Aa Spec 114001 PDF

AA SPECIFICATION 114001
ISSUE 11
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
COPYRIGHT
1 SCOPE 2
2 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO BE SPECIFIED 2
3 DEFINITIONS 3
4 REQUIREMENTS 4
4.1 DESIGN STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 4
4.2 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY 4
4.3 QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF DESIGN PROCESS 4
4.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS 4
4.5 DESIGN DRAWINGS 8
4.6 APPROVAL OF DESIGNS AND DESIGN DRAWINGS 8
4.7 REVIEW OF CONNECTION DESIGN DETAILS AND FABRICATION DRAWINGS 8
4.8 MATERIALS 9
4.9 LOADS 9
4.10 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS 12
4.11 FOUNDATION LOADS 12
4.12 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES 12
4.13 DEFLECTIONS 13
4.14 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 13
APPENDIX A: RELATED DOCUMENTS 17
APPENDIX B: RECORD OF AMENDMENTS 18
APPENDIX C: MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS FOR STORED BULK SOLIDS 19
APPENDIX D: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS 20
APPENDIX E: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS 21
APPENDIX F: DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ROTATING, VIBRATING OR IMPACTING
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 22
AA_SPEC_11400111.DOC Approved 12 February 2007 Page 1 of 24
For information or comments on this document please contact ATD QA Contact
Anglo Technical Division accepts no liability for any damage whatsoever that may result from the use of this material or
the information contained therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof.
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1 SCOPE
This specification details the requirements for the design of steel structures, and of steel
components in structures framed in other materials, for underground and surface
applications in mine shafts and plants.
It is intended for use in the design of steel structures constructed in South Africa only, but
it can also be used for steel structures constructed in other countries, provided all specific
requirements, as set out in the relevant structural design and construction standards, and
legislation of those countries, are taken into account.
Structures covered unconditionally by this specification include:

• Shaft winding structures, e.g. headgears, collars and winder houses.
• Shaft system structures, e.g. shaft and station structures but excluding shaft guide
and bunton steelwork.
• Industrial structures and buildings, e.g. plant structures, stores and workshops.
• Material handling structures, e.g. conveyor structures and crane gantries.
• Material containing structures, e.g. silos, bunkers and bins.
• Non-pressurised liquid containing structures, e.g. tanks.
• Dynamically loaded structures, e.g. screen and crusher support structures.
• Chimneys, stacks and towers.
Structures covered conditionally (1) by this specification include:

• Structures floating on inland ponds.
• Mobile equipment, e.g. stackers, reclaimers, draglines, crushers and cranes.
(1) The use of this specification, together with appropriate qualifications, variations and
additions, or supplementary rules, shall be specified on the relevant design drawings, or in
the project specification, or in another AA specification.
Structures not covered by this specification include:

• Shaft guide and bunton steelwork - refer to AA Specification 114008.
• Shaft conveyances, e.g. skips and cages - refer to AA Specification 282003.
• Offshore structures.
• Road and rail bridges.
2 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO BE SPECIFIED

The following requirements shall be specified in all tenders, contracts or orders for design,
or for design and construct, of steel structures:
• Design shall comply with the requirements of the latest issue of AA Specification
114001: Design of steel structures.
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• No deviations from AA Specification 114001 will be allowed without the written

approval of Anglo Technical Division.
3 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this specification the following definitions shall apply:
APPROVED : Approved by the Engineer in writing
BS : British Standard
BS EN : British Standard European Norm
CLIENT : The company appointing the Engineer to carry out the structural design.
The Client can also be the Owner
DESIGN : Fully dimensioned drawings prepared by the Engineer, showing all

DRAWINGS members with their size, material grade, special connections,
combination of forces to be developed in member connections, any
cambers and eccentricities, and any other information required by the
Steelwork Contractor for the design of the connections and completion
of the Fabrication Drawings
DIN : Deutsches Institut für Normung
ECSA : Engineering Council of South Africa
ENGINEER : The company responsible for the structural design, for preparation of
the Design Drawings (or approval of Design Drawings prepared by
others), for accepting the Fabrication Drawings and erection method
statement and, where applicable, inspection of construction for
conformity with the design
Normally the Engineer is the employer of the Registered Person

referred to in Clause 4.2
FABRICATION : As defined in SANS 2001 Part CS1

DRAWINGS
ISO : International Standards Organization
OWNER : Legal owner of structure, or company benefiting from the use of the
structure
REGISTERED : Person registered with ECSA as a Professional Engineer or

PERSON Professional Engineering Technologist in terms of the Engineering
Profession Act
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SAISC : Southern African Institute of Steel Construction
SANS : South African National Standard
STEELWORK : As defined in SANS 1921 Part 3

CONTRACTOR
4 REQUIREMENTS
4.1 DESIGN STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS
The design standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A form
part of this specification and all structural design shall comply with the relevant
requirements of these documents. It should be noted that only SANS 10162 Part 1 and
Part 2 are referenced in Appendix A, thus only limit-states design is allowed.
SANS 10162 Part 3, covering allowable-stress design, is specifically excluded from
Appendix A because it has been withdrawn, thus allowable stress design is not
permitted.
4.2 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY

The design of steel structures shall be performed by, or under the direction, control and
supervision of a registered person, who shall accept legal responsibility for the design.
Such registered person shall have appropriate knowledge of, and appropriate experience
in, the analysis and design of steel structures in the particular application, and shall
comply with all the requirements of the ECSA Rules of Conduct for Registered Persons.
4.3 QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF DESIGN PROCESS

The quality management of the design process shall comply with the requirements of
SANS 9001.
4.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

4.4.1 General
Formal calculations shall be prepared for all steel structures. Calculations shall be
recorded on calculation sheets and shall be neat, logically set out, short and descriptive,
and easy to follow. Calculations shall be documented in such a way that they can be
easily audited. An index shall be provided for each set of calculations applicable to a
particular structure.
Calculations shall be retained by the engineer for a minimum period of 10 years from the
date of commissioning of the particular structure. A copy of the calculations shall be
provided to the client and the owner, who shall retain them for as long as the structure is
in use.
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4.4.2 Calculation sheet format
The following information shall be shown on each calculation sheet:

• Name and address of engineer (company responsible for structural design).
• Name of client or owner.
• Project title.
• Title of structure or area under consideration.
• Name of person who carried out the calculations and date when calculations were
carried out.
• Name of person who reviewed the calculations and date when calculations were
reviewed.
• Project number or calculation file number.
• Calculation sheet number and revision number.
4.4.3 References
The following references shall be provided in the calculations:

• Reference numbers of all relevant drawings (e.g. supplier’s equipment drawings,
mechanical layout drawings or structural design drawings).
• Design criteria adopted.
• Design codes and specifications adopted.
• All assumptions made.
4.4.4 Headings
A logical system of main headings and sub-headings shall be used to define, on each
calculation sheet, the particular area of the structure and the particular structural
component(s) under consideration. All headings shall be underlined.
Example : Main heading : FLOOR BEAMS LEVEL 10.0
Sub-heading : BEAM B1
4.4.5 Information
For each structure or structural element, the following information shall be shown on the
relevant calculation sheet(s):
• Identification: Each structure or structural element shall be identified with an
individual component number. These component numbers shall correspond with the
component numbers shown on a drawing or sketch, included in the calculations,
defining the general arrangement of the structure.
Examples : Beam B1 Trestle T4 Gantry G11 Frame F5
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• Geometry: The geometry of each structure or structural element shall be clearly

defined by way of a sketch or drawing, included in the calculations. This also applies
to simply supported beams.
• Loading: Each load and each load combination adopted in the design shall be
defined in an unambiguous manner by way of clear descriptions or sketches. All
loading calculations shall be shown, and assumed loads shall be fully justified. It
shall be clearly stated whether the indicated loads are nominal loads (unfactored
loads) or whether they are design loads (factored loads).
• Analysis: For manual analysis, all analysis calculations shall be shown together
with the results of the analysis, e.g. bending moment, shear force or axial load
diagrams, or values.
For computer analysis, the following information shall be shown:

Software name and version, data file name and location.
Sketch defining structural computer model, e.g. node numbers, element
numbers, member releases, etc.
Summary of all computer input, e.g. load cases and load combinations
considered.
Summary of computer output providing all relevant analysis results, e.g.
bending moment, shear force or axial load diagrams, or values.
When diagrams or values are shown, it must always be stated whether these values
are nominal values (unfactored) or whether they are design values (factored).
• Design calculations: If the design is done manually, all relevant manual
calculations shall be shown. If computer software is used for the design, the relevant
computer calculations, proving the adequacy of the selected section, shall be pasted
onto calculation sheets, or printed out on electronic calculation sheets. Most of the
commercially available computer design software does not perform all the required
code checks, and computer calculations thus need to be supplemented with manual
calculations (in most instances) in order to complete the design. Computer design
software shall only be used where it can be shown that the software has been
verified by manual calculation, or by comparison with different software.
All relevant load effects, e.g. bending, shear, web bearing, web crippling, axial load,
deflection, etc. shall be considered in the calculations and the adequacy of the
selected section to sustain all the relevant load effects, shall be proven.
• Conclusion: For each structural element under consideration, a conclusion shall
always be stated in the calculations, for example:
USE 203 x 133 x 25 UB
203 x 133 x 25 UB ADEQUATE
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4.4.6 Units
The following units shall be used:

• Loads, load effects and forces : kN, kN/m or kN/m²
• Moments : kNm
• Stresses : MPa
• Section properties : m- or mm-units (only m-units for dynamic
analysis)
• Deflections : mm
• Linear dimensions : m or mm (only m for dynamic analysis)
4.4.7 Symbols
All symbols used in the calculations shall be consistent with the symbols used in the
particular code of practice or standard being used.
Examples when using SANS 10162 Part 1:

