Wireless Pers Commun

DOI 10.1007/s11277-012-0992-9

Throughput Analysis of DS CDMA/Unslotted ALOHA

Wireless Networks with Fixed Packet Length in Rayleigh
Fading Finite-State Markov Channel Model

Shu-Ming Tseng · Hung-Pin Lin · Chih-Hao Chen ·

Yung-Chung Wang

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013

Abstract We propose the finite-state Markov channel (FSMC) model to the throughput
analysis of DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA wireless networks in the mobile environment. The
FSMC model can characterize the correlation structure of Rayleigh fading process, and the
degree of correlation depends on the Doppler frequency shift. The FSMC model is suited
to the throughput analysis by queueing theory due to its Markov chain nature. The previous
papers in DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA wireless networks in Rayleigh fading consider a
whole packet. They ignore that the channel gain or multiple access interference can change
symbol-to-symbol. In our proposed analysis, both the channel gain and multiple access
interference can change from symbol to symbol. It is not just a packet-level analysis in the
previous papers, and is a more general symbol-level analysis. Our generalized scheme should
be more suited to realistic Rayleigh fading in the mobile environment. We consider two cases:
(1) the system without carrier load sensing protocol (CLSP) and (2) systems with CLSP. For
both cases, we analyze the theoretical throughput by queueing theory for various averaged
signal-to-noise ratios and Doppler frequency shifts, and the computer simulated throughput
matches the theoretical throughput.

Keywords Finite-state Markov channel (FSMC) · Unslotted ALOHA · Code-division

multiple access · Throughput analysis · Doppler frequency shift · Queueing theory

S.-M. Tseng (B) · C.-H. Chen

Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
e-mail: shuming@ntut.edu.tw
C.-H. Chen
e-mail: knight770930@hotmail.com

H.-P. Lin · Y.-C. Wang

Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
e-mail: t7319014@ntut.edu.tw
Y.-C. Wang
e-mail: ycwang@ee.ntut.edu.tw

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 S.-M. Tseng et al.

1 Introduction

In the third-generation cellular networks, direct-sequence code-division multiple access

(DS CDMA) is the dominant choice for wireless transmission technology. This is because
it offers random access abilities and potential for higher throughput etc [1–8]. The DS
CDMA/unslotted ALOHA wireless network has been applied to tactical networks, satel-
lite communications, ad hoc networks, wireless local area networks, etc [9]. The throughput
analysis of the DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA wireless network in additive white Gaussian
channels (AWGN) has been investigated in earlier literatures [10–16]. Sato et al. [10] ana-
lyzed the throughput of the DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA radio network with fixed packet
length by M/D/∞ queuing model. Because it is difficult to get the death rate of M/D/∞
queuing model, M/M/1 queuing model with death rate approximation is used instead. This
method has been extended to variable message length case (multiple fixed-length packets) in
[11], two user classes in [12], ultrawideband impulse radio systems in [13], and the case when
the variation of number of interfering packets is not limited to one in [14]. In [15], we show
that the M/D/∞ queuing model can be replaced by M/M/∞ one (without approximation) in
the throughput analysis of DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA radio network with fixed packet
length. Then we analyze the throughput of the case of two user classes. The exact throughput
analysis scheme is also applied to the variable message length case in [16].
The throughput analysis of the DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA wireless network in
Rayleigh fading channels has been done [9,17,18]. They all assume packet-level analysis,
and ignore that the channel gain and/or multiple access interference level changes symbol-
by-symbol within the packet. In this paper, we use a Rayleigh fading Finite-State Markov
Channel (FSMC) [19,20] such that we don’t make the above assumption and approximation.
Therefore, our scheme is symbol-level analysis, not just packet level analysis in [9,17,18],
and more suited to general mobile channels which may have different fading for consecutive
symbols of a packet. The FSMC model partition the received instanteous signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR) in to multiple intervals (states), so it is a generalization of the classical two-state
Gilbert–Elliott model [21,22]. The FSMC is widely accepted in the literature to characterize
the correlation structure of Rayleigh fading process [23], and used in 3GPP LTE cellular sys-
tem [24], Mobile WiMAX [25], slotted ALOHA network [26], etc. Because it is a Markov
chain, it is suited to the queueing analysis.
Furthermore, we analyze the throughput performance of DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA
through Rayleigh fading channel with the channel load sensing protocol(CLSP) [9–11]. In
CLSP, a hub station senses the channel load which is defined as the number of simultaneous
transmissions. If the channel load is lower than a specific threshold, the packet will be
transmitted. Otherwise, the packet is rejected. The CLSP can improve throughput in heavy
load.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In Sect. 2, we describe the finite-state
Markov channel (FSMC) model. In Sect. 3, we describe the system model. In Sect. 4, we
analyze the throughput of the DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA radio network without CLSP.
In Sect. 5, we analyze the throughput of the DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA radio network
with CLSP. The numerical results are given in Sect. 6. Section 7 is the conclusion.

