Physics 122 Sept.

28, 2010

Concluding chapter 18. This lecture is the end of the

material that will appear
pp on your
y 1st midterm exam.

September 30. First lecture on Ch. 19 (magnetism)

October 4.
4 Review session: Javits 103,
103 6:50-8:50
6:50 8:50 PM
October 5. Second lecture on Ch. 19
October 5. 8:30 PM Midterm exam on Ch. 15-18.
O t b 6.
October 6 5:00 PM.
PM HW on Ch Ch. 19 is due.
d

g
Room assignments for the midterm will be posted
p soon.

Question 1: how do you want review session?

A car battery has a voltage of 12 V when it is not under
load, but when it is providing 100 Amps of current to the
starter motor (load), its terminal voltage drops to 10 V.
What is the internal resistance of the battery?
A car battery has a voltage of 12 V when it is not under
load, but when it is providing 100 Amps of current to the
starter motor, its terminal voltage drops to 10 V. What is
the internal resistance of the battery?

E = 12 V

When 100 Amperes are

flowing through Rload, the
voltage across Rload is 10 V,
so the voltage across Rint is 2
V.

Rint = 2 V / 100 A = 0.02Ω.

 For more complicated problems, we can use
Kirchhoff’s rules*:
1. Sum (algebraic) of currents entering a
junction is zero.
2. Sum of voltage differences around any loop
is zero.

*Not new physics: conservation of charge and conservative force.

Tactics: Draw and label an arrow to represent each
unknown
k current.
t

Write node equations:

q sum of currents flowingg into
each node – sum of currents flowing out = 0.

Draw closed loops

loops, keeping track of starting point and
direction of each loop.

Write
W it lloop equations:
ti s: ssum of
f voltage
lt diff
differencess
around each loop = 0. Pay attention to signs.
1. +Vbatt
att if traverse a battery
y from – to + terminal.
2. –Vbatt if traverse a battery from + to – terminal.
3. +IR if traverse a resistor opposite current I.
4 -IR if traverse a resistor with current I.
4.
 Problem: What is the current through each resistor?
We did this with series and parallel resistors – now try
with Kirchhoff’s laws.

First step: I1
Label currents.
currents

Second step: I1
W it node
Write d I1
equation(s):
I2
I1 – I2 – I3 = 0.
I1

I3
Note same node equation here.
Third step – First loop equation:
+10 Volts – 1 Ω × I1 – 2Ω × I2 = 0.

Write equation without dimensions, but remember that

I1, I2 are currents in Amperes
Amperes. 10 – I1 – 2I2 = 0.
0

I1

I1
I1

I2

I1

I3
Second loop equation:
+10 Volts – 1 Ω × I1 – 3Ω × I3 = 0.

Write equation without dimensions, but remember that

I1, I3 are currents in Amperes
Amperes. 10 – I1 – 3I3 = 0.
0

I1

I1
I1

I2

I1

I3
 So now we have three I1 − I2 − I3 = 0
q
linear equations in three
unknowns. 10 − I 1 − 2I 2 = 0
10 − I 1 − 3I 3 = 0
Write the first
f
equation as
I1 = I2 + I3, and 10 − (I 2 + I 3 ) − 2I 2 = 0 ⇒ 10 = 3I 2 + I 3
substitute into
10 − (I 2 + I 3 ) − 3I 3 = 0 ⇒ 10 = I 2 + 4I 3
the other two:
4th x 4 – 5th 5th x 3 – 4th substitute for I1
40 = 12I 2 + 4I 3 30 = 3I2 + 12I3 I1 = I2 + I3
10 = I 2 + 4I 3 10 = 3I2 + I3 = 2.73 + 1.81
30 = 11 I 2 20 = 11 I3 = 4.54 Amp
I 2 = 2.73 Amp I3 = 1.81
1 81 Amp
A
General strategy – give a symbol to every quantity
you don’t
don t know
know. Make sure you keep track of
directions (signs) of the quantities you assign.

It doesn’t matter if you guess

the directions of the arrows
wrong. When you’re done,
some of the unknown
variables will just be negative.
Question 3. Application of
Kirchhoff’s current rule
says:
Answer: I1 + I3 + I3 + I4 = 0.
(which means that some of
them must be negative.)
 4 Unknowns seems like a lot. I can clean this up a bit.
Note that the same current (I1) flows through both
6Ω resistors.

Is it OK for me to reverse the arrow, and say that

(f rm r) I3 is now
(former) n –((I2 + 2 I1) ?
Yes, as long as I stick with it.
Choose a loop and write Kirchhoff’s voltage law as an
equation.
equation
Question #4. Write Kirchhoff’s voltage law for this
loop.
Answer: 4.5 – 5(I2 – 2I1) – 10 I2 – 6 = 0
 Other loops are possible. Do I need to write
th i equations?
their ti ?

No – there will only be as many independent equations

as there are unknowns.
Make sur
Ma sure there
th r iss at least
ast one
on loop
oop equation
quat on through
each component.
So I have two equations in two unknowns.
unknowns

I2 = -0.3631
0 3631 I1 = 0
0.3948
3948
 We’ve had circuits with C’s, and circuits with R’s;
What about circuits with both C’s and R’s?
Remember that a capacitor stores charge, develops a
voltage between its plates.

