The Electromagnetic Force

One of the four fundamental forces, the electromagnetic force manifests itself through the forces between charges (Coulomb's Law)
and the magnetic force, both of which are summarized in the Lorentz force law. Fundamentally, both magnetic and electric forces are
manifestations of an exchange force involving the exchange of photons . The quantum approach to the electromagnetic force is called
quantum electrodynamics or QED. The electromagnetic force is a force of infinite range which obeys the inverse square law, and is of
the same form as the gravity force.

The electromagnetic force holds atoms and molecules together. In fact, the forces of electric attraction and repulsion of electric
charges are so dominant over the other three fundamental forces that they can be considered to be negligible as determiners of atomic
and molecular structure. Even magnetic effects are usually apparent only at high resolutions, and as small corrections.
 Faraday's Law
Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil. No matter how the
change is produced, the voltage will be generated. The change could be produced by changing the magnetic field strength, moving a
magnet toward or away from the coil, moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field, rotating the coil relative to the magnet, etc.

Further comments on these examples

Faraday's law is a fundamental relationship which comes from Maxwell's equations. It serves as a succinct summary of the ways a
voltage (or emf) may be generated by a changing magnetic environment. The induced emf in a coil is equal to the negative of the rate
of change of magnetic flux times the number of turns in the coil. It involves the interaction of charge with magnetic field.

Lenz's Law
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it
produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire
always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced field acts in
opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of the applied field to try to keep it constant.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FORMULAS

DIRECT CURRENT(DC)

I = current(amps.), V = voltage(volts), R = resistance(ohms), P = power(watts)

 CURRENT:

I = V/R or I = P/V
 VOLTAGE:

V= P/I or V = IR

 POWER:

I2R or VI

 RESISTANCE:

R = V/I
ALTERNATING CURRENT(AC)

Il = line current(amps.), Ip = phase current(amps.), Vp = phase voltage(volts), Vl = line voltage(volts), Z =

impedance(ohms), P = power(watts)

f = power factor(angle), VAR = volt-ampers

 CURRENT(single phase):

I = P/(Vp cos(f)
 CURRENT(3 phase):

I = P/√3(Vl cos(f)) or I = P/3(Vp cos(f))

 POWER(single phase):

P = (VpIp cos(f))
 POWER(3 phase):

P = √3(VlIl cos(f)) or P = 3(VpIp cos(f))

GENERAL MATH FORMULAS

AREA FORMULAS
 CIRCLE:

pr2 (p=constant=3.142(approx), and r = radius)

 RECTANGLE:

ab (a = width and b = height of rectangle)

 SQUARE:

a2 (a = width = height of square, all sides equal)

  TRIANGLE:

1/2(bh) (b = base width and h = height of triangle)

SURFACE AREA

 CYLINDER:

2(pr2 + rh) (p=constant=3.142(approx), r = radius, h = height)

 CUBE:

6a2 (a=length of each side of the cube)

 RECTANGULAR PRISM:

2(ab + ac + bc) (a, b, and c are the lengths of the 3 sides)

 SPHERE:

4pr2 (p=constant=3.142(approx), and r = radius)

VOLUME FORMULAS
 CUBE:

a3 (a = length = width = height of square, all sides equal)

 CONE:

1/3pr2h (p=constant=3.142(approx), r = radius, h = height)

 CYLINDER:

pr2h (p=constant=3.142(approx), r = radius, h = height)

 PYRAMID:

1/3(bh) (b = base width and h = height of pyramid)

  RECTANGULAR PRISM:

abc (a = length, b = width and c = height of rectangular prism )

PERIMETER:

 CIRCLE:

pd or 2pr (p=constant=3.142(approx), d = diameter and r = radius)

 SQUARE:

4a or a + a + a +a (a = length of each side of square )

 RECTANGLE:

2(a + b) or a + b + a + b (a = length, b = height of rectangle)