DWDM 101 - Introduction To DWDM 2 PDF

DWDM introduction
Introduction to DWDM, base applications and architectures
© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. APJC Optical Sales Cisco Confidential 1
 Why DWDM?
 Optical Basics
 DWDM Technology
Agenda
 Optical Transmission
Systems Network Design
 Reference architectures
• Bit-rate and protocol independent transport
• Extremely high bandwidth
Bit-rate X no. of channels
10 Gbps  10G X 80  0.8 Tbps
40 Gbps  40G X 80  3.2 Tbps
100 Gbps  100G X 80  8 Tbps
Scales beyond efficiently too : 96 channels ; 400 Gbps ; 1 Tbps
• Fiber plant investment is preserved – add capacity to lit fiber thru equipment
upgrades; graceful growth
• Highly scalable – leverage abundance of dark fiber; convert existing spans of
SONET / SDH rings
• Dynamic provisioning – service availability in hours / days compared to months in a
purely TDM world; wavelength on demand
• Convergence Layer – Creates the optical superhighway IP and Ethernet
• Spans from access to the core
• Relevant in access, metro, regional, and long haul networks
• An established field, well aided by frequent innovations
• Transport of bandwidths beyond available interface rates (GE, 10G,
40G, 100G) requires multiple channels.
• With standard interfaces, multiple channels requires multiple fiber pairs.
Fiber is a scarce resource, and can be costly.
• xWDM allows multiple channels over a single fiber pair, and is often
more cost effective than using multiple fiber pairs.
• Each channel physically separated and don’t have common data plane
path with the rest of the channels in the system
Without DWDM
N fiber pairs
With DWDM
One fiber pair
N wavelengths
• With standard interfaces, distance is limited to the reach of the specified
interface (e.g. LX, EX, ZX – 10 km, 40 km, 80 km – depends on fiber).
• Exceeding these distances requires regeneration of each channel
(typically with router/switch interfaces).
• With DWDM, single span distances can reach 250 km.
• Amplified, multiple span DWDM distances can reach 1000’s of km, with
no ‘electrical’ regeneration and can have more than 80 channels today.
Without DWDM
up to 80km
Optical
Amplifier
With DWDM
1000’s of km
• With standard interfaces, the physical (layer 1) network topology is
restricted to the fiber topology.
• Fiber is expensive, and availability is limited. Metro / regional fiber is
most cost effectively deployed to multiple sites in a ring.
• DWDM, specifically ROADM, allows any L1 topology (hub and spoke,
mesh) over any fiber topology – typically a ring.
• Without DWDM (or TDM), service protection must be provided by an
upper layer protocol. This can be complicated and slow.
• DWDM provides the ability to protect individual channels at layer 1, with
sub 50 ms switching times.
• Bandwidth is reserved, with no oversubscription or contention in a failure
scenario.
• Multiple levels of resiliency are available, at varying cost points.
Transport Section Protection Multiplex Section Protection Optical Channel Protection

(Splitter Protection) (Trunk Protection)
 Why DWDM?
 Optical Basics
 DWDM Technology
Agenda
UltraViolet Visible InfraRed
l
850 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm 1625 nm
Optical communication wavelength bands in the InfraRed:

• 850 nm over Multimode fiber
• 1310 nm over Singlemode fiber
• C-band:1550 nm over Singlemode fiber
• L-band: 1625 nm over Singlemode fiber
• Wavelength (Lambda l) of light: in optical communications normally
measured in nanometers, 10–9m (nm)
• Frequency () in Hertz (Hz): normally expressed in TeraHertz (THz),
1012 Hz
• Converting between wavelength and frequency:
Wavelength x frequency = speed of light  l x  = C
C = 3x108 m/s
For example: 1550 nanometers (nm) = 193.41 terahertz (THz)
• The optical power of a signal can be measured in milliwatts (mW)
• dBm is the optical power expressed in decibels relative to one milliwatt
• Power in dBm = 10 log10 [Optical power (mW)/1mW]
• Examples:
Optical Power mW Optical Power dBm
0.1 mW -10 dBm
1.0 mW 0 dBm
2.0 mW +3 dBm
10 mW +10 dBm
100 mW +20 dBm
Introduction
Introduction of Lucent
Introduction of Corning TrueWave Introduction of
of Corning Introduction 50/125 um non-zero Lucent TrueWave
62.5/125 um of Corning fiber dispersion RS reduced
multimode SMF/DS shifted fiber slope non-zero
fiber dispersion 1986 dispersion
shifted fiber 1993 shifted fiber
1976
1985 1998
Introduction of
Introduction
Invention of Introduction of Corning SMF- Introduction of
of Corning
first Corning SMF- LS non-zero Corning LEAF
SMF-21 fiber
low-loss 28 fiber dispersion non-zero
optical fiber shifted fiber dispersion
1983 1986 shifted fiber
1970 1994 with large
effective area
1998
An optical fiber comprises of three sections:
• The core carries the light signals
• The refractive index difference

between core & cladding confines Core Cladding
SMF 8 microns 125 microns
the light to the core
• The coating protects the glass
Coating
250 microns
n2 Cladding
n1 Core
Intensity Profile
• Light is weakly guided through index difference between core and cladding
n2-n1
• Single mode is transmitted
• Mode field travels in core and cladding
• Attenuation, two primary loss mechanisms
Absorption loss due to impurities
Scattering loss due to refractive index fluctuations
• Chromatic dispersion:
Wavelengths travel at different speeds (refractive index function of l)
Smears pulses because lasers are not perfectly monochromatic
• Polarization mode dispersion (PMD):

