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AP Chemistry Unit 2 Packet 1
AP Chemistry Unit 2 Packet 1
AP Chemistry Unit 2 Packet 1
Unit 2 Page 1
Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Physical Properties and Changes
A. A PHYSICAL property is a characteristic that can be observed or measured
WITHOUT changing the IDENTITY of the substance.
B. When a PHYSICAL change takes place, chemical BONDS within compounds are
NOT broken in the reactant and no new chemical bonds are formed in the products.
The IDENTITY of the material does NOT change.
1. Changes of STATE.
2. Changes in FORM.
Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 2
7. Ability to Oxidize
B. When a CHEMICAL change takes place, chemical BONDS within the compound
ARE broken in the reactants and new chemical bonds are formed in the products.
The IDENTITY of the material changes.
2. Production of a GAS.
3. Formation of a PRECIPITATE.
4. Formation of an ODOR.
5. COLOR change.
I can list four observations that a chemical reaction/chemical change has taken place.
I can write chemical equations given formulas, names, or particle representations of reactants and
products.
Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Describing Changes
A. There are FOUR easily observed changes that usually indicate that a chemical
reaction has occurred:
4. Change in COLOR.
1. The equation must represent known facts and include all REACTANTS
and PRODUCTS.
2. The equation must contain the correct FORMULAS for the reactants and
products. NOMENCLATURE WILL HAUNT YOU FOR THE REST OF YOUR
LIFE!! REMEMBER diatomic elements!
I can describe and classify a reaction as a synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double
replacement, combustion, or gas-forming reaction.
I can describe and classify a precipitation and acid-base reaction as a specific type of double replacement
reaction.
Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Classifying Chemical Reactions
1. In a SYNTHESIS reaction, two or more substances come together to form a new
substance.
A+B→C
2. In a DECOMPOSITION reaction, one substance breaks down into two or more
simpler substances.
C→A+B
3. In a SINGLE REPLACEMENT reaction, one element replaces another one in a
compound.
A + BC → AC + B
4. A DOUBLE REPLACEMENT reaction results when the ions of two compounds
exchange places in an aqueous solution to form two new compounds.
AB + CD → AD + CB
a. A specific type of double replacement reaction, known as a
PRECIPITATION reaction, occurs when a PRECIPITATE, or solid, is formed
from two aqueous solutions.
AB(aq) + CD(aq) → AD(s) + CB(aq)
b. A specific type of double replacement reaction, known as a ACID-BASE
reaction, occurs when an ACID (formula typically starts with H+) and BASE
(formula typically ends with OH-)are mixed to form WATER and a SALT.
This is also known as NEUTRALIZATION.
(A) (D) (AD)
HB + C(OH) → H2O + CB
5. In a COMBUSTION reaction, a substance combines with OXYGEN, releasing a
large amount of energy in the form of light and heat.
a. In combustion reactions involving hydrocarbons (compounds containing
only C and H) with oxygen the products are WATER and CARBON
DIOXIDE.
CH4 + 2O2 → 2H2O + CO2
6. Some acid-base reactions produce a specific gas and are known as GAS-
FORMING REACTIONS.
metal carbonate (bicarbonate) + acid → salt + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + 2 HCl → 2 NaCl + H2O + CO2
Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 6
I can relate the importance of balancing a chemical equation to the Law of Conservation of Mass.
Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Balancing Chemical Equations
A. A BALANCED chemical equation is an equation that describes a chemical
reaction and follows the law of CONSERVATION of MASS.
B. Use TRIAL and ERROR to balance the formula equation using COEFFICIENTS
according to the law of CONSERVATION of MASS. The following steps make this
easier.
2. First balance the atoms of elements that are combined and that appear
only ONCE on each side of the equation.
I can use mole ratios to calculate the amount of moles of any product or reactant in a chemical equation
using dimensional analysis.
Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Introduction to Stoichiometry
A. STOICHIOMETRY involves the study of the relationships between REACTANTS
and PRODUCTS in a chemical reaction.
Mole Ratios
A. A MOLE ratio is a CONVERSION FACTOR that relates the amounts in moles of
any two substances involved in a chemical reaction. These conversion factors can
be used in dimensional analysis to solve problems.
Example:
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 9
I can calculate the amount in moles of a reactant or product from the mass in grams or amount in moles of
a different reactant or product.
I can calculate the mass in grams of a reactant or product from the mass in grams or amount in moles of a
different reactant or product.
I can apply stoichiometry calculations to gravimetric and volumetric (titration) lab techniques.
Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Molar Mass and Standard Molar Volume Conversion Factors in Stoichiometry
A. The MOLAR mass is the mass, in grams of ONE mole of a substance. The MOLAR
mass is the CONVERSION FACTOR that relates mass of a substance to moles. These
conversion factors can be used in dimensional analysis to solve problems.
B. The standard molar VOLUME of any gas at STP is 22.4L and can be used to
convert volumes of gases to moles to perform stoichiometry calculations.
1. When NOT at STP conditions, use the IDEAL gas law to determine
amount in moles of a gas to then perform stoichiometry calculations.
I can use stoichiometry calculations to determine the identity of a limiting and/or excess reactant in a
chemical reaction.
Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Limiting and Excess Reactants
A. The LIMITING REACTANT (REAGENT) is the reactant that limits the amounts of
the other reactants that can combine and the amount of product that can form in a
chemical reaction.
Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Theoretical Yield, Actual Yield, and Percent Yield
A. The THEORETICAL yield is the maximum amount of product that can be
produced from a given amount of reactant.
B. The ACTUAL yield is the measured amount of a product obtained from a reaction.
C. The PERCENT yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield and can
be described by the following formula.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Percent Yield = × 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 12
Guided Practice
Directions: Answer the following multiple choice questions without the use of a calculator. It’s important that you
practice estimation for the multiple choice section of the AP Chemistry exam.
Scan for Video 1. Upon combustion, a 30 g sample of a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and
Tutorial
oxygen produces 44.0 g of carbon dioxide and 18.0 g of water. Find the empirical formula of
the compound.
A) CHO
B) C2HO2
C) CH2O2
D) CH2O
Scan for Video 2. How many liters of oxygen are needed to exactly react with 19.8 g of methane at STP?
Tutorial
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
A) 13.9 L
B) 27.8 L
C) 55.5 L
D) 70.5 L
Scan for Video 3. How many moles of excess reactant remain when 60.0 mL of 1.0M hydrochloric acid reacts
Tutorial
with 25.0 mL of 0.80M barium hydroxide?
A) 0.010 mol
B) 0.020 mol
C) 0.030 mol
D) 0.060 mol
Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 13
Scan for Video 4. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, decomposes in the presence of a catalyst into water and oxygen
Tutorial
gas. How many liters of O2 at STP are produced from the decomposition of 34.0g of H2O2?
A) 5.60L
B) 11.2L
C) 22.4L
D) 44.8L
Scan for Video 5. Consider the reaction in the diagram below. The methane and oxygen molecules will
Tutorial
undergo a combustion reaction when a spark is applied to the system. What will be present
after the reaction?
QUESTION 1 [8 POINTS]
A 0.345g sample of anhydrous BeC2O4, which contains an inert impurity, was dissolved in sufficient water to
produce 100.mL of solution. A 20.0mL portion of the solution was titrated with KMnO4(aq). The balanced
equation for the reaction that occurred is as follows.
The volume of 0.0150M KMnO4(aq) required to reach the equivalence point was 17.80mL.