M, V, C and T : Nominal (unfactored) bending moment, shear force, compressive
force and tensile force.
Mu, Vu, Cu and Tu : Design (factored) bending moment, shear force, compressive
force or tensile force.
Mr, Vr, Cr and Tr : Design (factored) moment resistance, shear resistance,

compressive resistance or tensile resistance.
4.4.8 Terminology
Terminology used shall be consistent with the relevant code of practice or standard used.
The terms permanent load and imposed load shall be used, rather than dead load and live
load.
4.4.9 Member forces required for connection design
All member forces, which are required for the design of end connections of steel
components shall be defined in a format suitable for issuing to the steelwork contractor.
Generally, the following minimum information will be required:
• Floor layouts with the maximum combination of design (factored) beam end shears
(and axial loads and moments, where applicable) indicated at the beam ends.
• Bracing layouts with the maximum combination of design (factored) axial forces
indicated.
• A column schedule defining the maximum design (factored) axial force in each
segment of each column.
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4.4.10 Checking and reviewing of calculations
All structural calculations shall be thoroughly checked by the person conducting the
design. In addition, all structural calculations shall be reviewed for accuracy by the
responsible registered person referred to in Clause 4.2.
4.5 DESIGN DRAWINGS

Design drawings shall comply with the requirements of Clause 4.1 of SANS 10162 Part 1.
In addition, the following information shall be shown on the drawings:
• Specified steel grade.
• Specified bolt property class.
• Specified corrosion protection requirements.
• Specified surface condition for faying surfaces in HSFG bolt connections.
• Steel construction specification: AA Specification 114002.
• Specified imposed floor loads and equipment loads - see Clauses 4.9.2 and 4.9.3.
4.6 APPROVAL OF DESIGNS AND DESIGN DRAWINGS

All designs and design drawings of steel structures shall be approved by the responsible
registered person referred to in Clause 4.2 by way of a full signature, affixed to the
relevant design drawings.
In addition, the following information shall be shown on the design drawings:

• Name and registration number of the responsible registered person.
• Name and address of the engineer (company responsible for structural design).
• The following statement: Designed and approved in accordance with AA
Specification 114001.
Approval of a design means that the design is complete, that the design constitutes an
appropriately engineered solution, that the design complies with this specification in terms
of structural strength, stability and serviceability, and that the design is fit for the intended
service. Approval of a design drawing means that the drawing is complete, that the
drawing conforms to the design and that the structural content of the drawing is correct. A
signature on a design drawing confirms that both the design and the design drawing are
approved.
4.7 REVIEW OF CONNECTION DESIGN DETAILS AND FABRICATION DRAWINGS

All connection design details and fabrication drawings prepared by the steelwork
contractor shall be reviewed by the responsible registered person referred to in Clause 4.2
to ensure that the design has been interpreted correctly and that the intent of the design is
met. For detailed requirements in this regard refer to AA Specification 114002.
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4.8 MATERIALS
The specified steel grade for structural steel elements shall be as follows:
• Hot-rolled sections and plates - Grade 350 WA to SANS 1431.
• Hot- or cold-formed hollow sections - Grade 300 WA to SANS 1431.
• Cold-formed open sections - Grade 300 WA to SANS 1431.
Notes:
1. Grade 350 WA steel may be substituted with Grade S355 steel in accordance with
BS EN 10025.
2. For new structures forming part of a contract awarded prior to 1 January 2006,
Grade 300 WA steel may be specified.
3. When designing modifications to existing structures, due cognisance shall be taken

of the actual steel grade used in the original construction.
The specified bolt property class for fasteners shall be as per Clause 4.14.5.
The steel grade and bolt property classes adopted in the design shall be specified on the
relevant design drawings and calculations.
4.9 LOADS
4.9.1 Nominal loads
Nominal permanent and imposed loads shall be determined in accordance with SANS
10160 and, where required, in accordance with the relevant design standards,
specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A. In addition, the provisions of
Clauses 4.9.2 to 4.9.12 shall apply.
4.9.2 Imposed floor loads
Imposed floor loads shall be assessed with due regard to the intended use or occupancy
of the structure. Imposed floor loads shall be approved by the client and the owner prior to
commencement of design. The loads adopted in the design shall be noted on the design
drawings. The minimum uniformly distributed floor load adopted shall be as follows:
• Floors supporting electrical switchgear : 7,5 kN/m2
• Other floors and platforms (excluding office floors) : 5,0 kN/m2
• Office floors : 3,0 kN/m2
• Stairs, landings and access walkways : 3,0 kN/m2
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• Conveyor gantry floors and walkways : 2,5 kN/m2