2 Finite-State Markov Channel (FSMC) Model

In many cases, modeling a Rayleigh fading channel as a two-state Gilbert–Elliot channel

[21,22] is not adequate because the channel quality can vary dramatically. Thus it is necessary

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to extend the two-state model to a finite-state one, which is called finite-state Markov channel
(FSMC) model [19,20]. FSMC model comes from the fact that the users’ received SNR may
be highly time-varying in mobile channels. FSMC provides a mathematically tractable model
for time-varying channels.
Since a typical time-varying channel, namely the Rayleigh fading channel, produces time-
varying received SNR, by partitioning the range of the received SNR into a finite number of
intervals, a FSMC model can be built for the Rayleigh fading channel. A finite state Markov
chain channel is defined by its transition probabilities. We denote discrete-time Markov chain
channel with the state space {1, . . . , M} and transition probability matrix H = [h i, j ]. The
h i, j is defined as the probability that the Rayleigh fading channel changes from the state i to
the state j.
Let A denote the received SNR that is proportional to the square of the signal envelope.
The probability density function (PDF) of A is exponential and can be written as
1 − ξx
f A (x) = e (1)
ξ
where ξ is the expected value of A. Let 0 = A0 < A1 < · · · < A M−1 < A M = ∞
be the thresholds of the received SNR. Then the Rayleigh fading is said to be in the state
j, j = 1, 2, . . . , M, if the received SNR is in the interval [A j−1 , A j ). Let level crossing rate
N j , j ∈ {1, . . . , M}, be the expected number of times per second the received SNR passes
downward across the threshold A j . We have

Aj
2π A j
Nj = f m e− ξ , j = 1, . . . , M (2)
ξ

f m is the maximum Doppler frequency and given by

v
fm = , (3)
λ
where v is the vehicle speed and λ is the wavelength.
We assume the interference levels associated with consecutive symbols are neighboring
states. That is, the element of the transition probability matrix H is given by [19]

h i, j = 0, ∀|i − j| > 1. (4)

Consider a BPSK modulated (a symbol = a bit) communication system with a transmission

rate of R bits per second. The average bits per second transmitted during which the radio
channel is in the state j is

R ( j) = Rϕ j (5)

where the steady state probability for each state is

A j A j−1 Aj
1 − ξx
ϕj = e d x = e− ξ − e− ξ , j = 1, 2, . . . , M. (6)
ξ
A j−1

Because of (4), the level crossing rate should be much smaller than the value of R ( j) at SNR
threshold Ak . Thus we can get the approximated value of the transition probability as follows
[19].