Light travels in two orthogonal modes
If core is nonsymmetric, different modes travel at different speeds
Issue at high bit rates such as 10 Gbps and higher
• Nonlinear effects
Prevalent at higher signal powers
Lossy optical
Transmit Power = Ptx (mW) component Receive Power = Prx (mW)
Transmitter Receiver
• The Insertion Loss or Attenuation between transmitter and receiver is

expressed by the difference between the transmitted and received power
• Attenuation expressed in decibels (dB) is a negative gain, calculated by
10 x log10 Prx/Ptx (dB)

• If half the power is lost, this is 3 dB
• Example: Attenuation = 30 dB means transmitter power is 1000 times the

receive power
Length = L km
Transmit Power = Ptx (μW or mW) Receive Power = Prx (μW or mW)
Transmitter Receiver
• Fiber attenuation expressed in dB/km, calculated by

10 log10 (Ptx/Prx)/L
• Example:
A fiber of 10 km length has Pin = 10 μW and Pout = 6 μW
Its loss expressed in dB is
Fiber loss = 10 log10(10/6) = 2.2 dB
And expressed in dB/km = 0.22 dB/Km
Fundamental mode
OH Absorption Loss Bending loss
1550
window
1310
window
Rayleigh scattering loss
• Attenuation specified in loss per kilometer (dB/km)

0.40 dB/km @ 1310 nm, 0.25 dB/km @ 1550 nm
• Loss due to absorption by impurities, 1400 nm peak due to OH (water) ions
• Rayleigh scattering loss, fundamental limit to fiber loss
• Chromatic dispersion causes a broadening in time of the input signal as it
travels down the length of the fiber.
• The phenomenon occurs because the optical signal has a finite spectral
width, and different spectral components will propagate at different speeds
along the length of the fiber.
• The cause of this velocity difference is that the index of refraction of the fiber
core is different for different wavelengths.
• This is called material dispersion and it is the dominant source of chromatic
dispersion in single-mode fibers.
Dispersion ps/nm-km
Variation of Chromatic 20
Dispersion with
wavelength for Standard
SingleMode fiber 0
(>95% of installed fiber) 1310 nm 1550nm
Wavelength l
Standard SingleMode Fiber
Dispersion ps/nm-km
>95% installed fiber

20
0
1310 nm 1550nm
Wavelength l
Non-zero dispersion shifted fibers (NZDSF)

Lower dispersion in 1550nm window
Dispersion (ps/nm -km)
+4
Lucent TW+
Corning Leaf
+2
1530DSF
Corning 1540 1550 1560nm
-2
Corning LS
-4
• Dispersion limitation is defined by the dispersion tolerance of the transmitter
and the receiver
• Total dispersion is calculated from the fiber dispersion characteristics and the
fiber length for any channel or traffic path
• The effect of fiber dispersion should be taken into account in the power
budget as the dispersion penalty budget
• If any channel hit the dispersion limit, the dispersion should be compensated
or the channel signal should be regenerated (O-E-O)
• Doubling of bit rate results in an increase of dispersion penalty of up to four

times
Dispersion Tolerance of Transponder (ps/nm)
Distance (Km) =
Coefficient of Dispersion of Fiber (ps/nm*km)
• Dispersion limited transmission distances over SMF fiber (17 ps/nm/km):
Dispersion
Transmission Rate Modulation format Distance
Tolerance
External
2.5 Gb/s 20,000 ps/nm/km ~ 1,100 km
Modulation
2.5 Gb/s Direct Modulation 2,400 ps/nm/km 140 km
External
10 Gb/s 1,200 ps/nm/km 70 km
Modulation
External
40 Gb/s 200 ps/nm/km 12 km
Modulation
FOLDING
Tx bit sequence Eye diagram
 no dispersion
• In fiber the different frequency components of the signal propagate at different speeds
• The effect is signal distortion and intersymbol Interference, the penalty is “eye-closure”
• Can be compensated for by the use of Dispersion Compensation
Eye opening
• Dispersion generally not an issue below 10Gbps
• Narrow spectrum laser sources (external modulation) and low chirp*
laser sources reduce dispersion penalty. With broad/chirped sources
the different spectral components of the source will see different
dispersions thus broadening the pulse in time
• New fiber types (NZ-DSF) greatly reduce effects
• Dispersion compensation techniques
• Dispersion compensation fiber
• Dispersion compensating optical filters
• Dispersion Compensating Units (DCU) generally placed in mid-
stage access of EDFA to alleviate DCU insertion loss
• *Chirp: frequency of launched pulse changes with time
• Dispersion Compensating Fiber:
DCUs use fiber with chromatic dispersion of opposite sign/slope and of
suitable length to bring the average dispersion of the link close to zero.
The compensating fiber can be several kilometers in length, the DCU are
typically inserted after each span
• PMD causes a broadening in time of the optical signal
• In an ideal optical fiber, the core has a perfectly circular cross-section. In this
case, the fundamental light mode has two orthogonal polarizations (orientations
of the electric field) that travel at the same speed through the fiber
• Birefringence (index of refraction variation between two polarization axis) arises
due to random imperfections and asymmetries, causes broadening of the optical
pulse due to the two orthogonal polarization states traveling at different speeds
n1
n2
n1 > n2 refractive index difference due
to mechanical stress
• The “PMD coefficient”, with units of ps/km1/2, indicates the rate
at which PMD builds up along the fiber length
• Limits optical reach in high-speed transmission systems
• Typical PMD tolerance
2.5 Gbps: typically 40 ps
10 Gbps: typically 10 ps
40 Gbps: typically 2.5 ps (can be larger dependant on
modulation format)
• Power penalty due to PMD (1-2 dB)
Link PMD:
• Individual fibers have higher PMD values than when concatenated in a link
• The PMD link value determines the statistical upper limit for system PMD
ELEAF: PMD spec <0.1 ps/km1/2, PMD Link Value of <0.04 ps/km1/2
Leads to PMD limited system length of:
Transmission Rate Distance