For a constant current, the ΔV ΔQ / C I

voltage changes with time. = =
Δt Δt C
Question #5.
Question #5.
If the charge on a capacitor is changing at the rate of
3.0x10-4 Coul/sec,
A. There is a voltage difference of 3.0x10-4 V across
it.
it
B. The voltage across it is changing at a rate of
3.0x10-4 V/s
C. There is a current of 3.0x10-4 Amp flowing through
it.
D. The current through it is changing at a rate of
3.0x10-4 Amp/sec.

Answer: C.
C
ΔQ/Δt = 3.0x10-4 Coul/sec = 3.0x10-4 Amperes.
Ampere is defined as Coul/sec.
Immediately after closing switch
VC = 0 – no charge yet
VR = VBatt by Kirchhoff
I is the same through Battery, R, C; initial I = VBatt / R
Vc starts to change
g at a rate I / C = VBatt × I / C. ((V / s))
If VC increases, VR must decrease to keep VC + VR = Vbatt.
Long after switch is closed,
circuit is in steady state.
state
Vc is not changing
I=0
VR = 0 Voltage across a capacitor
VC = VBatt cannot
nn t change
h n instantaneously
inst nt n sl
(without infinite current).
More formally, from Kirchhoff’s loop law: Vbatt – IR - Vcap = 0
dQ
V batt − IR − Vcap = V batt − R − Q / C = 0.
dt
Q∞
Guess Q = Q ∞ (1 − e −t / τ
). Then
dQ
dt
(
= Q ∞ −(−1 / τ ) e) −t / τ
=
τ
e −t / τ .

Q∞ Q∞
V batt − R e −t / τ
− (1 − e −t /τ ) = 0,
0 for all time t .
τ C
Q∞ Q∞ Q∞
V batt − −R e −t / τ
+ e −t /τ = 0, for all time t .
C τ C
Q ∞ = V batt C , and τ = RC .
Vcap = Q / C = V batt
b
(1
( − e −t / RC
),

dQ V batt
I= = e −t /RC V R = V batt − Vcap = IR = V batt e −t /RC
dt R
You are not required to do derivations with calculus in this
course, but you should understand the results.
 VBatt
I (t ) = e −t /RC
R
V R (t ) = VBatt e −t /RC
VC (t ) = VBatt (1 − e −t /RC )

RC = Ohm Farad = second.

Called the time constant. t/RC e -t / R C
0 1
y Vbatt/R,
Current is initially
eventually decreases to zero. 01
0.1 0 905
0.905
0.2 0.818
Battery voltage initially
appears across the resistor, 0 693
0.693 05
0.5
eventually appears across the 1 0.368
capacitor
capacitor. 2 0 135
0.135
3 0.050
Your calculator should be able to do exponentials.
Remember the negative sign!
Try it out. What is e-1.5?

Question #7
Q
R = 100Ω, C = 1 μF. V = 100 Volt. How much time is
required for the capacitor voltage to reach 50 Volts?
(Hint: e-0.693 = 0.5)
Question #7
R = 100Ω,
100Ω C = 1 μF.
F V = 100 Volt.
V l H How much
h time
i iis
required for the capacitor voltage to reach 50 Volts?
(Hint: e-0.693
-0 693 = 0.5)
0 5)
50 = 100 e-t/RC , so e-t/RC = 0.5
-0.693 = -t/RC
t = 0.693 R C = 0.693 × 100 Ω × 1×10-6 F = 6.93x10-5
sec
≅ 70 μsec.
I did not do the last two clicker questions in class, but
you should review them.
Question #8: In the same circuit, what is the capacitor
voltage after 100 μsec (total)?
Question #8: In the same circuit (R = 100 Ohm, C = 1
μF), what is the capacitor voltage after 100 μsec (total).
(total)
Vcap = 100 (1 - e-t/RC )
t/RC = 1.0x10
1 0x10-4 / (100 x 1x10-6) = 1
Vcap = 100 (1 – e-1) = 100 (1 – 0.368) = 63.2 Volts

After 200 μsec (total), t/RC = 2,

Vcap = 100 (1 – e-2) = 100 (1 – 0.136) = 86.4 Volts

After 300 μsec (total), t/RC = 3,

Vcap = 100 (1 – e-33) = 100 (1 – 0.0498)
0 0498) = 95.0
95 0 Volts
 You can also ggo the other way. y Given the desired
value, VR(t) / VBatt , find t / R C.

V R (t ) / VBatt = e −t /RC
ln[V R (t ) / VBatt ] = ln[e −t /RC ] = −t / RC

So take the natural logarithm of V / VBatt

B (it should be
a key on your calculator) and that will be –t / R C.

Question #9.
Whatt multiple
Wh lti l of the RC time
f th ti constant
t t do
d you have
h to
t
wait for the current to drop to 0.1% of its original value?
 You can also ggo the other way. y Given the desired
value, VR(t) / VBatt , find t / R C.

V R (t ) / VBatt = e −t /RC
ln[V R (t ) / VBatt ] = ln[e −t /RC ] = −t / RC
So take the natural logarithm of V / VBatt (it should be
a key on your calculator) and that will be –tt / R C.
C

Question #9.
What multiple of the RC time constant do you have to
wait for the current to drop to 0.1% of its original value?

ln(0.001) = -6.91 = -t / R C, so t = 6.91 RC.

What if you have a capacitor, previously charged to
voltage V0, and you connect it to a resistor?
VC, VR, and I all have the same time dependence,
VC = VR = V0 e – t / R C I =V0 / R e – t / R C