Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Jurnal Bina Praja
Jurnal Bina Praja
e-ISSN: 2503-3360
p-ISSN: 2085-4323 Accredita
735/AU2/P2MI-LIPI/04/2016
Valid thru: 24 April 2019
P :
R D A
M H A
www.binaprajajournal.com
R I
DOI: 10.21787/jbp.08.2016.293-304
Abstract
The need for Kerosene is very high. When energy crisis hit Indonesia, it caused the scarcity and soaring prices
of kerosene. Hence, finding alternative energy sources is needed, especially a renewable energy to households. One is
which is Biogas energy. Biogas is an energy that uses simple technology, which uses raw materials of animal waste. Many
rural communities do not know about it, so it requires a pioneer, called the local initiator. The local initiator is an agent
of change that comes from the local community, who has the initiative to make changes and become a guide passage
of the change process in an organization or community, in order to achieve the expected goals. Local initiator becomes
an important factor in the success of biogas innovation adoption. Biogas is used for household needs such as cooking,
water heating, and lighting. Biogas program has been reinforced by Presidential Decree No 5 of 2006, Minister of ESDM
Regulation (Permen ESDM) No 3 of 2013, Permen ESDM No 10 of 2015, and Minister of Rural Affairs Regulation (Permen
Desa) No 5 of 2015. This paper aims to examine the role of a local initiator as an agent of change and the most dominant
factors in the successful adoption of biogas for the needs of rural households. This study uses a qualitative method by
using a case study approach and conducting a descriptive analysis. The focus of the data analysis is only performed
on the local initiator in the successful adoption of biogas in Haurngombong village in West Java and Pandua-North
Lombok, NTB. The result of the study shows that the successful adoption of biogas in Haurngombong Village and Pandua
Village is strongly influenced by the local initiator. The local initiator success is not determined by the position, age, and
gender, but is determined by the experience in the use of biogas, biogas sector knowledge, dissemination strategies, and
communication among stakeholders of biogas program. The key to the success of local initiators in the adoption of biogas
innovation lies in good communication with the public.
I. Introduction and hose for free to the public. In fact, the price of
Since the kerosene crisis happened in Indonesia, LPG is still considered too expensive and it is hard
it became increasingly difficult for the people to to come by in the rural areas. While in Indonesia,
get the kerosene despite it is the most widely used actually it has other substitute materials that are
fuel by the people for everyday purposes. Even very abundant in number, called biogas. For this
in some provinces, the scarcity of kerosene often reason, people especially in rural areas, which used
happens and the selling price of kerosene by the to use kerosene stoves began to switch to biogas
people is getting higher. To overcome the scarcity, energy that is cheap and easy. To obtain biogas
in 2007 the government made a diversion program energy, needed to build a biogas plant commonly
of subsidy and the use of kerosene by the people to called biodigester or digester. The advantage of
3 kg LPG gas through the distribution of 3 kg LPG the biogas energy source is it is renewable so that
package along with its content, stove, regulator, it can provide a source of sustainable energy. The
technology to produce biogas is simple, through
UNPAD
ITB Lecturer
Young Mr. G
Generation
Technology
Mr. K
Fund
Village Head
Business Entity
KESDM
Village Head Society
Fund HIVOS
SEKAR
Society
Technician PLN
Young Generation
BIOGAS
were starting to get confused and saw that Mr. A’s as the communication between people who already
family was not affected by the rise and scarcity of used the other thing, then the number of digesters
kerosene, then the community finally decided to increased to 270 units in 2008, and in 2012, it
(willing to) adopt the biogas as the one used by Mr. amounted to 300 units from 300 breeders, which
A. means 100% of the farmers already used biogas.
The second phase, which is the implementation
phase. In 2007, as many as 60 families made 2) Pandua Lantan Village-North Lombok NTB
digesters at their private expense. The use of biogas The innovation adoption phase in Pandua
is intensified through a cooperation with the Faculty Lantan Village can be illustrated in Figure 2.