Examples: 2.5 Gb/s 1,000,000 km
10 Gb/s 62,500 km
40 Gb/s 3,906 km
Old SMF: PMD spec <0.5 ps/km1/2, PMD link value of <0.2 ps/km1/2
Leads to PMD limited system length of:
Transmission Rate Distance
2.5 Gb/s 40,000 km
10 Gb/s 2,500 km
40 Gb/s 156 km
• Not an issue at 2.5 Gbps
• 2000+ Km at 10 Gbps on typical fiber
• Increase system robustness with Forward Error Correction (FEC) and
optimized transmitter modulation formats
• Deploy PMD-optimized fibers
• Use PMD Compensation (PMDC) (e.g. electronic post processing in
40/100G Optical Module DSP)
• As long as the optical power density within the optical fiber core is
low, the fiber can be considered a linear medium
• Loss and refractive index are independent of the signal power
• When optical power levels gets fairly high, the fiber becomes a
nonlinear medium
• Loss and refractive index are dependent on the optical power
• High channel count, high bit rate, long reach systems require
higher per channel powers making them susceptible to non-linear
effects
• Single channels non-linear effects
• Self Phase Modulation (SPM)
• Stimulated Brilliouin Scattering (SBS)
• Multi channel effects

• Four Wave Mixing (FWM)
• Cross Phase Modulation (XPM)
• Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
• Non-linearity arises (excluding scattering NLEs) from the
modulation of the refractive index of the fiber through the
interaction of the high optical power
• Intensity of an optical pulse modulates the index of refraction
• Nonlinearity scales as (channel power)2
Optical Pulse
n = n0 + N 2  Slow Phase
Velocity
Fast Phase
Intensity Velocity
Index of Nonlinear Light

Refraction Coefficient Intensity
Time
• Self Phase Modulation is a single channel effect
• Through the non-linear index, as earlier mentioned, the signal
intensity variation of a channel modulates the fiber’s local refractive
index
• Therefore different parts of the optical signal see different refractive
indexes, and therefore different phase velocities
• The resultant effect on the signal depends on fiber dispersion
• For Dispersion < 0, SPM can add on to chromatic dispersion and
increase temporal broadening of the optical pulses, thus reducing the
dispersion tolerance of the system
• For Dispersion > 0, SPM can narrow the optical pulse and thus
alleviate chromatic dispersion pulse broadening
No SPM, just Dispersion
SPM + Dispersion < 0
SPM + Dispersion > 0
• Cross Phase Modulation is a multi-channel effect
• Through the non-linear index adjacent channels also modulate the
fiber’s local refractive index and therefore modulate the phase of the
channel under consideration
• The effect of XPM is to act as a crosstalk penalty
• Increasing channel spacing reduces XPM because dispersion
increases and the individual pulse streams “walk away” from each
other
• Optimized dispersion compensation mapping can also reduce the
effect.
1 2 21-2 1 2 22-1
Into Fiber Out of Fiber
• Channels beat against each other to form intermodulation products

• Creates in-band crosstalk that can not be filtered (optically or
electrically)
Output Spectrum after 25 km of Dispersion Shifted Fiber
-5 Input Power = +4 dBm/ch
-10
-15
Power (dBm)
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548
Wavelength (nm)
• FWM effect efficiency strongly dependant on dispersion
• With higher dispersion and greater channel spacing effect negated
• Dispersion Shifted fiber with disp zero in C-band exhibits high FWM penalty
• Uneven channel spacing can reduce effect because intermodulation products
do not fall on channels
0
P * n2
D= 0 ps/nm P( FWM )  ( )
FWM Efficiency (dB)
-10
Aeff * D
-20 D= 0.2 ps/nm
-30
D= 2 ps/nm
-40
D= 17 ps/nm
-50
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Channel Spacing (nm)
• Effect and consequences
• SRS causes a signal wavelength to behave as a “pump” for longer
wavelengths. Energy is transferred from the shorter to longer wavelengths
• Thus the shorter wavelengths are attenuated by this process and longer
wavelengths amplified
• SRS takes place in the transmission fiber
• SRS (Raman) Amplification
• SRS can be used for amplification in the transmission fiber. Using Raman
pumps it is possible to implement a distributed Raman amplifier
Transmission Fiber
f f
• Impact of SRS in a DWDM system
-10
-15
-20
Spectrum (dB)
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
1528 1532 1536 1540 1544 1548 1552 1556 1560
Wavelength (nm)
Non-DWDM Laser DWDM Laser
Characteristic Characteristic
Power lc
Power lc
l l
Fabry-Perot Laser Distributed Feedback Laser (DFB)
• Spectrally broad linewidth • Dominant single wavelength
• Unstable center/peak wavelength • Tighter wavelength control
• Characteristic of low-cost SR/IR optics • Can be externally modulated