Note: For elevated gantries, the floor area shall be taken as the
solid plan area of the gantry, including that part of the gantry below
the conveyor belt
Floor members in plant buildings shall be designed to resist a minimum concentrated load
of 10 kN, placed in the centre of the span. This point load need not be considered as
cumulative with the uniformly distributed load.
4.9.3 Equipment loads
Equipment loads shall be obtained from certified equipment drawings, provided by the
supplier of the equipment. Such drawings shall form part of the design calculations. The
loads adopted in the design shall be indicated on the design drawings. Where certified
loading information is unavailable, equipment loads shall be assessed in consultation with,
and approved by, the client and the owner prior to the commencement of design, and
shall be verified once certified information becomes available.
4.9.4 Dynamic loads
See Appendix F.
4.9.5 Conveyor belt tension loads
4.9.5.1 Applied loads: Loads induced by belt tension shall be resisted by support steelwork at
the point of load application, e.g. at the head end, tail end or take-up pulleys. This
requirement may be relaxed for short conveyors (20 metres or less), belt feeders and
cantilevered conveyors, which may be designed so that the belt tension loads are resisted
by the conveyor sub-structure between points of load application.
4.9.5.2 Start-up loads: Loads induced during start-up conditions shall be accurately assessed
and in no case shall be taken as less than 1,4 times the normal operating loads. The start-
up loads shall be used for both structural steelwork and foundation design.
4.9.6 Conveyor belt tensioning loads
For the assessment of loads induced by belt tensioning devices, other than gravity
devices, an impact factor of 2,0 shall apply. This impact factor need not be combined with
the factor of 1,4 referred to in Clause 4.9.5.2.
4.9.7 Wind loads
4.9.7.1 Terrain category: The relevant terrain category shall be assessed in consultation with,
and approved by the client and the owner. The terrain category adopted for inland terrains
shall not be less severe than a category that falls midway between Category 2 and
Category 3.
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4.9.7.2 Conveyor and pipe gantries: For the assessment of wind loads on conveyor and pipe
gantries, the force coefficient Cf shall be taken as 1,6 and the effective area Ae shall be
taken as the solid projected area of the gantry, whether the gantry has open or closed
sides.
4.9.8 Loads imposed by stored bulk materials
Loads imposed by stored bulk materials on walls of bunkers, silos and bins shall be
assessed in accordance with DIN 1055 Part 6.
Material coefficients for stored bulk materials, required by DIN 1055 Part 6, shall be
determined by testing. Due regard shall be given to variations in the characteristics of bulk
materials resulting from process modifications, moisture content variations, compaction,
etc. All material coefficients used in the design must be confirmed by the client and the
owner. Stored bulk materials shall be clearly identified on the design drawings.
In the absence of test results, the values given in Appendix C may be used for preliminary
design purposes.
In the calculation of material pressures, the material coefficients for pressure ratio λ and
wall friction µ shall be adjusted 10 % upwards and 10 % downwards and the pressures
shall be obtained as follows:
• Horizontal pressures : use higher value of λ and lower value of µ
• Vertical pressures : use lower value of λ and lower value of µ
• Wall friction : use higher value of λ and higher value of µ
4.9.9 Loads applied to box fronts
The loads applied to box fronts shall always be based on hydrostatic pressure - see SANS
10208 Part 4. The density of the ore pass contents shall be taken as 2800 kg/m3 for
platinum and chrome bearing rock, and as 2000 kg/m3 for all other rock types.
Loads applied to box fronts shall be considered as operational loads, and not as
emergency loads.
4.9.10 Temperature load effects
Provision shall be made in the design of structures and structural elements for expansion
and contraction resulting from elevated temperatures, temperature changes and
temperature differentials. For the assessment of the effects of climatic temperature
changes on exposed structures or structural elements, a temperature variation of plus or
minus 20 °C shall be considered.
The coefficient of linear expansion shall be taken as follows:
Steel : 12 x 10-6 / oC
Concrete : 10 x 10-6 / oC
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4.9.11 Abnormal loads or conditions
A formal risk assessment shall be carried out to establish whether abnormal loads or
conditions should be considered in the design. Should the risk assessment indicate that
there is an unacceptable risk of an abnormal loading event or condition occurring, the
effects of such an abnormal loading event or condition shall be taken into account in the
design. Abnormal loading events or conditions may be caused by any of the following:
• Impact from vehicles and other moving objects.
• Equipment failure.
• Explosion.
• Fire.
• Extraordinary climatic conditions: hurricane winds, floods, rain, hail, snow, etc.
• Riot and panic in crowds.
4.9.12 Erection rigging loads
For the assessment of nominal loads acting on structures or structural elements

specifically designed for erection rigging (e.g. lifting lugs, lifting points and anchoring
points), an impact factor of 3,5 shall apply.
4.10 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

Load factors and load combinations shall be determined in accordance with SANS 10160
and, where required, in accordance with the relevant design standards, specifications and
related publications listed in Appendix A. In addition, the following provisions shall apply:
4.10.1 Load factors and load combinations for general structures and buildings
The load factors and load combinations referenced in SANS 10160 shall be interpreted as
shown in Appendix D for ultimate limit states and in Appendix E for serviceability limit
states.
4.11 FOUNDATION LOADS

Foundation loads shall be based on nominal loads. A foundation loading schedule, clearly
indicating the magnitude and direction of all foundation loads, for each specific nominal
load case, shall be prepared for all structures.
4.12 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES

4.12.1 General
The provisions of SANS 10160 and the provisions of the relevant design standards,
specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A shall apply. In addition, the
provisions of Clauses 4.12.2 and 4.12.3 shall apply.
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4.12.2 Fatigue
All structural members subject to fluctuating load cycles shall be assessed for fatigue
damage in accordance with BS 7608 or BS 5400 Part 10. Except for slender or flexible
structures such as towers, masts and stacks, wind loads shall not be considered as
fluctuating loads.
4.12.3 Dynamic effects of rotating, vibrating or impacting machinery and equipment
See Appendix F.
4.13 DEFLECTIONS
Deflection shall be considered as a serviceability limit state. Deflections under the action
of imposed loads shall not exceed the smaller of the limits specified in SANS 10162 Part 1
Annex D, or in the relevant design standards, specifications and related publications listed
in Appendix A. In addition, the maximum vertical deflection under the action of combined
permanent and imposed loads shall not exceed the deflection limits shown in TABLE 1.
4.14 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

