlədeɪ ɪnˌtaɪtlmənt/ came out slowly with their hands in the air.
tranquillity (n) /træŋˈkwɪləti/ the state of being the amount of holiday that you have the right ray (n) /reɪ/ a narrow line of light, heat or other
quiet and peaceful There was an air of tranquillity to take Your holiday entitlement is twenty-five days energy The windows were shining in the reflected
about the place. a year. rays of the setting sun.
wall of silence (idiom) /ˌwɔːl əv ˈsaɪləns/ human resources (n) /ˌhjuːmən rɪˈsɔːsɪz, recruitment agency (n) /rɪˈkruːtmənt ˌeɪdʒənsi/
unanswered questions which stop you from -ˈzɔːsɪz/ the department in a company that deals a business or organization that provides a service
making progress The investigators were confronted with employing and training people She works in on behalf of other businesses or organizations
by a wall of silence. human resources. to find new people to join a company, an
win hands down (idiom) /ˌwɪn hændz ˈdaʊn/ in reduced circumstances (idiom) /ɪn rɪˌdjuːst organization, the armed forces, etc. I was on the
to win sth very easily They’ll win hands down – no ˈsɜːkəmstənsɪz, -stɑːnsɪz/ the state of being books with a recruitment agency and they found me
doubt about that. poorer than you were before They’re so proud this job.
and insist on referring to themselves as ‘in reduced red tape (idiom) /red ˈteɪp/ official rules that
Unit 10 circumstances’. seem more complicated than necessary and
arc (n)
/ɑːk/ part of a circle or a curved line (be) in the red (idiom) /ˌɪn ðə ˈred/ to owe prevent things from being done quickly You have
Set the point of the compasses at one end of the line money to your bank because you have spent to go through endless red tape to get a residence
and draw an arc. more than you have in your account My account is permit.
(be) at your wits’ end (idiom) /ət jɔː(r) ˌwɪts $100 in the red. redundancy payment (n) /rɪˈdʌndənsi
ˈend/ to be so worried by a problem that you do job application (n) /ˈdʒɒb ˌæplɪˌkeɪʃn/ ˌpeɪmənt/ a sum of money paid when sb has to
not know what to do next She was at her wits’ end a letter and / or completed form detailing your leave their job because there is no more work
wondering how she’d manage it all in time. qualifications, skills and experience that you send available for them All members of staff are entitled
to a prospective employer in connection with a to redundancy payments.
atmospheric (adj) /ˌætməsˈferɪk/ related to the
earth’s atmosphere A sudden drop in atmospheric specific post You should get your job application in ring (n) /rɪŋ/ a round mark or shape The street
pressure often forecasts an approaching storm. in good time. plan of the city has evolved as a series of concentric
light at the end of the tunnel (idiom) /ˌlaɪt ət ðɪ rings.
blue-collar worker (n) /ˈbluː ˌkɒlə ˌwɜːkə(r)/
sb who does physical work in industry Historically, ˌend əv ðə ˈtʌnl/ sth that shows you are nearly sick leave (n) /ˈsɪk liːv/ permission to be away
blue-collar workers were those who were paid by the at the end of a long and difficult time or situation from work because of illness; the period of time
hour, but that has since changed. Reorganizing the department was a huge task, but spent away from work She’s rarely taken sick leave
we can now see light at the end of the tunnel. in all the years she’s been here.
career ladder (n) /kəˈrɪə ˌlædə(r)/ a series of
stages by which you can make progress in your lozenge (n) /ˈlɒzɪndʒ/ a figure with four sides solar (adj) /ˈsəʊlə(r)/ of or connected with the
career She was on the first step of the career ladder. in the shape of a diamond that has two opposite sun The solar system is made up of the sun and
angles more than ninety degrees and the other everything that orbits around it.
celestial (adj) /səˈlestiəl/ of the sky or of heaven two less than ninety degrees The lozenge shape
She wrote books on astronomy and compiled tables spell the end (idiom) /ˌspel ði ˈend/ to have sth,
on playing cards is more usually called a diamond. usually sth bad, as a result; to mean sth, usually
of the positions of celestial bodies.
lunar (adj) /ˈluːnə(r)/ connected with the moon sth bad This defeat spelt the end of his hopes of
cone (n) /kəʊn/ a solid or hollow object with a The lunar module was the first manned vehicle winning the title again.
round flat base and sides that slope up to a point outside Earth’s atmosphere.
The ice cream cone was invented when an ice cream sphere (n) /sfɪə(r)/ a solid figure that is
seller ran out of bowls. meet an untimely end (idiom) /ˌmiːt ən completely round, with every point on its surface
ʌnˌtaɪmli ˈend/ to finish or die sooner than is at an equal distance from the centre The concept
cosmic (adj) /ˈkɒzmɪk/ connected with the normal or expected A surprising twist comes when of Earth being a sphere dates back to ancient Greek
whole universe Do you believe in a cosmic plan? the hero’s wife meets an untimely end. philosophy.
crescent (n) /ˈkresənt/ a curved shape that (be) no end (to sth) in sight (idiom) /ˌnəʊ ˌend spiral (n) /ˈspaɪrəl/ a shape or design, consisting
is wide in the middle and pointed at each end ɪn ˈsaɪt/ a situation which is impossible for of a continuous curved line that winds around a
Croissants take their name from their shape, a kind anyone to find or see There’s no end to this conflict central point, with each curve further away from
of crescent. in sight. the centre A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.
cube (n) /kjuːb/ a solid or hollow figure with six of advanced years (idiom) /əv ədˌvɑːnst ˈjɪəz/ stellar (adj) /ˈstelə(r)/ connected with the stars
