THE PLANNING, DESIGN | & CONSTRUCTION OFThe planning, design and construction of overhead power lines EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 5 Bisnath AC Briecen DH Cretchley D Muftic T Pillay R Yajeth February 2005‘THE PLANNING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF OVERHEAD POWER LINES Prepared by a staff of experts from Eskom Holdings Ltd under the direction of Thavanthiran Pillay and Sanjeev Bisnath This book is dedicated to the memory of Mike Korber, one of the authors who sadly passed away while developing the material. His contribution is ‘greatly appreciated by the Eskom team, While the authors and Eskom Holdings Ltd have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of this document, they cannot be held responsible for any errors or any afringment of copyright and patent rights, nor any direct ‘or consequential loss or damage suffered by any person or organisation, however caused, which may result from the use of this document. All rights to this document are reserved. Except where allowed by the Copyright Act, no part of this document may be reproduced, stored in ‘retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, either electronic oF mechanical, without prior written permission from Eskom Holdings Led. Published by Crown Publications cc 2 Theunis Street, Bedford Gardens, Johannesburg February 2005CONTENTS Chapter 1 OVERHEAD LINES jan Reynders, Daevad Mutle, Antony Britten and Dave Cretchlay Introduction. veveee cee J id . 1.2 Voltage, Impedance and Power Limit 13° The Design Task. ..... 14 The Design of Overhead Power Lines 15 16 References .... Bibliography... Chapter 2 MODELLING Mike Korber, Dzevad Muftic and Dipeen Dama 21° Introduction. ........ 22 Power Transfer Limits. 23 Other Factors Limiting the Power Transfer of Overhead Power Lines 24 Inductance of Transposed and Non-transposed Three-phase ‘Overhead Power Lines 25 Calculation of the Inductance of Bundied Conductors 26 Line Characteristics and Parameters for Three-phas Sig Cireuie System 27 Onaread Power Line Modeling 28 — Unbalanced Systems....... 29 Concluding Remarks . 210 References 211 Bibliography Chap Pow M ANALYSIS AND PL Riaz Vajeth and Roy Estment 3.41 Introduction. eee 32 Identify the Need for Network Expansion 33 Formulation of Alternative Options 34 Analysis of the Options 3.5 Selection of the Best Option 36 Sensitivity Analyses 37 Economic Justification» 3.8 Current and Future raters for the Pring Engineer. 3.9 Concluding Remarks .. : 3.10 References Chapter 4 HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT ( Nelson fjumba and Gary Sibilant 4.1. Introduction. 42 Background. ..- 43. HVDC Transmission Lines. 44 Future Developments in HVDC 45 HVDC Systems in Africa... +--+ 46 — Concluding Remarks . araessaaat geese47 Acknowledgements . cote veeveeeeeeteeeree res 1 89) 4B References nn ce covcteeneeteseeseees 89 49. Bibliography cece eereerreees 31 4.10 Appendices oe 2 Chapter 5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MANAGEME Dave Cretchley and José Clara 5.1 Introduction... 52 Environmental Impacts Caused by Power Lines. 53. Managing the Impacts coe 54 Environmental Management System 55 Detailed Environmental Impact Management in Design and Construction. 54 Servitude Rights Acquisition (‘Negotiations’) 5.7 Overhead Line Setting-out Survey and Profiling 58 Construction Phase: EMP. 59 Concluding Remarks 5.10 References . 5.11 Appendices. Chapter 6 CORONA Antony Britten and Arthur Burger 6.1 Introduction coeeseeee TDD 62 Corona Phenomena on Overhead Power Lines : 14 63 Factors Influencing the Generation of Corona on Conductors. 133 64 Practical Design Procedures and Considerations 141 65 Design Limits for Radio Interference, Audible Noise and Corona Losses . . 148 64 Consideration of Conductor Surface Grades and External Fibre Opt Cable... cecteeseeses cevteeeeee 151 67 — Concluding Remarks v2.01 ssi Ciotietnsrereeseee 152 68 — References vevcecees 69 Appendices Chapter 7 POWER FREQUI Pieter Pretorius ICY ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC 71 Introduction. .... . = 158 72 Typical Electric and Magnetic Field Levels. ceeereeee ess 160 73 Overhead Power Line Electric Field Design Limits... ..0.cccc20001 162 74 Human Exposure Guidelines... foe veces 162 75 Application of ICNIRP Exposure Guidelines Dovetteneenseeess 164 7.6 — Field Micigation : 165 7.7 Interference with Computer Monitors. m1 78 — Concluding Remarks 172 79 References m Chapter 8 DELL ELECTRIC FIELDS Shawn Nielsen BY Introduction. .......ccescceeseseecseeeeseeeeeseteeteeeseees 176 82 Electric Field Theory... : : Ceci ITB 83 Modelling Methods. ..... 