4.14.1 General
The provisions and recommendations of the relevant design standards, specifications and
related publications listed in Appendix A shall apply.
4.14.2 Minimum metal thickness
Regardless of the applied corrosion protection system, the minimum metal thickness of
steelwork shall be in accordance with Table 2.
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TABLE 1
DEFLECTION
MEMBERS SUPPORTING: COMMENTS
LIMIT
L is the length or width of the tank and
the deflection is the relative deflection
Pressed steel panel tanks L/750
between the tank centre and tank
corners
Not applicable to bridges (see BS 5400)
Vehicular or rail traffic L/500
or crane gantries (see SANS 10160)
Conveyor trippers L/500
Brick or block walls L/400 Maximum deflection is 20 mm
Not cantilevered L/300
Conveyors
Cantilevered L/200
Monorail travelling carriages L/300
Unless more stringent requirements are

Mechanical plant and equipment L/300
specified by the supplier
Not cantilevered L/300 Maximum deflection is 30 mm

Floors
Cantilevered L/250 Maximum deflection is 20 mm
Roofs Not cantilevered L/250 Maximum deflection is 40 mm
(excluding
purlins) Cantilevered L/250 Maximum deflection is 20 mm
Unless otherwise specified, L is the span of a simply supported member, any span of a
continuous member, or the free length of a cantilevered member.
TABLE 2
COLD-
WEBS OF I-, SEALED
FORMED ALL OTHER
EXPOSURE H- AND [- HOLLOW PLATES
PURLINS SECTIONS
SECTIONS SECTIONS
AND GIRTS
Steel exposed to
severe corrosive
environments
6,5 mm 6,0 mm Not allowed 8,0 mm 8,0 mm
Steel in
underground
construction
Steel exposed to
5,5 mm 5,0 mm Not allowed 6,0 mm 7,0 mm
the weather
Steel not exposed
to severe 3,0 mm
corrosive [use only if
environments 5,0 mm 4,5 mm specifically 5,0 mm 6,0 mm
agreed to by
Steel not exposed
the owner]
to the weather
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4.14.3 Back-to-back construction
Back-to-back channels or angles are not permitted for steel in underground construction,
steel exposed to the weather or steel exposed to severe corrosive environments.
4.14.4 Beam end connections
For simply supported beams, i.e. beams which are designed to have vertical shear
reactions only and which are not subject to fixing moments or axial forces, end
connections shall be in accordance with AA Specification 114002.
4.14.5 Fasteners
4.14.5.1 Ordinary bolts: Unless HSFG bolts or special fasteners are required, ordinary bolts of the
following property class and minimum diameter shall be used in all bolted connections:
• Main structural connections (beams, plate girders, lattice girders, trusses, rafters,
columns, posts, hangers, bracing systems, etc.):
M20 Class 8.8 bolts with Class 8 nuts, all to SANS 1700.
• Secondary structural connections (purlins, girts, sag bars, handrail standards, stair
treads, ladders, etc.):
M16 Class 4.8 bolts with Class 4 nuts, all to SANS 1700.
Bolt shear resistances shall always be calculated on the assumption that the bolt threads
will be in the shear plane.
Ordinary bolts in structures supporting vibrating equipment shall be provided with lock
nuts or other means of preventing loosening of the nuts.
4.14.5.2 High strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts: Connections requiring HSFG bolts are
specified in Clause 22.2.2 of SANS 10162 Part 1. The minimum bolt property class shall
be Class 8.8S.
4.14.5.3 Special fasteners: Fasteners of special types (e.g. swage-lock bolts, fitted bolts, high
strength bolts with lock nuts or patented self-locking nuts) may be used, where
appropriate. The minimum bolt property class shall be Class 8.8.
4.14.6 Steel sections and products not allowed
The following steel sections and products may only be available in commercial quality
steel (also referred to as mild steel) and shall not be used unless it is clearly demonstrated
in the design that commercial quality steel is acceptable, using the reduced material
strength for unidentified steel specified in Clause 5.2.2 of SANS 10162.
• Flat bar sections with a width smaller than 100 mm.
• Round sections with a diameter smaller than 45 mm.
• Equal angle sections with a leg length smaller than 60 mm.
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• Unequal angles with a leg length smaller than 50 mm.