• Necessary for DWDM transmission
• Direct modulation
• Directly varying the laser drive current with the information stream to
produce a varying optical output power, “1” and “0”
• Thermal difference between “1” and “0” state creates wavelength shift,
induces spectral broadening of the laser spectrum… “Chirping”
• Spectrally broad, chirped signal has low dispersion tolerance
• External modulation
• High-speed system to minimize undesirable effects, such a chirping
• Modulation achieved through
• separate device, for example Lithium Niobate Mach-Zehnder
interferometer
• or integral part of the laser transmitter, electro-absorption
• Spectrally narrow signal has high dispersion tolerance
Each modulation format has advantages and disadvantages.
• IM-OOK NRZ: Intensity Modulation – On Off Keying Non Return to Zero

• RZ: return to Zero
• ODB: Optical Duobinary
• (D)PSK: (Differential) Phase Shift Keying
• (D)QPSK: (Differential) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
• PM-(D)QPSK: Polarization Multiplexing (D)QPSK
IM-OOK
(D)PSK (D)QPSK
EIx (t ) EIx (t )
11
RZ
1 0 0 0
ERx (t ) 10 01
ERx (t ) NRZ
0
00 0 1 0 1 1 0
x̂ Time
• Measures the degree of impairment when the optical signal is
carried by an optical transmission system that includes optical
amplifiers.
• Optical Signal to Noise Ratio, expressed in dB, is given by the
following:
OSNR=10 x log(Psig/N) + log (Bm/ Br )
• where:
Psig is the optical signal power (mW)
Bm is the resolution bandwidth (nm)
N is the noise power measured in Bm (mW)
Br is the reference optical bandwidth, typically
chosen to be 0.1 nm
• Typical OSNR value in 0.5 nm resolution bandwidth is >10 dB
• BER is a key objective of Optical System Design
BER is the number of erroneous bits received divided by the total number
of bits transmitted over a stipulated period
• Goal is to get from the Tx to Rx with a BER less than the BER
threshold of the Rx
• Typical minimum acceptable system BER is 10-12 (10-15 with
Forward Error Correction)
TX RX
 With no noise
 With no Inter Symbol Interference
 BER=0 independent of power
Link Optical Budget = Ptx – Prx
Where: Ptx = Transmitter output power
Prx = Receiver input sensitivity to achieve required BER performance
Ptx = +3 dBm Prx = -26 dBm
Budget = 29 dB
Optical Budget is affected by:
Fiber attenuation
Splices
Patch Panels/Connectors
Optical components (filters, amplifiers, etc)
Bends in fiber
Contamination/dirt on connectors
Tx bit sequence
FOLDING

• The vertical eye opening shows the ability to distinguish between a

1 and a 0 bit
• The horizontal opening gives the time period over which the signal
can be sampled
What causes bit errors:
• Noise introduced through receivers and amplifiers
• Pulse shape distortion introduced through dispersion and non-linear effects
These contribute to errors in bit detection when determining if a bit is a “1” or a “0”
“1” Level
Decision Threshold
“0” Level
• Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA)
• Operating range: C-band: 1530 to 1565 nm
L-band: 1605 to 1625nm
• Gain up to 30 dB, 1000x amplification for small signals
• High output saturation power up to +27 dBm, 500 mW
• Low signal distortion and cross-talk
• Optically Transparent
 Signal format and Bit rate independent
• The photon generated by the decay of the
Erbuim ion back to Its fundamental state is in
phase with the signal photon that initiated the
Stimulated Emission
Excited State
Transition to a lower energy state
Metastable State
Energy = h . 
Pump Photon Energy = h . 

at 980 nm
+=
Amplified Telecom
Telecom signal Signal
photon at 1550 nm Photon at 1550 nm
Fundamental State Fundamental State
= Erbium Ions
• Gain though high power pump laser(s) at either 980nm or 1480nm pumping
into the absorption bands of the erbium ions
• Input and output isolators stop the EDFA “lasing” due to reflected power
passing back through EDFA
• WDM coupler efficiently combines pump and signal wavelengths
Erbium
Isolator Doped
Fiber
Signal Isolator
Input Amplified
Signal
Output
WDM Coupler Basic EDFA

980 or 1480 nm for pump and
signal
configuration
Pump Laser
Pin Amplifier Pout
• Gain can be expressed by the ratio of Pout/Pin

• Gain is measured more conveniently in dB , calculated by
10 log10 Pout/Pin
• If the power is doubled by an amplifier, this is +3 dB
• Example: Pout/Pin = 50, Gain = 17 dB
Total Input Power : -12dBm Total Output Power : +2dBm
Per channel Per channel

input power Gain 14dB output power
-15dBm -1dBm
AMP
Constant Gain Mode Constant Power Mode
Total Output Total Output