equal square sides Cut the meat into cubes. used in polite expressions to describe sb as ‘very He studies stellar activity and magnetic fields.
cylinder (n) /ˈsɪlɪndə(r)/ a solid or hollow figure old’ He was a man of advanced years. tangent (n) /ˈtændʒənt/ a straight line that
with round ends and long straight sides of limited means (adj) /əv ˌlɪmɪtɪd ˈmiːnz/ touches the outside of a curve but does not
To calculate the volume of a cylinder, multiply the not having very much money The charity supports cross it The cart track branches off at a tangent.
area of the circular base by the height. local elderly people of limited means. terrestrial (adj) /təˈrestriəl/ connected with the
ellipse (n) /ɪˈlɪps/ a regular oval shape, like (be) on the receiving end of (idiom) /ˌɒn ðə planet Earth Does anything like terrestrial life exist
a circle that has been squeezed on two sides rɪˈsiːvɪŋ ˌend əv/ to be the person that an action, on other planets?
Ellipses vary in shapes from very broad and flat to etc. is directed at, especially an unpleasant one
almost circular. the beginning of the end /ðə bɪˌgɪnɪŋ əv ðɪ
She found herself on the receiving end of a great deal ˈend/ the first sign of sth ending The scandal was
galactic (adj) /gəˈlæktɪk/ relating to a galaxy of criticism. the beginning of the end of his career as a politician.
A galactic year is the time the galaxy takes to rotate out of the blue (idiom) /ˌaʊt əv ðə ˈbluː/
once completely. the end is nigh /ði ˌend ɪz ˈnaɪ/ sth is about to
unexpectedly; without warning The decision came finish or die Many fans believe the end is nigh with
get the green light (idiom) /get ðə ˌgriːn ˈlaɪt/ out of the blue. the appointment of this new manager, but they may
to be given permission for a project, etc. to start or pension scheme (n) /ˈpenʃn ˌskiːm/ a system in yet be surprised.
continue After her presentation, she got the green which you, and usually your employer, pay money
light from the directors to go ahead with the plan. the public sector (n) /ðə ˈpʌblɪk ˌsektə(r)/
regularly into a fund while you are employed and the part of the economy of a country that is
getting on a bit (idiom) /ˌgetɪŋ ˈɒn ə bɪt/ which then pays you money when you retire owned or controlled by the government She
becoming old My cat’s getting on a bit now and he I opted to leave the company pension scheme. described working in the public sector as the most
can’t climb trees like he used to. planetary (adj) /ˈplænətri/ relating to a planet or rewarding way to contribute to society.
go down with something (idiom) /gəʊ ˈdaʊn planets We saw a fascinating documentary about underprivileged (adj) /ˌʌndə ˈprɪvəlɪdʒd/
wɪð ˌsʌmθɪŋ/ to have or catch an illness I don’t our planetary system. having less money and fewer opportunities than
feel well – I think I’m going down with something. polygon (n) /ˈpɒlɪgɒn/ a flat shape with at least most people in society The party aims to represent
a golden opportunity (idiom) /ə ˌgəʊldən three straight sides and angles, and usually five the interests of the underprivileged sections of
ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti/ a special or wonderful chance or more Polygons are often studied in the first few society.
to do or achieve sth Businesses have a golden years of school as an introduction to basic geometry visually impaired (adj) /ˌvɪʒuəli ɪmˈpeəd/
opportunity to expand into new markets. and mathematics. partially blind; having a problem with sight
golden years (idiom) /ˈgəʊldən jɪəz/ the time a purple patch (idiom) /ə ˈpɜːpl ˌpætʃ/ a period You can buy special phones which are designed
of life after retirement If you’re looking to spend of success or good luck He was enjoying a purple specifically for visually impaired users.
your golden years in the sun, come to us for property patch and scored eleven goals in fourteen games. white-collar worker (n) /ˈwaɪt ˌkɒlə ˌwɜːkə(r)/
advice. pyramid (n) /ˈpɪrəmɪd/ a solid shape with a working in an office, rather than in a factory,
gravitational (adj) /ˌgrævɪˈteɪʃənl/ connected square or triangular base and sloping sides that etc.; connected with work in offices White-collar
with or caused by the force of gravity The Sun’s meet in a point at the top I knocked over a pyramid workers tend to earn higher than average salaries.
gravitational pull keeps our planet orbiting the of cans in the supermarket – it was so embarrassing. with flying colours (idiom) /wɪð ˌflaɪɪŋ ˈkʌləz/
Earth. radius (n) /ˈreɪdiəs/ a straight line between the very well; with a very high mark/grade She passed
a grey area (idiom) /ə ˈgreɪ ˌeəriə/ an area of a centre of a circle and any point on its outer edge; the exam with flying colours.
subject or situation that is not clear or does not fit the length of this line Doctors wish to examine zero-hours contract (n) /ˌzɪərəʊ ˌaʊəz
into a particular group and is therefore difficult to everyone living within a ten-mile radius of the ˈkɒntrækt/ a contract where the employer has
define or deal with Exactly what can be called an factory. no obligation to offer a fixed number of hours
offensive weapon is still a grey area. and the employee has no obligation to accept the
work Zero-hours contracts can be used to provide a
flexible workforce for a temporary situation.

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Unit 1 exclude (from) (v) /ɪkˈskluːd/ to prevent sb/sth moreover (adv) /mɔːrˈəʊvə(r)/ used to

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Unit 1 exclude (from) ​(v) ​ /ɪkˈskluːd/ ​ to prevent sb/sth moreover ​ (adv) ​ /mɔːrˈəʊvə(r)/ ​used to

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Unit 1 exclude (from) (v) /ɪkˈskluːd/ to prevent sb/sth moreover (adv) /mɔːrˈəʊvə(r)/ used to