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N j+1
h j, j+1 ≈ , j ∈ {1, 2, . . . , M − 1}
R ( j)
Nj
h j, j−1 ≈ ( j) , j ∈ {2, . . . , M}
R
h j, j = 1 − h j, j−1 − h j, j+1 , j ∈ {2, . . . , M − 1}
h 1,1 = 1 − h 1,2
h M,M = 1 − h M,M−1

3 System Model

We consider a single-carrier DS CDMA system with processing gain N in an unslotted

ALOHA network with fixed packet length (L bits). The system consists of a single hub
station and an infinite number of independent users. The arrival process of the system is
modeled as a Poisson process with an arrival rate λ.
The offered traffic of the system is defined as G (packets/packet duration), and its through-
put is defined as S (packets/packet duration). The packet duration is defined as Tp (sec), i.e.,
Tp = L/R where R (bits/sec) is the data rate.
When there are k interfering packets in an asynchronous CDMA system with process-
ing gain N , and the received SNR is in the interval [A j−1 , A j ), the bit error probability
Pb (k, j), k ≥ 0, is given by the simplified improved Gaussian approximation [27]. At time
approach infinity, the upward case and downward case are not different. They are only dif-
ferent on the start. So we use received SNR is in the interval [A j−1 , A j ).
  
2 k N0 −0.5
Pb (k, j) = Q +
3 3N 2A j
⎡⎛ √  ⎞−0.5 ⎤
1 ⎢ k N /3 + 3σ N0 ⎠ ⎥
+ Q ⎣⎝ + ⎦
6 N2 2A j
⎡⎛ √  ⎞−0.5 ⎤
1 ⎢ k N /3 − 3σ N0 ⎠ ⎥
+ Q ⎣⎝ + ⎦ (7)
6 N2 2A j

where
   
23 1 k−1 1 k−1
σ2 = k N2 +N + − −
360 20 36 20 36
where N0 /2 is the two-sided power spectral density of Gaussian noise, and Q(x) is given by
∞  
1 u2
Q(x) = √ exp − du (8)
2 2
x

The third term of (7) may not be real-valued, if k is too small. If this occurs, we can use
the standard Gaussian approximation [28] instead.
  
k N0 −0.5
Pb (k, j) = Q + (9)
3N 2A j

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Throughput Analysis of DS CDMA

In (7) and (9), bit errors in a packet are caused by the effect of the multiple access
interference (MAI) and Rayleigh fading.

4 Throughput Analysis for DS CDMA/Unslotted ALOHA System

We recall the following theorem [29] before deriving the throughput of DS CDMA/unslotted
ALOHA system with fixed packet length in Rayleigh fading FSMC channels.

Theorem 1 For M/G/∞ queuing model with arrival rate λ, the probability distribution for
the number of packets in the system is given by
k
λ
− μλ μ
Pk = e k≥0 (10)
k!
where 1/μ is the average packet length.

From the above theorem (proof is given in Theorem 4.1 in [29]), in the steady-state, the
probability distribution of the number of interfering packets (=the number of packets −1) in
the DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA system is only related to the average packet length and not
related to the probability distribution of the packet length (because only the average packet
length is shown in (10)). In DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA system, the bit error probability
only depends on the number of interfering packets at that time instant, so the M/D/∞ queuing
model (fixed packet length) is equal to the M/M/∞ queuing model (exponential packet
length). Therefore, we reclaim the DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA system that can be modeled
as the M/M/∞ queuing model [15].
The number of interference packet k is defined as the state of the M/M/∞ queuing model.
Each packet has an independent, identically distribution exponential service duration with
death rate as follows:
1
μ= (11)
Tp
And, the arrival rate is given by
G
λ= (12)
Tp
Thus the M/M/∞ queuing model has the following rates:
λk = λ
μk = kμ
Then, the steady state probabilities Pk, j is given by
k
 A j−1 Aj
 λ
− μλ μ
P k, j = e− ξ − e− ξ e , k≥0 (13)
k!
Like [10], we assume that the interference level is constant during a bit duration t.
The number of interfering packets will increase, decrease or remain the same during the bit
duration t. Therefore, suppose that at the ith bit in a packet, there are k interfering packets,
there are possible k − 1, k, k + 1 interference packets at the (i − 1)th bit. Different from the
previous with throughput analysis in AWGN channels, the DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA

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Fig. 1 The state transition diagram of DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA system with Rayleigh fading channel

system in Rayleigh fading we proposed, has an additional parameter-channel state j. The

channel states of the FSMC will downward across, upward across or remain the same during
the bit duration t. Therefore, suppose that the channel state is A j at the ith bit in a packet„
the state is possible A j−1 , A j , A j+1 at the (i −1)th bit according to the transition probability
h i, j . The state transition diagram of the system is two-dimensional and shown in Fig. 1. On
the contrary, the previous analysis is one-dimensional. Define Ps (k, j, i) as the probability
of the following: the number interfering packets becomes k on the ith bit, the fading channel
is in the state j on the ith bit and the packet transmitted successfully from the first bit to the
(i − 1)th bit. According, the state transits during the bit duration t and the Ps (k, j, i) is
calculated recursively as follows:


j+1

Ps (k, j, i) = Ps (k, j  , i − 1) · (1 − λt − kμt) · (1 − Pb (k, j  )) · h j  , j
j  = j−1
+Ps (k − 1, j  , i − 1) · (λt) · (1 − Pb (k − 1, j  )) · h j  , j

+Ps (k + 1, j  , i − 1) · ((k + 1)μt) · (1 − Pb (k + 1, j  )) · h j  , j (14)
The initial condition is given by
Ps (k, j, 1) = P k, j , k ≥ 0, i = 2, . . . , L . (15)
Therefore, the packet success probability Q is given as following:
∞ 
 M
Q= Ps (k, j, L)(1 − Pb (k, j)) (16)
k=0 j=1

Then, the throughput S is given as follows:

S=G×Q (17)

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Throughput Analysis of DS CDMA

Fig. 2 Transmission flow of a user with CLSP

5 Throughput Analysis for DS CDMA/Unslotted ALOHA System with CLSP

In carrier load sensing protocol (CLSP), when the channel load is higher than a threshold α,
the hub station will reject packet transmission. Figure 2 depicts the transmission procedure
when a user attempts to transmit a packet, where U is the number access attempts and Umax is
the maximum number of access attempts. Increasing of U, if U is less than or equal to Umax ,
the user proceeds to monitor the channel load. Otherwise, the user discards the packet. If
channel load is less than a certain CLSP threshold α, the packet will be transmitted. Otherwise,
the packet is either rejected or backoff. Therefore, the number of transmitting packet on the
server is always less than or equal to α. The state transition diagram of the system with CLSP
is shown in Fig. 3.
We define G sys as an average offered load on the server. G sys equals the rate at which
packets are transmitted and is given by
α
k=0 k · Ps (k, j, 1)
G sys =  α (18)
k=0 Ps (k, j, 1)

and the initial condition is now given by:

Ps (k, j, 1)
Psc (k, j, 1) = α−1 (19)
k=0 Ps (k, j, 1)

where j is the channel state. Define Psc (k, j, i) as the probability of the following: the number
interfering packets becomes k on the ith bit, the fading channel is in the state j on the ith
bit and the packet transmitted successfully from the first bit to the (i − 1)th bit. According,
the state transits during the bit duration t and the Psc (k, j, i) is calculated recursively as
follows:

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Fig. 3 The state transition diagram with CLSP


j+1

Psc (k, j, i) = Psc (k, j  , i − 1) · (1 − λt − kμt) · (1 − Pb (k, j  )) · h j  , j
j  = j−1
+Psc (k − 1, j  , i − 1) · (λt) · (1 − Pb (k − 1, j  )) · h j  , j

+Psc (k + 1, j  , i − 1) · ((k + 1)μt) · (1 − Pb (k + 1, j  )) · h j  , j (20)

Thus, we can obtain the new packet success probability Q c and the throughput Sc
∞ 
 M
Qc = Psc (k, j, L)(1 − Pb (k, j)) (21)
k=0 j=1
Sc = G sys × Q c (22)

where G sys is obtained by (18).