Power +5dBm Power +2dBm
Per channel
power -1dBm Per channel
Per channel Per channel
power -4dBm
power -15dBm power -15dBm
AMP AMP
Gain Stays Constant : Gain 14dB Total Output Power Constant : +2dBm
• For DWDM applications Constant Gain mode is preferred
• Automatically corrects amplifier gain for capacity change, ageing
effects, operating conditions
• Keep traffic working after network failures
• Prevent BER degradation due to network degrade
• Constant Power mode suitable for single channel applications
• Erbium absorption and
emission lines.
• The multiple emission
Pump bands
lines gives rise to the
Gain band broad spectrum of the
EDFA
Channel Power
EDFA non-flat Non-flat amplified
gain spectrum signal spectrum
Ch1 Ch40
• EDFAs are the source of noise, Amplified Spontaneous Emission noise
(ASE) in a system
• The difference between the optical power of a channel and the noise
power is called the Optical Signal to Noise Ratio, OSNR
• Between EDFAs, the OSNR stays constant
• The lower the input power to the EDFA the lower the OSNR at the output
• The only way to recover OSNR is via an OEO Regeneration.
• OSNR is tracked on a per channel basis, each channel will have a
different OSNR
Every optical interface (line card, Transponder etc) has a minimum

OSNR specification that must be met
 Why DWDM?
 Optical Basics
 DWDM Technology
Agenda
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx STM-16 Tx
• One traffic channel per fiber pair

• 40 x 2.5 Gbps channels, 80 fibers
• DWDM systems use optical devices to combine the output of several
optical transmitters
TX RX
Transmission
TX RX
TX Optical RX
fiber pair
TX RX
Optical DWDM devices Optical
transmitters receivers
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
Tx STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx STM-16 Rx
Tx
• Multiple traffic channels on a fiber pair

• Each channel transmitted on a different wavelength/color prevents
channel interference and allows them to be separated at the receiving end
• 40 x 2.5 Gbps channels, 2 fibers
DWDM CWDM
Application Long Haul Metro
Amplifiers Typically EDFAs Almost Never
# Channels Up to 80 Up to 8
Channel Spacing 0.4 nm 20nm
Distance Up to 3000km Up to 80km
Spectrum 1530nm to 1565nm 1270nm to 1610nm
Filter Technology Intelligent Passive
100GHz Grid
Wavelength l
1530.33 nm 1553.86 nm
0.80 nm
Frequency 
195.9 THz 193.0 THz
100 GHz
50GHz Grid
Wavelength l
1530.33 nm 1553.86 nm
0.40 nm
Frequency 
195.9 THz 193.0 THz
50 GHz
• ITU-T l grids are based on 191.7 THz + 100 GHz or + 50 GHz
• It is a standard for the channels in DWDM systems
Animated slide
Transponder Transponder
(O-E-O) (O-E-O)
ROADM
OA OADM OA
Rx Tx
Mux/Demux Mux/Demux
To client devices
Direct interface
(IPoDWDM)
Layer 1+ Transport
Transponders
Muxponders
Xponders (L2)
Layer 0 Transport
ROADMs
Multiplexers / Demultiplexers
Amplifiers, DCU
Commons
Chassis
Power Supplies
Processors
Optical Service Channel
• 40/80 Wavelength DWDM
Metro, Regional, Long Haul scalability
Widely deployed across Carrier, Enterprise, Government, & Education customers
• ROADM Leadership
Leader Worldwide Market Share
Any Fiber Topology (mesh, ring, linear, etc…)
Any-to-Any Wavelength Provisioning
• Service Flexibility
Transponder based Wavelengths
Router/Switch based Wavelengths
Muxponder L1 Aggregation
Xponder L2 Aggregation and Services
• Automation and Intelligence

Automated turn-up, Automated Power Control
Advanced GUI, feature rich performance monitoring
Animated slide
Point to Point Protected

Point to Point
Dark Fiber
DWDM
Wavelengths
Physical Ring Physical Ring Physical Mesh

Wavelength Hub & Spoke Wavelength Mesh Wavelength Mesh
RX
to next site
TX
Client Multiplexer /
(router, switch, etc.) Demultiplexer
This is a simple and effective solution if…

 Distance is less than ~60km
 Client devices support DWDM interfaces
 Client protection (layer 2, layer 3 failover mechanism) is acceptable
 Topology is point-to-point only
Animated slide
same chassis
ONS Chassis ONS Chassis
RX TX TX
to next site
TX RX RX
Client ‘Sponder Multiplexer / Amplifier(s)

Services require
Distance and/or loss is
Transponding,
too high for passive
Muxponding, or Xponding
Services Require Layer 1 (sub-50ms) Protection
One ONS 15454 chassis handles any or all of these features
Animated slide
Point to Point Protected

Point to Point
Dark Fiber
DWDM
Wavelengths
Physical Ring Physical Ring Physical Mesh

Wavelength Hub & Spoke Wavelength Mesh Wavelength Mesh
Animated slide
same chassis
ONS Chassis ONS Chassis ONS Chassis
RX TX TX
to next site
TX RX RX
Client ‘Sponder Multiplexer / ROADM Amplifier(s)

Services require Physical Network

Distance and/or loss is
Transponding, Topology is a Ring
too high for passive
Muxponding, or Xponding (3+ nodes) or a Mesh
Services Require Layer 1 (sub-50ms) Protection
One ONS 15454 chassis handles any or all of these features
Animated slide
Traditional OADM Reconfigurable OADM
pass-thru path
add/drop path
A fixed number of channels Any number of channels (0 to 40/80)