• VASTRAP ® plates.
• Open grid flooring panels.
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APPENDIX A: RELATED DOCUMENTS
The latest editions of the following documents are deemed to form part of this specification:
AA Specification 114002 : Construction of structural steelwork
BS EN 10025 : Hot-rolled products for non-alloy structural steels
BS EN 12285 : Workshop fabricated steel tanks
Part 2: Horizontal cylindrical single skin and double skin tanks for
the aboveground storage of flammable and non-flammable water
polluting liquids
BS EN 14015 : Specification for the design and manufacture of site built, vertical,
cylindrical, flat-bottomed, above ground, welded, steel tanks for
the storage of liquids at ambient temperature and above
BS 2853 : Specification for the design and testing of steel overhead runway
beams
BS 4076 : Specification for steel chimneys
BS 5400 : Steel, concrete and composite bridges
Part 10: Code of practice for fatigue
BS 7608 : Code of practice for fatigue design and assessment of steel
structures
BS 7854 : Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-
rotating parts
DIN 1055 : Design loads for buildings
Part 6: Loads in silo bins
ISO 2631 - 1978 : Guide for the evaluation of human exposure to whole-body
vibration
(NB: Do not use SABS ISO 2631-1:1997)
SANS 1431 : Weldable structural steels
SANS 1700 : Fasteners
SANS 1921 : Construction and management requirements for works contracts
Part 3: Structural steel
SANS 9001 : Quality management systems - Requirements
SANS 10160 : The general procedures and loadings to be adopted in the design
of buildings
SANS 10162 : The structural use of steel
Part 1: Limit states design of hot-rolled steelwork
Part 2: Limit-states design of cold-formed steelwork
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SANS 10208 : Design of structures for the mining industry

Part 1: Headgear and collar structures
Part 2: Stages
Part 4: Shaft system structures
SAISC Southern African Steel Construction Handbook - Limit States Design
SAISC Southern African Hollow Sections Handbook - Limit States Design
SAISC Structural Steelwork Connections - Limit States Design
SAISC Commentaries to SANS 10162 Part 1 and SANS 10208 Parts 1 to 4
National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, as amended (Act No. 103 of 1977)
Engineering Profession Act (Act No. 46 of 2000)
Mine Health and Safety Act (Act No. 29 of 1996)
Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act No. 85 of 1993) and Construction Regulations (2003)
ECSA Rules of Conduct for Registered Persons (Government Gazette No. 28605, 17 March 2006)
APPENDIX B: RECORD OF AMENDMENTS

Issue 11 : Based upon AAC Specification 114001 (Issue 11)
ISSUE 11
COPYRIGHT
APPENDIX C: MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS FOR STORED BULK SOLIDS
Material coefficients for stored bulk solids, as defined in DIN 1055 Part 6, shall be determined by
testing. In the absence of test results, the values given in the following table may be used for
preliminary design purposes.
BULK ANGLE OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
BULK OVERPRESSURE MATERIAL
DENSITY SLOPE RATIO OF WALL
MATERIAL COEFFICIENT COEFFICIENT
(kN/m3) (DEGREES) (Ph/Pv) FRICTION
γ δ λ µ1 µ2 µ3 eh βG
Anthracite 11,5 40 0,45 0,55 0,40 0,35 1,4 0,5
Coal
11,0 40 0,45 0,60 0,45 0,40 1,4 0,5
(crushed)
Coal
17,5 35 0,45 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,5 0,5
(pulverised)
Chrome ore 26,0 35 0,45 0,65 0,50 0,45 1,3 0,5
Carbon 6,2 35 0,45 0,55 0,40 0,35 1,4 0,5
Copper ore 19,0 40 0,45 0,65 0,55 0,45 1,3 0,5
Gold ore 18,0 40 0,45 0,65 0,50 0,40 1,3 0,5
Ilmenite 27,0 25 0.60 0,60 0,40 0,30 1,5 0,5
Iron ore 22,0 40 0,45 0,65 0,55 0,45 1,3 0,5
Kimberlite 16,0 45 0,35 0,70 0,55 0,40 1,4 0,5
Platinum ore
24,0 40 0,45 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,3 0,5
(Merensky)
Platinum ore
28,0 40 0.45 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,3 0,5
(UG2)
Rutile 24,0 30 0,60 0,60 0,45 0,35 1,4 0,5
Zinc ore 21,0 45 0,35 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,3 0,5
Zircon 25,0 30 0,50 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,4 0,5
Note:
Where the effective coefficient of internal friction ϕ has been established by testing, the pressure ratio λ
may be calculated as follows:
λ = 1,1 (1 – Sin φ)
ISSUE 11
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APPENDIX D: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR
GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS
The following table gives load factors to be applied to commonly encountered nominal loads when
determining design load combinations at the ultimate limit state.
The listed load factors are not applicable to headgear and collar structures, stages, conveyances
and shaft system structures. For these structures refer to SANS 10208.
LOAD
LOAD FACTORS TO BE APPLIED TO NOMINAL LOADS
COMBINATION
Gn Qn Qm n Qf n Qr n Wn Cv n Ch n Tn
1 1,5
2 1,2 * 1,6 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
3 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
4 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
5 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 1,6 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
6 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 1,3 $ 0,8 0,8 0,6
7 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 1,6 1,2 0,6
8 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 1,2 1,6 0,6
9 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 1,2
10 0,9 1,3 $
Notes:
1. Dominant imposed loads shown bold.
2. # For accessible roofs only. Use 0 for inaccessible roofs.
3. + For unsustained floor loads only. Use 1,0 for sustained floor loads (e.g. filing, storage and
parking).
4. $ Use 1,5 for chimneys, light masts and free-standing towers.
5. * For permanent loads which can be accurately assessed only. Use 1,4 if there is any doubt
about the accuracy of the load.
6. For other loads, e.g. seismic and settlement loads, refer to SANS 10160.
7. Throughout this Appendix, load can also be read as load effect.
8. Nominal loads:
Gn = Permanent load
Qn = Imposed floor load
Qm n = Imposed material load (e.g. bunker contents), plant load or equipment load
Qf n = Imposed load from fluids (e.g. tank or pipe contents)
Qr n = Imposed roof load
Wn = Wind load
Cv n = Vertical crane load
Ch n = Horizontal crane load
Tn = Temperature load
ISSUE 11
COPYRIGHT
APPENDIX E: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS
The following table gives load factors to be applied to commonly encountered nominal loads when
determining design load combinations at the serviceability limit state.
The listed load factors are not applicable to headgear and collar structures, stages, conveyances
and shaft system structures. For these structures refer to SANS 10208.
LOAD
LOAD FACTORS TO BE APPLIED TO NOMINAL LOADS
COMBINATION
Gn Qn Qm n Qf n Qr n Wn Cv n Ch n Tn
1 1,1 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,5 0,5 0,5
2 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,5 0,5 0,5
3 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,5 0,5 0,5
4 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 1,0 0 0,5 0,5 0,5
5 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5
6 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 1,0 0,75 0,5
7 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,75 1,0 0,5
8 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,5 0,5 1,0
9 1,0 0,6
Notes:
1. Dominant imposed loads shown bold.
2. # For accessible roofs only. Use 0 for inaccessible roofs.
3. + For unsustained floor loads only. Use 0,6 for sustained floor loads (e.g. filing, storage
and parking).
4. Throughout this Appendix, load can also be read as load effect.
5. Nominal loads:
Gn = Permanent load
Qn = Imposed floor load
Qm n = Imposed material load (e.g. bunker contents) and plant load or equipment
load
Qf n = Imposed load from fluids (e.g. tank or pipe contents)
Qr n = Imposed roof load
Wn = Wind load
Cv n = Vertical crane load
Ch n = Horizontal crane load
Tn = Temperature load
ISSUE 11
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APPENDIX F: DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ROTATING, VIBRATING OR IMPACTING MACHINERY

