Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

Y
Tension

Tension
X

Define +ve Mx as causing +ve tensile stresses when y is +ve

Define +ve My as causing +ve tensile stresses when x is +ve

 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

What happens if we try and bend an asymmetric section

without applying the load at the shear centre?
For the case of biaxial bending of symmetric section:

+ve My gives +ve tension

on +ve X side of section y

Y x
Mx y My x
σz = + z
I xx I yy
X X
My
+ve Mx gives +ve tension
on +ve Y side of section Y Mx
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section
What happens if we try and apply the same equation to an
asymmetric section for a moment Mx ?

X X

Y Mx
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section
150
Y
12
Ixx = 95.7 x 106 mm4

300 X X Iyy = 23.9 x 106 mm4

12
Y

150
Now apply a hogging (positive) bending moment of
Mx = 10 kN.m = 10 x 106 N.mm
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

Mx y My x
σz = + = 0.105 y N.mm-3
I xx I yy

The average stress in the top flange at y = 144 mm

is σz = 15 N/mm2 (tension positive)

Similarly the average stress in the bottom flange at

y = -144 mm
is σz = -15 N/mm2 (compression negative)
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section
15 N/mm2 15 N/mm2

-15 N/mm2 -15 N/mm2

The forces in the flanges result in horizontal forces that are
laterally out of alignment.
This result in a lateral bending moment about the Y-Y
axis… and yet there is no external My moment applied !
Although only Mx is applied, the section must bend
about Y-Y
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section
General expression for bending stress

For simple bending Mx of a section symmetric about the Y-Y

axis, axial displacement at any section (in the Z direction) is
given by:
y
u =C y
and the axial strain is given by:
Y x
du
z εz =
dz
X X

Y Mx
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section
General expression for bending stress

For an asymmetric section, we must replace this function for u

by a more general expression:
u = C1 y + C2 x
du
now ε z = = C1′ y + C2′ x
dz
where C1′ = dC1 and C2′ = dC2
dz dz
Note : σ z = Eε z

hence σ z = E.C1′. y + E.C2′ .x

 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

Moment about the x axis = Mx

M x = ∫ σ z y dA = EC1′ ∫ y 2 dA + EC2′ ∫ xy dA

Moment about the y axis = My

M y = ∫ σ z x dA = EC1 ∫ xy dA + EC2 ∫ x dA
′ ′ 2
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

Define :

∫y dA = I xx
2
= second moment of area about the x axis

∫x dA = I yy
2
= second moment of area about the y axis

∫ xy dA = I xy = cross second moment of area

about the x-y axes

Ixy is also known as the product moment of area

 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

Hence: M x = EC1′I xx + EC2′ I xy

M y = EC1′I xy + EC2′ I yy

Solving for C1’ and C2’ gives:

EC ′ =
(M I − M y I xy )
(I )
x yy

I − I xy
1 2
yy xx

EC ′ =
(−M I + M y I xx )
(I )
x xy

I − I xy
2 2
yy xx
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section
σ z = EC1′y + EC2′ x

σz =
(M I − M y I xy )
y+
(−M I + M y I xx )
(I ) (I )
x yy x xy
x
I − I xy I − I xy
2 2
yy xx yy xx

Note that if Ixy = 0,

Mx My
σz = y+ x
I xx I yy

This is the same formula as used for a symmetric section

 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

Why is Ixy = 0 for a symmetric section ?

dAi
Y I xy = ∫ xy dA
xi

yi I xy = ∑ xi yi dAi
X X
For every area dAi with location
+ve y, -ve x there is a
y corresponding area dAi with
location +ve y, +ve x
x Y
All the contributions to ΣxiyidAi will cancel out
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

For a section with at least one axis of symmetry

about X-X or Y-Y:

Ixy = 0
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section
Example:

The L-section cantilever shown has a point load of 2.5 kN

applied at the tip of the cantilever. The load is applied at
the centroidal Y-Y axis. What are the bending stresses ?