of Animal Husbandry of Padjadjaran University At the initiation/early phase of the innovation
(UNPAD), Bandung. In 2008, established the Village- adoption, originated from Mr. AW who is a former
Owned Enterprise to manage funds from SEKAR migrant worker from Korea, who already have the
(Worker Union of PT Telkom). The fund was used knowledge and have been using the biogas while
to assist the people in making digesters. With the being a migrant worker. After returning to his
socialization of the village heads and community village, seeing a lot of heaping cow waste, resulting
leaders as well as the younger generation, as well in smelly odor, and a lot of flies in the vicinity that
HIVOS HIVOS
Te
c
hn
ol
og
Technology
y&
Fu
Fund
Mr. AW
Technology
Mr. AW Society
Foundation Cooperation
dn
Fu
Technology
Mrs. AW Society
Technician
Technician
Biogas
Figure 2. The Innovation Adoption Phase in Pandua Lantan Village, North Lombok
No Local Initiators Success Haurngombong Village, West Java Pandua Lantan Village, NTB
• Mr. A as a local resident and at that time • Mr. AW is the local resident that turned into
became a Village Head an Early Adopter.
• With his own initiative, Mr. A asked the favor • With his own initiative seeking information
of ITB to make a digester from plastics. about biogas
The Effort of the Change
1 • Biogas is used for households needs. • Mr. AW disseminated to surrounding
Agent Himself
• Hold a dissemination on biogas assisted by the communities through RT/RW meetings RW,
community leaders (Mr. K and Mr. G). RT, recitals, meetings with the fathers and
informal chat in front of his house or on the
way or interacting via the Internet.
• Mr. A as the example for the use of biogas and • Mr. AW as the Role Model in the use of biogas
becomes the agent of change in the use of and the agent of change.
• Responsible for disseminating the biogas • Responsible for disseminating the biogas.
assisted by the community leaders. • took HIVOS to help people in the manufacture
• Has a cooperation with Animal Husbandry of the digester, how to use it, and the funding.
Faculty of UNPAD by providing biogas HIVOS gives training to the community to
2 Client Orientation
assistance and guidance for the community, as make the digester and in 2013 there were 18
well as proving a training of the management certified biogas technicians from HIVOS.
and the proper use of the biogas. And just
in 2010, the Ministry of ESDM joined to help
with the provision of digesters, stoves, and
HIVOS with financing aid.
• Mr. A as the agent of change has been • Mr. AW as the agent of change has been
successful in adopting the biogas innovation successful in adopting the biogas innovation
into society, in accordance with the needs of into society, in accordance with the needs of
the communities using cow waste. the communities using cow waste.
• The success was marked by many people using • The success was marked by many people using
the biogas. biogas.
• The biogas program has greatly helped the • Some local communities have become
The Suitability of Innovation
3 community of cattle breeders who used to use certified technicians from HIVOS.
with Client Needs
kerosene. • The biogas program has helped the
• With biogas, cooking can be quicker, the house community in the provision of free fuel, which
is clean, reduce the occurrence of disease, used to use wood. With the biogas, they
clean environment that is free from of flies can cook faster, clean the house, reduce the
and smells. occurrence of disease because of the smoke
from firewood, and clean environment from
flies and smells.
After the scarcity and the high price of kerosene, With the persistence of MR. AW who tried to
Mr. A assisted with the community leaders and change the environment and communicated
village youths communicated the kerosene the positive impact with biogas, made
Empathy from the Agent of
4 replacement solution by using biogas and seeing the community empathized with the idea
Change
the positive impact of biogas that was used Mr. that it could influence the effectiveness of
A, then the community to empathize with the communication so as to accelerate the adoption
idea that the adoption of biogas was successful. of biogas.
Mr. A is a local resident and a village head and Mr. AW, who comes from the local region, knows
assisted by the community leaders and village the culture of Pandua village, is known and also
5 Interaction with Client youths so that the interaction can work well. knows how to communicate with the community
so that the interaction with the community can
work well.
• Mr. A as the village head has the authority and • The relation of Mr. AW with the community is
is respected in his village very familiar, they often share the story while
• Mr. A gives an example of using biogas for he was a migrant worker so that they know
household that Mr. AW had known and been using the
• find the assistance of fund for the biogas.