AND EQUIPMENT
1. General: Suitable provision shall be made in the design for the dynamic effects of
rotating, vibrating or impacting machinery and equipment. Dynamic effects shall be
determined and interpreted in accordance with this Appendix.
2. Structural framing: In general, the transmission of dynamic loads from floor members to
columns and foundations shall be by the shortest and most direct route possible. Where
practical, the vibrating part(s) of the structure shall be isolated from the rest of the
structure.
3. Dynamic loads: The magnitude, direction and exciting frequency of all dynamic loads
induced by machinery and equipment such as feeders, screens, shaking tables and
crushers, shall be obtained from the manufacturers of the equipment. The nature of the
dynamic excitation i.e. harmonic, periodic or random impulse-type excitation shall be
clearly established. Dynamic loads, obtained from manufacturers, shall be verified from
dynamic data such as motor torque, eccentricity of unbalanced masses, spring stiffness,
screen stroke and screen stroke angle.
Where a single structure supports multiple machinery units, the worst combination of any
two machines acting in phase shall be considered, unless machines are electrically or
mechanically coupled. Where multiple machines are electrically or mechanically coupled,
the worst combination shall be based on a rational assessment.
4. Modal analysis: A modal analysis shall be conducted to obtain the mode shape and
natural frequency of each significant vibration mode. A significant vibration mode is a
mode which is compatible with the displacement(s) produced by the dynamic load(s).
5. Dynamic response: The following dynamic responses shall be obtained at all strategic
locations on the structure:
• amplitude of acceleration and displacement
• amplitude of dynamic stress
6. Resonance: For the purposes of this Clause, resonance is defined as the condition in
which the exciting frequency fe equals the natural frequency fn of any significant vibration
mode of the structure.
To avoid resonance or near-resonance, the following conditions shall be satisfied:
fn ≥1,4 fe or fn ≤ 0,6 fe where fn = natural frequency of any significant vibration mode.
When fn1 ≥ 1,4 fe the structure is considered high-tuned and when fn1 ≤ 0, 6 fe the structure
is considered low-tuned (fn1 = fundamental [lowest] natural frequency of the structure).
ISSUE 11
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High tuning is generally preferred. However, where it can be demonstrated that high
tuning is unrealistic, low tuning may be accepted provided the following conditions are
met:
• The client must approve the use of low tuning.
• The dynamic analysis must include all vibration modes up to at least a frequency of
1,5 fe.
• The dynamic analysis must consider start-up and shutdown conditions.
7. Vibration limits
7.1. Machine sensitivity: Vibration limits for rotating machinery shall be obtained from
BS 7854, or from the manufacturer.
7.2. Structural integrity: The integrity of all structural components subject to cyclic dynamic
stresses shall be evaluated on the basis of a fatigue assessment - see Clause 4.12.2.
7.3. Human response: For the assessment of vibrations, K-values shall be calculated from
the equations given in the following table.
EXCITING K-VALUE
FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS OF
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
UNDETERMINED
(Hz) VIBRATIONS VIBRATIONS
DIRECTION
1 to 2 28 ah 0,5
28 au
10 av fe
2 to 4
33,5 au fe 0,25
4 to 8 56 ah / fe 20 av
8 to 80 160 av / fe 160 au / fe
Where fe = exciting frequency (Hz)
ah = root-mean-square (rms) value of horizontal acceleration( m / s2 )
au = root-mean-square (rms) value of acceleration of undetermined direction
( m / s2 )
av = root-mean-square (rms) value of vertical acceleration ( m / s2 )
The calculated K-values shall not exceed the following values:
Exposure time K-value
1 hour 16
4 hours 7,0
8 hours 4,2
12 hours 3,5
ISSUE 11
COPYRIGHT
NOTES:
1.0 The K-value procedure followed above is equivalent to the assessment of vibrations in
accordance with ISO 2631 - 1978, using two thirds of the vibration limits obtained from the
fatigue-decreased proficiency boundary.
2.0 Unless otherwise agreed by the client and the owner, an exposure time of 8 hours shall be
adopted.
3.0 For harmonic loads, a (rms value) = a’ / √ 2 where a’ = amplitude of acceleration.
4.0 When vibration occurs simultaneously at more than one discrete frequency within the
range 1 to 80 Hz, each frequency component shall be evaluated separately with reference
to the appropriate limit at that frequency.
5.0 For the evaluation of narrow-band and broad-band vibrations, refer to ISO 2631- 1978.
6.0 If vibrations occur in more than one direction simultaneously, the corresponding limits
apply separately in each direction.
7.0 If vertical and horizontal vibrations occur at the same location, an equivalent K-value shall
be evaluated from the following equation:
K = (Kh2 + Kv2 ) 0,5