7 84 Step-by-step Illustration bee Chinese 182 85 Practical Examples : : 18986 Measurement of Electric Field Intensity... 87 Concluding Remarks 88 — References Chapter 9 TNING Arthur Burger 9.1 Introduction. . 92 South African Studies of che Effeccs of Lightning on Overhead Power Lines 93 Interaction of Lightning with Overhead Power Lines, 9.4 Physics of Lightning 95 Direct Lightning Series to Overhead Power Lines . 9.6 The Use of Overhead Ground Wires to Limit the Effects of Lighning: : 9.7 Concluding Remarks 98 — References . . Chapter 10 INTRODUCTIO! N OPTIMISATION Dzevad Muftic, and Dumsani Mtolo 10.1 Introduction . 102 Electrical Design Optimisation, 10.3 Optimisation of Line Components .- 104 Final Optimisation of Line 10.5 Reliability-based Design 106 References . 10.7 Bibliography . Chapter 11 BASIC ELECTRICAL DESIGN Drevad Muftic and Arthur Burger 14.1 Introduction 11.2 Number and Size of Sub-conductors. 11.3 Phase Configuration and Spacing, 114 Line (Phase Conductors and Ground Wire) Configuration 115 Required Withsand Voltages of Ar Gap Invision 11.6 Clearances and Line Geometry... 117 Electrical Characteristics of the Line 118 Concluding Remarks 11.9. References 11.10 Appendices Chapter 12 INSULATION CO-0 Sanjay Narain and Kristoff Sadurski 12.1 Introduction 122 Definition of Insulation Co-ordination 123 Types of Voltage Stresses 124 Insulation Strength. . 12.5 Live-line Maintenance. 2... 12.6 Fires Under Overhead Lines 12.7 Line Compaction 12.8 Eskom Practice 129. Concluding Remarks 12.10 References 196 “197 197 200 200 201 201 208 209 209 :210 212 212 213 2216 217 224 221 24 24 25 226 27 28 232 232 233, errsChapter 13 THERMAL RATING Rob Stephen, Dzevad Muftic Johan Swan and Arthur Burger 13.1 Introduction. 132 Factors Affecting the Thermal Line of Conductors... 133 Calculation of Conductor Temperature in the Steady-state 134 Dyramic Behaviour of Conductor Temperatire 135. Deterministic Thermal Rating... 13.6 Probabilistic Conductor Rating Technique . 13.7 _ Real-time Line Monitoring of Overhead Power Lines . 438 Concluding Remarks .. coeteeees 139. References 13.10 Appendices Chapter 14 COUPLI Antony Britten, Mike Korber and Rulesh Ramnar: 14.1 Introduction. ...... 142 The Basics of Coupling at Power Frequencies 143 Safety Issues. 144 Capacitive and Inductive Coupling and the Operation of Overhead Power Lines = . 145. Practical Considerations and Mitigation Techniques 146 Telephone Interference. .... a 147 Geomagnetically Induced Currents 148 Concluding Remarks .......00.05 149° References Chapter 15 CONDUCTOR OPTIMISATION Dzevad Muftic, Riaz Vajeth and Dipeen Dama 15.1 Introduction. ..... 152. Overview of Conductors for Overhead Power Lines 153 Selection of Optimal Conductor. . 184 Concluding Remarks 155 References 15.6 Bibliography . 15.7 Appendices ‘Chapter 16 ROUND WIRE OPTIMISATI Dzevad Muftic, Sanjay Narain and Rukesh Ramnarain 161 Introduction. - 162 Position of Ground Wires 163. Electrogeometric Model 164 Ground Wire Selection... 16.5. Losses in the Ground Wrre. . 16 Optica Fire Ground Wire (OPGW). 167 Concluding Remarks . 168 References 310 310 2319 321 322 -323 323 326 “326 333, 2351 2351 352 353 386 356 21357 367 373 373 2373 374Chapter 17 JLATOR SELEK abio Bologna 17.1 Introduction, 172. Funetion and Main Parameters of Insulators for Overhead Power Lines, 17.3 Corona Rings... 174 The Influence of The Environment on the Performance of Outdoor Insulators . : 175. Site Severity Monitoring Techniques 176 Fashover Caused by Pollution 177 The Influence of Leakage Current on the Flashover Process 178 _Inuence of Discharge Activity on Polymer Inelator Surtaces 17.9 Concluding Remarks . ve 17.10 References TAI Appendices... Chapter 18 INSULATION Sanjay Narain and Dzevad Muftic 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Air gap Clearances. . 183 Insulator Parameters... 184 Concluding Remarks - 185 References 186 Appendices. Chapter 19 INE itz, Bharat Haridass, Bertie Jacobs, Johann Retief and Pieter du Plessis 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Preliminary Design of Hardware 19.3 Detailed Design of Load Bearing Hardware 19.4 Compatibility of Hardware . 