The Credibility of the Agent
6 manufacture of biogas from ASEKAR, Ministry • Mr. AW gives an example of using the biogas
of Change
of ESDM, and HIVOS to meet the household needs
• find the assistance for generator set from PLN • Mr. AW made the foundation and become a
to light up the village make a business entity partner with HIVOS for biogas production.
for borrowing money to make biogas and bio-
slurry fertilizers.
Mr. A was initially ignored in suggesting the With his experience of using biogas in Korea
use of biogas, although Mr. A acted as the as well as in his household, Mr. AW can
village head. However, after the community communicate a positive impact of using biogas,
experienced the scarcity and the increased which can affect people for using biogas and it
In Line with the Opinion price of kerosene as well as with the assistance coincided with the entrance of HIVOS program
7
Leader of the community leaders and village youths to help the people in the financing and the
in campaigning the use of biogas and its making of biogas. The program was well
advantages and see the use of biogas in Mr. A’s received by the community.
house, then the community finally welcomed
the adoption of biogas.
• At first, Mr. A was difficult in making changes • To make a change, Mr. AW started with his
in his communities, although Mr. A has started family in using biogas, after seeing the results
using biogas for households. and its positive impact, Mr. AW, and Mrs. AW
• After the problems of the scarcity and the communicated and introduced it to the local
rising price of kerosene, and also assisted by community.
the community leaders and village youths to • The community was interested to also use
campaign the use of biogas, and also seeing biogas so that the suggestion to make a
that those problems were not experienced change in Lantan did not take that long, it was
by Mr. A’s family which have been using the because Mr. AW and Mrs. AW had the right
The Client Evaluation biogas, then eventually the community was strategy since Mr. AW was the local resident
8
Capability interested in using biogas. and understood how to approach the local
• In order to make the people not depending on community.
Mr. A, whose function is the agent of change, • In order for the community to not depend
then the community was invited to participate on the agent of change, with the assistance
in financing the manufacture of biogas from HIVOS, the community helped to make
digester, its maintenance, and its management and finance the manufacture of the biogas
in order to feel ownership by the Faculty of digesters so that community has the sense of
Animal Husbandry of Padjadjaran University ownership and the maintenance as well as the
and HIVOS. management and does not depend on Mr. AW,
whose role is the agent of change.
being the technician for the manufacture of of kerosene that is commonly used in households
digesters and the improvement of vegetable which has been supported by Presidential
crops with the use of organic fertilizers. Regulation No 5 of 2006 and the Regulation of the
Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No 10 of
The benefits received by the public by using 2015, and the Regulation of the Minister of Village
biogas are (1) the environment is clean and free No 5 of 2015. In addition, the development of biogas
from flies, (2) the community is free from diarrhea can also be a solution to the management of animal
and ARI/respiratory problem (from the cooking waste that can be put to productive use and can help
wood smoke), (3) the kitchen is clean because biogas address the environmental issues and the health of
has no smoke, no smell, the stove cannot explode, rural communities. In order for rural communities to
and does not blacken the kitchen tools, (4) more adopt biogas, very needed a help of a local initiator
efficient because it does not spend money to buy as the agent of change. The initiator is a Role Model
kerosene or firewood, (5) youths get jobs for making or an Early Adopter before the people to adopt such
fertilizer, managing business/foundation, being the innovation. In addition, the local initiator is the one
technicians for the manufacture of digesters, (6) the that can socialize and communicate about the biogas
productivity of crops increases, and (7) the increase innovation to rural communities. The local initiator
in revenues from the sale of crops and the sale of needed does not depend on the age, occupation, or
slurry. wealth. The local initiator who can communicate
The barrier of change in the use of biogas, at well and polite without being patronizing, easy to
first only occurred in Haurngombong Village, which understand/clear, has knowledge about biogas, can
was the rejection of the public since they had to be assuring, can be construing, works hard in order
spend money to build a digester and kerosene was to get the empathy of the public so that adoption
still easily obtained at a low price, and in there was innovation can succeed, and wants to help to find
no barrier in Pandua Village. the funds for the digester construction.
By using biogas, many rural communities get
the benefits, which among other is more efficient
IV. Conclusion because they do not spend money to buy kerosene
The development of biogas is one form of or gas, it is safer because biogas stoves cannot
alternative solution to the scarcity and high cost explode, the home environment becomes clean, not