6 Numerical Results

We simulate DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA system using binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)

modulation and the processing gain N = 30, the packet length L = 1, 000 bits, the data
rate R = 9.6 kbps. These simulation parameters are the same as the previous papers
[10–12,15,16]. The expected values of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are 20 and 30 dB. The
FSMC fading channels have eight states. The values of f m are 10, 50 and 100 Hz. As an
example, the transition probability matrix H for SNR = 30 dB and f m = 10 Hz is given in
Table 1.
The packet throughput of the DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA system in Rayleigh fading
FSMC channels is shown in Figs. 4 and 5, for the SNR = 20, and 30 dB, respectively. In each
figure, the analytic and simulated throughputs are shown for Doppler frequency shift 10, 50
and 100 Hz. The throughputs for no fading case (Doppler frequency shift = 0) are also shown
for comparison.

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Throughput Analysis of DS CDMA

Table 1 The transition

h j, j−1 h j, j h j, j+1
probability for SNR = 30 dB and
f m = 10 Hz
j =1 – 0.9916 0.0084
j =2 0.0084 0.9826 0.0090
j =3 0.0090 0.9824 0.0087
j =4 0.0087 0.9835 0.0078
j =5 0.0078 0.9861 0.0061
j =6 0.0061 0.9901 0.0038
j =7 0.0038 0.9962 3.58e−18
j =8 3.58e−18 1 –

5
line: analysis fm=10Hz
4.5 symbol: simulation fm=50Hz
Througput S (packet/packet duration)

4 fm=100Hz
no fading
3.5
fm=10Hz
3 fm=50Hz

2.5 fm=100Hz
no fading
2

1.5

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Offered Load G (packet/packet duration)

Fig. 4 Simulation and numerical result of SNR = 20 dB

Observing Figs. 4 and 5, we can see that the throughput for the DS CDMA/unslotted
ALOHA system in Rayleigh fading mobile channels decreases when the SNR decreases
and/or the Doppler frequency increases. The difference of the maximum throughput between
AWGN only and Rayleigh fading is more than 2 packets in a packet duration. We also see that
the simulation results are matched to the theoretic throughput derived by queueing analysis.
Throughput performance of DS CDMA/unslotted ALOHA in Rayleigh fading FSMC
channel with CLSP is presented in Figs. 6 and 7 for various CLSP threshold α. The SNR is
30 dB and the Doppler frequency shift f m is 10 Hz.
Figure 6 shows the numerical results of CLSP for the case α ≤ 8.In the case of α ≤ 5,
some packets may be rejected by CLSP even though the channel is able to support additional
transmissions. At the high offered load, CLSP can decrease the MAI, so we can get the higher
throughput than that of the system without CLSP.
Figure 7 presents the result of the throughput at α ≥ 7. As α becomes too large, the effect
of MAI becomes stronger, the throughput decreases. From Figs. 6 and 7, we can get the
optimum throughput is achieved with α = 7.

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 S.-M. Tseng et al.

5
fm=10Hz
line: analysis
4.5 symbol: simulation fm=50Hz

Througput S (packet/packet duration)

fm=100Hz
4
no fading
3.5 fm=10Hz

3 fm=50Hz
fm=100Hz
2.5
no fading
2

1.5

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Offered Load G (packet/packet duration)

Fig. 5 Simulation and numerical result of SNR = 30 dB

3
line: analysis
symbol: simulation
Througput Sc (packet/packet duration)

2.5

2
CLSP=4
CLSP=5
CLSP=6
1.5
CLSP=7
CLSP=8
without CLSP
1
CLSP=4
CLSP=5
CLSP=6
0.5
CLSP=7
CLSP=8
without CLSP
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Offered Load Gsys (packet/packet duration)

Fig. 6 Throughput performance with CLSP(α ≤ 8)

To show the advantage of the proposed symbol-level analysis over the conventional packet-
level analysis, we also compare these two in Figs. 8 and 9, for SNR = 20 and 30 dB cases,
respectively. We consider no fading and various Doppler frequency cases. In Figs. 8 and 9,
we show that the throughput of the proposed symbol-level analysis is more accurate than
the conventional packet-level analysis. This is because the proposed model considers the
channel gain and multiple access interference and make more general symbol-level analysis.
The conventional method of packet-level analysis is just a special case in which we average
MAI over a packet.