495 Joints and Dead-ends.. 19.6 Live-line Maintainability . . 19.7 Material Characteristics of Hardware. 198 Material Properties 19.9. Mechanical Properties 19.10 Other Factors in Material Selection 19.11 Non-load Bearing Hardware for Overhead Power Lines. 19.12. Testing and Quality Control of Hardware . : 19.13 Overhead Line Oscillation 19.14 Concluding Remarks 19.15 References 19.16 Bibliography 19.17 Appendices. Chapter 2 Jose Diez-Serrano and Pierre Marais 20.1 Introduction 202 Tower Types 203 Support Structure Design Methodology 378 376 383 383 388 388 392 392 39% 396 410 “410 “Ait 2422 2422 144 484 485 491204 Conceptual Design. . 205 Geometry Definition 206 Loading 207° Analysis and Design 208 Failure Sequencing and Component Design Loads 209 Final Design Documentation : 20.10 Loading Trees. 20.11 Tower Acceptance Tests 20.12 Evaluation... 2013 Concluding Remarks. 20.14 References ........sssecees 20.15 Bibliography : Chapter 21 FOUNDATIONS ‘Willem Combrinck and Pierre Marais 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Foundation Requirements 21.3 Foundation Design Process 214 Soil Investigations 21S. Soil Classification... 2... 21.6 Foundation Leading Factors. . 21.7 Foundation Types 2118 Application of Various Foundation Systems . 21.9 Seructural Design of Foundation Systems 21.10. Concluding Remarks DIAL References Chapter 22 EARTHING Arthur Burger, Rukesh Ramnarain and Luthando Peter 22.1 Introduction 222 Concluding Remarks 223. References 224 Appendices Chapter 23 "AND SURVEY Norman Banks 23.1 Introduction. 232 Planning 233. Implementation . 234 Survey Methods . 235 Concluding Remarks 23.6 Bibliography ‘Chapter 24 TOWER Suren Natesan, Allan Muir and John Mokocna 24.1 Introduction. 242 Line Optimisation Process Flow 243 Inputs and Design Criteria 244 Processing: Sag Calculations and Templating 245 Ourpurs cevteetees 314 “4 oid 516 516 519 520 534 2535) 2539 2539 542 564 564 11566 516 376 378 585, 586 588 2590 592 596246 Concluding Remarks 247 References ... 248 Bibliography Chapter 25 NTR Donald Andrews 25.1 Introduction, . 25.2 Telecommunications and Power Networks . 25.3 Telecommunications Opportunities for Power Network Operators 25.4 Power Line Carriers vos .-sesec00+ vente 25.5 Aerial Fibre Optic Cables 25.6 Cellular Base Station Antennas on Structures 25.7. Concluding Remarks 258 Bibliography Shapter 26 POWER LI ‘Andrew Pollard 26.1 Introduction. .. 262. The Role of Power Line Carriers in Power System Operation 263 Basics of Power Line Carriers (PLCs) 264 The Overhead Line as a Telecommunieations Transmission 265 Practical Isues of Overhead Power Lines». 266 Other Overhead Line Criteria that Affect PLC Performance « 267 Impact of Corona and Arcing Noises on PLC Performance . 268 Concluding Remarks . 269. References Chapter 27 AERIAL FIBI David Si 27.1 Introduction... .. 27.2 Types of Aerial Optical Cable in General Use =... 27.3. Factors to be Considered in Selection of Cable Type Used « 274 Installation Practices 275 Concluding Remarks 276 References Chapter 28 Pieter Pretorius 28.1 Introduction. . . 282. Technical Considerations. 283 _Environmeneal Consideracions 284 Concluding Remarks 285 References Chapter 29 Pierre Marais and Barrie Badenhorst 29.1 Overhead Power Line Construction . 29.2 Project Management - 29.3 Concluding Remarks .- 294 References 606 607 610 610 612 612 613 615 616 616 618 619 621 2622 632 1639 643 643 646, 651 661 665 666 670 671 674 675 675PREFACE ‘The Eskom Power Series was conceived as a result of concern over the continuing foss of critical technical skills and experience. A series of events, spanning the past few decades, has reshaped the electricity supply industry and retaining a skilled workdorce remains a major priority. Each year, a growing ‘number of technical experts leaves the industry, depriving it of a wealth of experience, knowledge and expertise. Eskom’s R&D team has created the Eskom Power Series, each book of which has been written by experienced specialists and consulkants in the utility field Eskom’s strong R&D programme, which is specifically focused on utility issues, will, by supplying the most up-to-date information available, ensure that the series is kept relevant and practical. The aim of the series is to serve asa guide and a legacy by collating Eskom’'s knowledge and experience. Written