A fixed set of channels Any set of channels, directional
Physical Ring Only (2 Degree) Physical Ring (2D) or Mesh (Multi-Degree)
Animated slide
Fixed or Banded Filter Architecture ROADM Architecture

Traffic Topology is Fixed Traffic Topology is Fully Flexible (Any-to-Any)
Difficult to Upgrade Non-Disruptive Service Additions
Animated slide
32ch 2-Degree 40ch 2-Degree

• iPLC Technology • iPLC Technology
Legacy • 32 Channels • 40 Channels
Two Degrees • Industry’s first widely deployed • Lower insertion loss than 32WSS
ROADM
40-WXC 80-WXC
• 9x1 3D MEMS WSS • 9x1 3D MEMS WSS
Multi-Degree • Core of Mesh ROADM Node • Core of Mesh ROADM Node
• 40 Channels – 8 Degrees • 80 Channels – 8 Degrees
• Add degrees in-service • Add degrees in-service
SMR-1 SMR-2
• ROADM & Integrated Pre-Amp • ROADM + Integrated Pre & Post Amp
Single Module • Significant Cabling Reduction • Significant Cabling Reduction
• 45% Space & Power Reduction • 50% Space & Power Reduction
• 40 Channels – 2 Degrees • 40 Channels – 4 Degrees
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8 Degrees
• 40 Channels
• 80 Channels
• Colorless A/D option
2 Degrees 4 Degrees
• 40 Channels • 40 Channels
• Very compact, single slot • Extremely compact, single slot
• Integrated Pre-EDFA • Integrated Pre/Post EDFAs
• EDFA, ROADM, OSA
combined
EDFA
• Only one slot required per
degree
• 4-Degree and cost-
optimized 2-Degree
ROADM versions
• Very few fibers required,
minimize complexity
• Thousands in service
OSA
• Form Factor
40ch ROADM + Amplifiers in a single slot card
Leaves room for service line cards and for ROADM in
smaller footprints
• Price-Point
Allows for ROADM anywhere (and everywhere)
Pay-As-You-Grow pricing option
• Simplicity
Very few fibers required
• Two Versions:
40ch 4-Degree ROADM
ROADM + Pre + Booster Amplifiers
40ch 2-Degree ROADM
ROADM + Pre-Amplifier
15454-M6 15454-M6
outside plant outside plant
MD-40 MD-40
• Total number of line cards for 40ch ROADM 2D Optical Layer: 2

• Total number of cables for 40ch ROADM Optical Layer*: 6
• Total number of optical layer devices (line card + passive): 4
All amplifiers are internal to the ROADM
Local Add/Drop Local Add/Drop
Direction A Direction B
MD-40 MD-40
To Next Site To Next Site

Direction A Direction B
Express
Mesh Patch Panel
Wavelengths
To Next Site To Next Site

Direction C Direction D
MD-40 MD-40
Omni-Directional – ROADM ports Colorless – ROADM ports are not
are not direction specific (re-route frequency specific (re-tuned laser
does not require fiber move) does not require fiber move)
40-WXC
80-WXC 80-WXC
SMR-2
Complete Control in Software, No Physical Intervention Required
Omni-Directional – ROADM ports 15454 MSTP Tunable Receiver – Coherent

are not direction specific (re-route receiver can select one wavelength
does not require fiber move) among a composite signal (no demux
needed)
Tunable Laser – Transmit laser Flex Spectrum – Ability to

can be provisioned to any frequency provision the amount of spectrum
in the C-band (96 channels) Embedded Optical allocated to wavelength(s) allowing
Intelligence for 400G and 1T channels.
Colorless – ROADM ports are Contention-less - Same frequency

not frequency specific (re-tuned can be added/dropped from multiple
laser does not require fiber move) ports on same device.
WSON
Wavelength Switched Optical Network
 Why DWDM?
 Optical Basics
 DWDM Technology
Agenda
Transponder Spec
Speed 2.5G
Transmit Power 0 dBm
Receive Power -28 dBm Outside of spec
Dispersion Tolerance 1600 ps/nm
OSNR Tolerance 21dB
Fiber
Type SMF-28
Distance 120 km –30dBm
Loss per KM .25 dB
Dispersion 16.7 ps/nm*km
–25dBm
–5dBm
0dBm
Transponder Spec EDFA
Speed 2.5G Input Power -9 dBm
Transmit Power 0 dBm Output Power +5 dBm
Receive Power -28 dBm Gain 11 dB
Dispersion Tolerance 1600 ps/nm Noise Figure 6 dB
OSNR Tolerance 21dB
Fiber
Type SMF-28 –25dBm
Distance 120 km
Loss per KM .25 dB
Dispersion 16.7 ps/nm*km –20dBm
0dBm
-9dBm
+5dBm
Transponder Spec
Speed 2.5G
Receive Power -28 dBm
Dispersion Tolerance 1600 ps/nm Outside of spec
OSNR Tolerance 21dB
Fiber
Type SMF-28
Distance 120 km
2004ps/nm
Loss per KM .25 dB
Dispersion 16.7 ps/nm*km
1670ps/nm
334ps/nm
0ps/nm
Transponder Spec EDFA
Transmit Power 0 dBm Output Power +5 dBm
OSNR Tolerance 21dB
Fiber
Type SMF-28
–35dBm
Distance 120 km 54ps/nm
Loss per KM .25 dB
–25dBm
Dispersion 16.7 ps/nm*km 2004ps/nm
DCF
Compensation 1950 ps/nm –20dBm
1670ps/nm
Loss 10 dB
+0dBm
334ps/nm
–9dBm
+5dBm
0ps/nm
OSNR
Transponder Spec EDFA 2 16.9 dB
Transmit Power 0 dBm Output Power -15 dBm
Noise
OSNR Tolerance 21dB
Fiber Outside of spec