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Throughput Analysis of DS CDMA

3
line: analysis
symbol: simulation

Througput Sc (packet/packet duration)

2.5

2
CLSP=7
CLSP=8
CLSP=9
1.5
CLSP=10
CLSP=11
without CLSP
1
CLSP=7
CLSP=8
CLSP=9
0.5
CLSP=10
CLSP=11
without CLSP
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Offered Load Gsys (packet/packet duration)

Fig. 7 Throughput performance with CLSP(α ≥ 7)

5
mark only: packet -level fm=10Hz
4.5 analysis
fm=50Hz
line and mark: symbol
Througput S (packet/packet duration)

4 level analysis and fm=100Hz

simulated throughput are no fading
3.5 matched
fm=10Hz
3 fm=50Hz

2.5 fm=100H
no fading
2
fm=10Hz
1.5 fm=50Hz
fm=100Hz
1
no fading
0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Offered Load G (packet/packet duration)

Fig. 8 The comparison of packet-level and symbol-level results for SNR = 20 dB

7 Conclusions

We consider the channel gain and multiple access interference and make a more general
symbol-level analysis, not just a conventional packet-level analysis. In other words, both the
channel gains and interference levels can fluctuate during the packet transmission. The numer-
ical results shows that, the proposed symbol-level throughput analysis is matched the sim-
ulated throughput, and the conventional packet-level throughput analysis is less accurate
because the MAI effect is averaged out over a packet duration and thus the MAI fluctuation
is ignored.

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 S.-M. Tseng et al.

5
mark only: packet - fm=10Hz
4.5 level analysis
fm=50Hz
line and mark: symbol

Througput S (packet/packet duration)

4 level analysis and fm=100Hz
simulated throughput no fading
3.5 are matched
fm=10Hz
3 fm=50Hz

2.5 fm=100Hz
no fading
2
fm=10Hz
1.5 fm=50Hz
fm=100Hz
1
no fading
0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Offered Load G (packet/packet duration)

Fig. 9 The comparison of packet-level and symbol-level results for SNR = 30 dB

Acknowledgments This paper was supported in part by National Science Council, Taiwan under Grant
95-2221-E-027-019.

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Author Biographies
Shu-Ming Tseng received the B.S. degree from National Tsing Hua
University, Taiwan, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Purdue Uni-
versity, IN, USA, all in electrical engineering, in 1994, 1995, and
1999, respectively. He was with the Department of Electrical Engi-
neering, Chang Gung University, Taiwan, from 1999 to 2001. Since
2001, he has been with the Department of Electronic Engineering,
National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan, where he is cur-
rently a Professor. His research interests are MIMO, OFDM, queue-
ing analysis, software defined radio, and cooperative communications.
He serves as an Editor for KSII Transactions on Internet and Informa-
tion Systems, indexed in SCIE, since 2013. Prof. Tseng served as a
Technical Program Committee member for symposia of the IEEE VTC
Fall 2003, WirelessCom 2005, IWCMC 2006, M-CCN 2007, WiCON
2010, ISITA2010/ISSSTA2010, APWCS 2011, etc. He is listed in
Marquis Who’s Who in World since 2006.

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 S.-M. Tseng et al.

Hung-Pin Lin received M.S. degree in electrical engineering from

National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, in 2008. He
is currently a Ph.D. student in the department of Electrical Engineer-
ing of National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. His
research interests include media streaming, web and mobile application
architecture.

Chih-Hao Chen got the M.S. degree from the Department of Elec-
tronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan,
in 2011. He is now with Taiwan Cellular Corp.

Yung-Chung Wang received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical

engineering from National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, in
1990 and 2000, respectively.
From 1990 to 2001, he was a Research Engineer with the
Chung-Hwa Telecommunication Laboratory, where he was engaged in
research on the development of ATM switching systems and IP switch
router systems. Since 2001, he has been with the Department of Elec-
trical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT),
Taipei, Taiwan, where he is a Full Professor. His research interests
include wireless networks, optical networks, and queuing theory and
performance evaluation of communication networks.

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