by Eskom staff who are familiar with local Southern African conditions, the Power Series offers a source of reliable, reputable and high level ‘technics! information and practice. We anticipate that the series will grow according to the needs of industry. ‘The confidence we place in our Power Series is justified by the many world-class innovative technologies developed by Eskom, which has also created a highly effciene infrastructure. For example, Eskom built the world's largest coal-fired power station, which uses a dry- cooling system developed by engineers in South Africa. Eskom is also developing ‘pebble bed modular reactor’ nuclear technology, designed to be inherently safe, The great success of our rural electrification programme, achieved in a relatively short time, places us among, world leaders in this field, Eskom also pioneered and was the first to build power lines at voltages of 765 KV in high altitude conditions, 2 challenging feat. In addition to many local and international awards presented to Eskom each year, we were awarded the Community Development Programme of the Year award in 2003, at the Global Energy Awards in New York City. This award, arguably one of the most, prestigious in the global uclty industry, affirms our place among ather major utilities in the world, ‘The Power Series is a practical series targeted at individuals working within the utility environment. Volume One offers a useful guide to the design of overhead power lines for voltages of 132 kV and above, focusing mainly on alternating current (AC) lines. A brief chapter covers high voltage direct current (HVDC). The chapters are well balanced in their coverage of electrical, mechanical, environmental and civil engineering. The authors regard overhead power line design to be a multidisciplinary field which must not be considered in isolation. Line construction and communication over power lines are covered briefly Volume Two deals with the fundamentals and practice of overhead line maintenance and provides a comprehensive insight into its philosophy and practice (132 kV and above).High voltage insulators, a major component in utility power systems, must be selected, applied and maincained with care. Volume Three, titled ‘The Practical Guide to Outdoor High Voltage Insulators’, is devoted to their application and maintenance. ‘The extensive information contained in the Power Series can be applied in utilities worldwide and is accessible to any interested person, would like, in conclusion, to acknowledge the high quality of the work that went into the development ofthis reference book and hope that readers will find it useful in their application. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people doubted the possibility of publishing such a comprehensive manual in view of the schedules of the Eskom engineers, technologists and technicians. This was indeed a challenge for our team but I must commend Sanjeev Bisnath for his dedication and drive in managing this project. Special thanks are also due to Eskom Holsings Ltd Board for the confidence they have shown us in their continued support of R & D, both in funding and resources, Tony Britten assisted greatly in the technical development of this reference book and deserves acknowledgement for going beyond the cal of duty to ensure that an international standard was upheld, The technical editing for this publication was challenging and I must, thank Dave Cretchley for his invaluable concribution. Dzevad Muftic made significant contributions in collaborating with the authors when problems were encountered and added great value in collating the text. Jan Reynders is acknowledged for his general guidance. Riaz Vajeth did a sterling job in getting the chapters developed and also assisted with the technical editing, ‘Thavanthiran (Logan) Pilly, PeEng Eskom Transmission Research ManagerEDITORIAL COMMITTEE S Bisnath AC Brieten Eskom Eskom DH Cretchley D Muftic Eskom Eskom T Pillay R Vajeth Eskom Eskom SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS M Cope D Dama Eskom Eskom K Grant G Moodley ‘Crown Publications Eskom (formerly) T Mosloung AMuir Eskom (formerly) Eskom (formerly) M Mulaudzi v Pillay Escom (formerly) Eskom Jvan den Berg B Vorster Eskom ‘Crown Publications Tyan den Berg M Lloyd Grab u Graphies Eskom P Marques: JP Reynders Eskom University of Wiewatersrand