Where Kh = the K-value evaluated for horizontal vibration
Kv = the K-value evaluated for vertical vibration

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AA SPECIFICATION 114001

AA_SPEC_11400111.DOC Approved 12 February 2007 Page 1 of 24

For information or comments on this document please contact ATD QA Contact

Structures covered unconditionally by this specification include:

Structures covered conditionally (1) by this specification include:

Structures not covered by this specification include:

2 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO BE SPECIFIED

AA_SPEC_11400111.DOC Approved 12 February 2007 Page 2 of 24

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• No deviations from AA Specification 114001 will be allowed without the written

APPROVED : Approved by the Engineer in writing

BS EN : British Standard European Norm

DESIGN : Fully dimensioned drawings prepared by the Engineer, showing all

DIN : Deutsches Institut für Normung

ECSA : Engineering Council of South Africa

Normally the Engineer is the employer of the Registered Person

FABRICATION : As defined in SANS 2001 Part CS1

ISO : International Standards Organization

REGISTERED : Person registered with ECSA as a Professional Engineer or

AA_SPEC_11400111.DOC Approved 12 February 2007 Page 3 of 24

For information or comments on this document please contact ATD QA Contact

SAISC : Southern African Institute of Steel Construction

SANS : South African National Standard

STEELWORK : As defined in SANS 1921 Part 3

4.2 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY

4.3 QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF DESIGN PROCESS

4.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

AA_SPEC_11400111.DOC Approved 12 February 2007 Page 4 of 24

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4.4.2 Calculation sheet format

The following information shall be shown on each calculation sheet:

The following references shall be provided in the calculations:

AA_SPEC_11400111.DOC Approved 12 February 2007 Page 5 of 24

For information or comments on this document please contact ATD QA Contact

• Geometry: The geometry of each structure or structural element shall be clearly

For computer analysis, the following information shall be shown:

AA_SPEC_11400111.DOC Approved 12 February 2007 Page 6 of 24

For information or comments on this document please contact ATD QA Contact

The following units shall be used:

Examples when using SANS 10162 Part 1:

Mr, Vr, Cr and Tr : Design (factored) moment resistance, shear resistance,

4.4.9 Member forces required for connection design

AA_SPEC_11400111.DOC Approved 12 February 2007 Page 7 of 24

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4.4.10 Checking and reviewing of calculations

4.5 DESIGN DRAWINGS

4.6 APPROVAL OF DESIGNS AND DESIGN DRAWINGS

In addition, the following information shall be shown on the design drawings:

4.7 REVIEW OF CONNECTION DESIGN DETAILS AND FABRICATION DRAWINGS

AA_SPEC_11400111.DOC Approved 12 February 2007 Page 8 of 24

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• Hot-rolled sections and plates - Grade 350 WA to SANS 1431.

• Hot- or cold-formed hollow sections - Grade 300 WA to SANS 1431.

• Cold-formed open sections - Grade 300 WA to SANS 1431.

3. When designing modifications to existing structures, due cognisance shall be taken

4.9.2 Imposed floor loads

AA_SPEC_11400111.DOC Approved 12 February 2007 Page 9 of 24

For information or comments on this document please contact ATD QA Contact

• Conveyor gantry floors and walkways : 2,5 kN/m2

4.9.3 Equipment loads

4.9.4 Dynamic loads

4.9.5 Conveyor belt tension loads

4.9.6 Conveyor belt tensioning loads