90
Y
5
2m
5 75
Y
Mx = 5.0 kN.m 2.5 kN
(hogging +ve)
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section
Find the centroidal axes x Y

90
X X
y 5
5 75
Y
Total area = 90 x 5 + 75 x 5 = 825 mm2

y=
(90 × 5 × 45) + (75 × 5 × 2.5)
= 25.7 mm
825

x=
(90 × 5 × 2.5) + (75 × 5 × 42.5)
= 20.7 mm
825
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section
Now find Ixx,
Iyy and Ixy
about the -18.2
centroidal axes y
19.3 x

-23.2 -25.7

-20.7 21.8

5 × 903
( ) ( )
3
75 × 5
I xx = + 5 × 90 × 19.32 + + 5 × 75 × −23.2 2
12 12
I xx = 673991 mm 4 = 6.74 ×105 mm 4
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

-18.2
y
19.3 x

-23.2 -25.7

-20.7 21.8

90 × 53 ×
( ) ( )
3
5 75
I yy = + 5 × 90 × −18.2 +
2
+ 5 × 75 × 21.8 2

12 12
I yy = 503991 mm 4 = 5.04 × 105 mm 4
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

-18.2
y
19.3 x

-23.2 -25.7

-20.7 21.8

I xy = (5 × 90 × −18.2 ×19.3) + (5 × 75 × −23.2 × 21.8)

I xy = −347727 mm 4 = −3.48 × 105 mm 4

 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

σz =
(M I − M y I xy )
y+
(−M I + M y I xx )
(I ) (I )
x yy x xy
x
I − I xy I − I xy
2 2
yy xx yy xx

Hogging +ve, tension +ve

Mx = 5.0 kN.m, My = 0
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section
Top-left corner
64.3
y
x

-20.7

σz =
(5 ×10
× 5.04 × 105
6
× 64.3
)
(
5.04 × 6.74 − 3.48 × 10
2 10
)
(− 5 × 10 × [− 3.45 × 10 ] )
6 5
+ × [− 20.7]
(5.04 × 6.74 − 3.48 )×10 2 10
BiaxialBiaxial
bending of asymmetric
bending section
of asymmetric section
Top-left corner
64.3
y
x

MxIyy MxIxy
-20.7

2.52 ×1012 1.73 ×1012

σz = × 64.3 + × [− 20.7]
2.20 ×1011
2.20 ×1011

IxxIyy-Ixx2

σ z = 738 − 163 = 575 N / mm2

 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section
Bottom-left corner

y
x
-25.7

-20.7

2.52 ×1012 1.73 ×1012

σz = × [− 25.7]+ × [− 20.7]
2.20 ×1011
2.20 ×1011

σ z = −295 − 163 = −458 N / mm2

 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section
Bottom-right corner

y
x
-25.7

59.3

2.52 ×1012 1.73 ×1012

σz = × [− 25.7]+ × 59.3
2.20 ×1011
2.20 ×1011

σ z = −295 + 467 = 172 N / mm2

 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

Y
575 N/mm2

0 N/mm2

X X

-458 N/mm2 172 N/mm2

Y N
eu
2
tra
0 N/mm la
xi
s
Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

Alternative method …
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

It can be shown that we can use the symmetric equation

Mx My
σz = y+ x
I xx I yy
for asymmetric sections, if we replace Mx and My by
Mx and My, where :

M x − M y × I xy I xx
Mx =
1 − I xy
2
(I I
xx yy )
M y − M x × I xy I yy
My =
1 − I xy
2
(I I
xx yy )
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section
In the example: Mx = 5.0 kN.m, My = 0

I xx = 6.74 ×10 mm5 4

I yy = 5.04 × 10 mm
5 4

I xy = −3.48 × 105 mm 4
5.0
Mx =
1 − [− 3.48] 2 (6.74 × 5.04 )
= 7.77 kN.m

− 5.0 × [− 3.48 6.74]

My =
1 − [− 3.48] 2 (6.74 × 5.04)
= 4.01 kN.m

Note: even though the applied My = 0, there is an

effective bending My for an asymmetric section !
 Biaxial bending of asymmetric section

Mx My
σz = y+ x
I xx I yy
For top left corner

7.77 ×106 4.01×106

σz = × 64.3 + × [− 20.7]
6.74 ×10 5
5.05 ×10 5

σ z = 741 −164

Same solution as before