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Indigenous Music
Indigenous Music
Indigenous Music
By Antonio C. Hila
Tuklas Sining: Essays on the Philippine Arts
A people gifted with a strong sense of musicality, the Filipinos turn to music to express their
innermost feelings. Hence, every song they sing, every instrument they play, every music they make is a
direct, almost spontaneous reflection of their hopes and longings, frustrations and fulfillment, failures and
triumphs – Antonio C. Hila
ndigenous music before the colonial era was largely functional. Expressed either instrumentally or vocally or
a combination of both, music was deeply integrated with the activities of the natives. The ancient Filipinos
had music practically for all occasions, for every phase of life, from birth to death.
This type of music is largely retained and practiced by about 10 percent of the population
concentrated mainly in three regions: Northern Luzon, the Central Philippine islands of Mindoro and Palawan
and the southern islands of Mindanano and Sulu. In Mindanao and Sulu, two musical and cultural traditions
may be noted – the Islamic, consisting of such groups as the Maguindanao, Maranao, Yakan, Tausog and
Samal, and the pre-Islamic which is composed of the Bagobo, Manobo, Bukidnon, Tagakaolo, Bilaan,
Mansaka, Subanon and Mandaya, among others.
A few differences may be noted between the instruments of the Northern and Southern
Philippines. These differences lie primarily in the manner of construction, the style of playing them and the
sound they produce. By and large, however, instruments found all over the Islands are strikingly similar.
The aerophones are best represented by the many types of bamboo flutes that are found all
over the country. The lip valley flute found in the North is called the paldong, or kaldong of the Kalinga. In
the South Maguindanao call it palendag, the Manobo, pulalu. This flute has three holes on one side and
fourth hole on the opposite side.
There is also the popular nose flute, which produces soft and soothing sounds heard clearly in
quiet late afternoons. The northern tribes call this kalleleng (Bondotc and Kankanai), tongali (Ifugao and
Kalinga) and baliing (Isneg). In the Central Philippines, it is known as lantuy among the Cuyunin, babarek
among the Tagbanua and plawta among the Mangyan.
In addition, some aerophones are composed of several bamboo tubes of different lengths, like
the Kalinga saggeypo and the diwdiw-as, a panpipe common to Igorots. The diwdiw-as is made of five or
more slender bamboo tubes tied together. The upper ends of the tubes are open and into these a performer
blows without his lips touching the instrument. On the other hand, the six saggeypo tubes are left untied and
may be played by a group of people. The simultaneous blowing of the pipes results in harp-like sounds.
The Maguindanao, meanwhile, have the suling or ring flute, so called because the blowing
end is encircled with a rattan ring to create mouthpiece. The Tausog have a six hole single-reed sahunay,
with its characteristic cone-shaped pandan-leaf bell.
Two-stringed lutes knows as the kudyapi among the Bukidnon, hegalong among the T’boli or
the kadlong or kudlong in Central Mindanao are characterized by a boat shape or an elongated oval
between 40 to 45 inches long, and have tightening rods made of wood and frets of beeswax and two-wire
strings tuned in unison – one serving ad drone, the
other providing the melody.
Perhaps the greatest number of indigenous musical instruments belong to the idiophone
group. In particular, some of these idiophones are the jew’s harp, suspended beams, bamboo buzzer,
percussion sticks and gongs.
The jew’s harp is a very thin slit of bamboo or brass with a narrow vibrating tongue in the middle longitudinal
section. Placed between the lips of the player, its tongue is made to vibrate by striking the projecting end of
the instrument with the thumb or by pulling a string attached to it. The mouth of the player acts as the
resonator, and as the shape of the mouth cavity changes, the pitch and quality of the sound varies. This
enables the player to communicate message with his instrument. For this reason, the jew’s harp is a favorite
of lovers and is played by both men and women. It is thus considered a “speaking intrument”.
The jew’s harp is found in many tribes. The
Maranao call it kubing, the Tingguian, kolibau, and the
Tagbanua, aru-ding. The jew’s harp of the South usually have
handles carved with various serpent designs and other scroll-
like patterns, and sometimes punctuated by head bangles and
tassels as in the Maranaw kubing.
Another idiophone, the bamboo buzzer is known variously as the balingbing or bunkaka
(Kalinga) and batiwtiw (Central Philippines). The bunkaka, as the name implies, is a bamboo tube which is
open or split at one end. Sound is produced by striking the split end against the palm. This instrument is
played alone or in groups as a form and diversion or to drive away evil spirits along a forest trail.
Percussion sticks are common to the North and South, like the Ifugao bangibang, and the
Mangyan kalutang. The bangibang is a row of sticks played only in the rituals for curing very serious illness
and in death ceremonies. The instrument is composed of
sticks measuring from one to two-and-a-half feet long with
diameters ranging from one to three inches, hanging from a
string which also serves as a handle. A stick is used to beat
them in rhythm. Sometimes, however, only two sticks are
used, which are played by striking one against the other.