(a) Identify the substance being oxidized in the titration reaction. [1 POINT]
(b) For the reaction at the equivalence point, calculate the number of moles of each of the following:
(i) MnO4-(aq) [1 POINT]
(c) Calculate the volume, in milliliters, of CO2 gas collected at 750mmHg and 25.0°C when the equivalence
point has been reached. [2 POINTS]
Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 15
(d) Calculate the total number of moles of C2O42-(aq) that were present in the 100.mL of prepared solution.
[1 POINT]
(e) Calculate the mass percent of BeC2O4(s) in the impure 0.345g sample. [2 POINTS]
Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 16
Introduction
Chemists can find the identity of unknown compounds using techniques such as qualitative analysis,
chromatography, spectroscopy, and gravimetric analysis. Gravimetric analysis, which uses a balance to determine
the mass of a substance, is one of the oldest and most accurate quantitative methods for determining the amount of
an analyte in a sample.
The Crime
Mr. Baxter takes daily supplements to ensure that he gets enough essential nutrients and to maintain and improve
his health. One of the supplements is a potassium carbonate capsule that contains potassium carbonate and a
sugar filler. Last night, just after Mr. Baxter took his supplements he heard an evil laugh and was then knocked
unconscious. When he awoke with a splitting headache he found the following note:
Baxter realized the culprit was most likely one of his students and quickly contacted the police. The
police searched the homes of Baxter’s students and the following students had potassium carbonate pills
in their possession; each with a different percent by mass.
Safety Precautions
-Wear chemical splash goggles and chemical resistant gloves and apron.
-Do not touch any chemicals. If you get a chemical on your skin or clothing, wash the chemical off at the sink while
calling to your teacher. Make sure you carefully read the labels and follow the precautions on all containers of
chemicals that you use. If there are no precautions stated on the label, ask your teacher what precautions you should
follow. Do not taste any chemicals or items used in the laboratory. Never return leftovers to their original containers;
take only small amounts to avoid wasting supplies.
-Bunsen burners or other sources of heat will be used. Assume all glassware is hot even if it looks cool. Use
appropriate tongs or heat resistant gloves.
-Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes and skin and wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the
laboratory.
Chemicals Equipment
Unknown A (alkali metal carbonate) Beaker
0.50 M Calcium chloride, (CaCl2) Buchner funnel
Erlenmeyer flask
Stirring rod
Distilled water
Filtration funnel
Erlenmeyer flask, glass, 250-mL
Filter paper, Whatman® Ashless, #42
Watch glass, 100-mm
Analytical balance, 0.001 g precision
Pencil
Drying oven
Procedure
7. To filter your sample, slowly pour into the center of the filter paper while the suction is on.
Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 18
8. Use more distilled water to rinse your beaker, so that all of the solid is collected on the filter paper.
9. Continue suctioning until all of the filtrate (liquid) has moved through the filter paper into the flask.
10. Determine the mass of a clean watch glass and record in the Data Table
11. After you make sure all the carbonate has been removed from the filtrate, turn off the suction. Using
forceps or the tip of a scoopula, carefully remove the wet filter paper with the precipitate onto the watch
glass and then into a drying oven overnight. This will remove any remaining water to ensure accurate
mass measurements of just the precipitate.
12. Once the filter paper has been thoroughly dried, remove the filter paper from the drying oven and measure
its mass using an analytical balance. Record the mass (to three decimal places) in the Data Table and
determine the mass of the calcium carbonate precipitate.
Data
Data Table – Finding the mass of carbonate in an unknown
Mass (g)
Mass of precipitate
Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 19
2. Show a numerical setup using dimensional analysis and calculate the number of moles of precipitate
formed in the reaction.
3. Show a numerical setup and calculate the mass percent of carbonate ion in the capsule contents.
4. Based on your results, who is most likely the culprit in this assault on Baxter’s life?
Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 20
5. In the filtration setup to the right, draw particulate-level pictures of the products being filtered. Use the
particulate key as a guide.
6. How can you determine if any carbonate ions went through the filter? What action should you take if
carbonate ions passed through the filter?