Type SMF-28
–15dBm
Loss per KM .25 dB
–25dBm
DCF
1670ps/nm
Loss 10 dB
+0dBm
334ps/nm
–9dBm
+5dBm
0ps/nm
Option #1 OSNR
Transponder Spec RAMAN 21.9 dB
Speed 2.5G Gain 5 dB
Transmit Power 0 dBm Noise Figure 0 dB
Noise
Add RAMAN
OSNR Tolerance 21dB
Fiber
Type SMF-28
–15dBm
Loss per KM .25 dB
–20dBm
DCF
1670ps/nm
Loss 10 dB
+0dBm
334ps/nm
–9dBm
+5dBm
0ps/nm
Option #2 OSNR
Transponder Spec 16.9 dB
Speed 2.5G
Add FEC to Transponder to
improve ONSR Tolerance
Noise
OSNR Tolerance (E-FEC) 12 dB
Fiber
Type SMF-28
–15dBm
Loss per KM .25 dB
–25dBm
DCF
1670ps/nm
Loss 10 dB
+0dBm
334ps/nm
–9dBm
+5dBm
0ps/nm
 Why DWDM?
 Optical Basics
 DWDM Technology
Agenda
• Following options are available today:
 Passive Point-to-Point Architecture (CWDM or DWDM)
 Active* Point-to-Point Architecture (DWDM only)
 Active* Ring and Mesh Architectures (DWDM only)
• CWDM systems usually limited to passive solutions and short spans due
to performance limitation, protections usually performed on client side
• DWDM systems provide much better performance and scalability,
protection and restoration capabilities is available in DWDM system
Single span Single span
Topology Mode Technology System capacity Traffic protection
Optical budget ** distance **
P2P Passive CWDM 20 dB 80 Km 8 x 2.5G only on client equipment
P2P Passive DWDM 15 dB 60 Km 4 x 100G 1+1, Y-cable, PSM
P2P Passive DWDM 12.5 dB 50 Km 8 x 100G 1+1, Y-cable, PSM
P2P Passive DWDM 8 dB 30 Km 40 x 100G 1+1, Y-cable, PSM
P2P Active DWDM > 30 dB > 130 Km 80 x 100G 1+1, Y-cable, PSM
Ring / Mesh Active DWDM > 30 dB > 130 Km 80 x 100G 1+1, Y-cable, PSM, Restoration
* Active mean’s management and control capability

** Reference values as actual performance depends on configuration and performance of optical interfaces
• DataCenter / SAN extension uses dedicated optical fibers
• Scale limited to optical fiber availability, as separate pair of fiber required to add additional
capacity
• Protection performed at application level and need to have diverse optical paths
• Distances are usually short due to optical performance limitations
Campus Network Branch Network
Service Provider
Control and Legacy Control and Legacy
TDM, TDM,
Voice, Voice,
Etc. Etc.
Data Center Data Center
Direct fiber connection is required.

The same optical cable or diverse paths are used.
Core Site Metro Area Remote Site
• CWDM or DWDM passive devices can be used to improve optical fiber use, as many
channels can be transported in single optical fiber at the same time
• Distances are limited by optical performance of optical interfaces
• Interface protection can be done, path protection require diverse optical path
Service Provider
TDM, TDM,
Voice, Voice,
Etc. Etc.
Colored interfaces are used on client equipment
Data Center CWDM or DWDM optical MUX/DEMUX Data Center
Single pair of optical fiber
• In DWDM systems Optical Service Channel (OSC) can be added to control optical fiber
loss, perform management automation as well to provide management access to remote
site
Service Provider
TDM, TDM,
Voice, Voice,
Etc. Etc.
Data Center Optical Service Channel perform Data Center

span loss measurement and enable
management connectivity between nodes
O O
S S
C C
• PSM module measure power level of signal and perform protection switching in case if
power level falls beyond specified threshold.
• Provide simplest optical protection solution
• Unit introduce significant amount of attenuation as result in many cases optical
amplification is required
Service Provider
TDM, TDM,
Voice, Voice,
Etc. Etc.
Data Center PSM Provide simplest protection against fiber cuts Data Center
O P P O
S S S S
C M M C
• CWDM or DWDM passive devices can be used to improve optical fiber use, as many
channels can be transported in single optical fiber at the same time
• Distances are limited by optical performance of optical interfaces
• Both port protection and part protection are available, protection switching performed on
client side
Service Provider
TDM, TDM,
Voice, Voice,
Etc. O O Etc.
S S
C C
Data Center Diverse optical paths can be used for Data Center
protection, protection switching performed
on client equipment
O O
S S
C C
• WDM Transponders can be used to:
 Connect devices which doesn’t support CWDM or DWDM interfaces
 Aggregate multiple client signals into single optical channel
 Gain improvement in optical performance (extend reach)
 Perform optical protection switching with guaranteed sub 50 ms connection recovery
Service Provider
TDM, TDM,
Voice, Voice,
Etc. O O Etc.
S S
C C
Data Center Transponder’s can be used to achieve Data Center