The kulintang ensemble is often considered as the most cultivated of the region’s musical
expressions. Aside from being a medium of entertainment and hospitality, the kulintang also serves as a
vehicle for social interaction and group solidarity and for learning ethical principles.
Other idiophones of the South include the gabbang or bamboo xylophone of the Tausog of
Sulu, and the edel or log drum, a plank idiophone made of molave wood suspended and beaten with sticks
and used by the Tabakaolo, Bilaan and Manobo.
Probably the most important and best known membranophones of the North are the two
conical drums of the Ibaloi – the sulibao and the kimbal. The sulibao has a higher pitch than the kimbal and
is played with a padded stick. Usually, however, these instruments are joined by two other pairs of
idiophones in the sulibao ensemble, namely, the kalsa and the pinsak, which are two flat gongs, and the
palas which are two short iron bard handled by a single player. Similar types of drums exist in the South
such as the dabakan of the Maguindanao and the dadabuan of the Maranao. In addition to these conical
drums, cylindrical types of drums are exemplified by the tambul of the Maguindanao and the gimbal of the
Tagbanua.
Like the instruments, vocal music expresses and transmits in a concrete and vivid manner a
great variety of the thoughts, beliefs, customs, lifestyles, temperament and way of life of the indigenous
peoples. Singing is a main component of life among them. There will be songs and singers, singing solo or in
leader-chorus style with or without accompaniment, with or without the benefit of words (the latter includes
whistling, a highly developed musical from among the Maguindanao of Mindanao).
Solo and leader-chorus singing is done in the North, notably in such groups s the Bontoc,
Ibaloi, Kalinga and Negrito. In the South, on the other hand, while unaccompanied singing seems to be the
predilection of a majority of the indigenous groups, a kind of singing done with instrumental accompaniment
is practiced among certain groups, like the Tausog, who sing with their gabbang (bamboo xylophone) and/or
biola.
Both types of singing – the leader-chorus and singing with instrument – may be found in the
Central Philippine groups such as the Mangyan and Tagbanua, where often singing is done with the flute
(Tagbanua), the guitar or violin (Mangyan), either solo or as a group with a soloist-leader.
One may be observe a highly divergent and seemingly endless variety of styles and traditions
of singing in the northern, central and southern Philippine indigenous communities. For example, the Kalinga
of the North generally sing in short phrases frequently broken by rests or stops; the Maguindanao of the
south sing in long melismatic phrases; the Mangyan sing mostly in a monotone with turns at the end of
phrases.
There are many different vocal forms with specific names and uses, each one with a particular rhythm
of its own. Songs mark every stage of human development from birth and infancy to adulthood and death,
night and day, and many occasions in the cycle of natural events and the flow of human activities whether
personal, social, economic, political, spiritual or cosmic. Songs that pertain to the life-cycle of an individual
are the Kalinga appros, sung for half a day after the child's birth and the luguh maulud of the Tausog,
which is sung to celebrate the birth of Mohammed. There are many kinds of children's songs such as the
Kalinga kawayanna for the tying of the child's first necklace; the Maranao bakbato and the Tausog lia-lia.
There are countless lullabies, among which are the chag-ay sa maseypan of the Bontoc the iyaya of the
Mangyan, the binua of the Badjao. There are also the adolescent songs - the Bontoc ayegka, sung for
visiting friends and the Maranao kasingbaga~kanada~tudatu ago kanbaibai, group singing by boys and
girls.
There are genealogical chants, courtship songs by adolescents and love songs for adolescents and
love songs for adults - the Kalinga ading, the Tingguian inegegkak si labago and the Tausog sindil, a dia-
logue song described as a song of insinuation. There are songs related to marriage like the Tingguian rice-
pounding song imma-isa-i-isa and the nan-sob-oy (Sagada) which is chanted at the conclusion of the
wedding ceremonies. The Maranao sarongkawit is a girl's song of displeasure on a marriage proposal,
while the lakitan tells of a boy's request that his mother propose marriage to a girl he fancies.
And of course, death and the spirit world bring to the fore a big collection of songs on death and the
burial rituals, like the Maranao dikir, a funeral or wake song, and the an-nako, a Bontoc song for funerals
occasioned by natural death. The lbaloi too have their ba-diw, which uses a leader-chorus type of singing
during "death watches", centering on the character and activities of the deceased and the hope of gaining
favors for the living from the spirit-relatives.
Nature has played a great role in shaping up the music technology and aesthetics of the various ethnic
musical traditions. Ethnic musical instruments are primarily objects of nature as they consist mainly of
bamboo, wood, shell, animal skin and metal; just as many of the melodies and rhythms of tribal chants
imitate some aspects of nature's sounds and movements.
Ref.: http://www.koleksyon.com/filipinoheritage/phil-music/pre-colonial-indigenous-music.asp