sub 50ms protection switching between
T T
X two optical paths X
P P
O O
S S
T C C T
X X
P P
• Optical amplification can be added to extend distance between sites in cases when
distance or fiber loss are too high for passive system.
• Together with OSC amplifiers are able to automatically adjust to changes in fiber loss
without need to manually change settings in the system
Service Provider
TDM, TDM,
Voice, Voice,
O O Etc.
Etc.
S S
C C
Data Center Optical amplification can significantly Data Center

extend reach of DWDM systems.
T T
X Single span can reach 250-300km. X
P P
O O
S S
T C C T
X X
P P
• Use of ROADM allow to support ring architectures and most used configuration today in
DWDM networks due to simplicity and easy to use together with scale options
• High level of integration allow to have all necessary components (OPM, Amplifiers) in
single card, providing compact and simple for management solution
• Can be upgraded/extended to cover more advanced configurations or topologies
Service Provider
TDM, TDM,
Voice, Voice,
O O Etc.
Etc.
S S
C C
Data Center ROADM allow to support ring Data Center

topologies with possibility to
T T
X bypass channels without patching X
P P
O O
S S
T C C T
X X
P P
• In Regional / LH DWDM networks Transponders or IPoDWDM cards are used to meet
performance requirements and support error-free transmission on long distances
• OSC is required to provide access to intermediate optical amplification (OLA) sites
• EDFA and Raman amplifiers are used for optical signal amplification
• No generic designs as any design is unique and depends on specific customer requirements
Service Provider
TDM, TDM,
Voice, Voice,
O O O O Etc.
Etc.
S S S S
C C C C
Data Center Intermidiate amplification sites are Data Center

controlled via OSC and support
T T
X efficient transmission of the signal X
P P
O O O O O O
S S S S S S
T C C C C C C T
X X
P P
• Flexible Optical Transport
Flexible Service Options – Any Service, Anywhere
Low Latency Optical Network Architecture
L2+ Services, L1 Wavelength Services, Encryption
Carrier Class Quality and Reliability
Simplified Management and Planning Tools
Virtually Unlimited Bandwidth & Scale
• Industry leading 100G Solution
• Industry Leader in Packet + DWDM Convergence
• Industry’s Most Compact ROADM Solution
• End to End Management with Cisco Prime
Today we have discussed
 Why DWDM?
 Optical Basics
Closing  DWDM Technology
Thank you.

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DWDM introduction

Introduction to DWDM, base applications and architectures

Transport Section Protection Multiplex Section Protection Optical Channel Protection

850 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm 1625 nm

Optical communication wavelength bands in the InfraRed:

Wavelength x frequency = speed of light  l x  = C

For example: 1550 nanometers (nm) = 193.41 terahertz (THz)

• dBm is the optical power expressed in decibels relative to one milliwatt

• Power in dBm = 10 log10 [Optical power (mW)/1mW]

Optical Power mW Optical Power dBm

0.1 mW -10 dBm

100 mW +20 dBm

• The refractive index difference

• Polarization mode dispersion (PMD):

• The Insertion Loss or Attenuation between transmitter and receiver is

10 x log10 Prx/Ptx (dB)

• Example: Attenuation = 30 dB means transmitter power is 1000 times the

• Fiber attenuation expressed in dB/km, calculated by

• Attenuation specified in loss per kilometer (dB/km)

>95% installed fiber

Non-zero dispersion shifted fibers (NZDSF)

• Doubling of bit rate results in an increase of dispersion penalty of up to four

• Dispersion limited transmission distances over SMF fiber (17 ps/nm/km):

• *Chirp: frequency of launched pulse changes with time

Transmission Rate Distance

• Multi channel effects

Index of Nonlinear Light

SPM + Dispersion < 0

SPM + Dispersion > 0

Into Fiber Out of Fiber

• Channels beat against each other to form intermodulation products

-5 Input Power = +4 dBm/ch

1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548

Fabry-Perot Laser Distributed Feedback Laser (DFB)

• Spectrally broad linewidth • Dominant single wavelength

• Unstable center/peak wavelength • Tighter wavelength control

• Characteristic of low-cost SR/IR optics • Can be externally modulated

• IM-OOK NRZ: Intensity Modulation – On Off Keying Non Return to Zero

• Typical OSNR value in 0.5 nm resolution bandwidth is >10 dB

Ptx = +3 dBm Prx = -26 dBm

• The vertical eye opening shows the ability to distinguish between a

Pump Photon Energy = h . 

Fundamental State Fundamental State

WDM Coupler Basic EDFA

• Gain can be expressed by the ratio of Pout/Pin

Per channel Per channel

Constant Gain Mode Constant Power Mode

Total Output Total Output

• Constant Power mode suitable for single channel applications

Every optical interface (line card, Transponder etc) has a minimum

• One traffic channel per fiber pair

• Multiple traffic channels on a fiber pair

• Automation and Intelligence

Point to Point Protected

Physical Ring Physical Ring Physical Mesh

This is a simple and effective solution if…

ONS Chassis ONS Chassis

Client ‘Sponder Multiplexer / Amplifier(s)