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The Non-Contraction of Space - Critical Analysis of Einstein's Principles of Relativity - Physics For The XXI Century
The Non-Contraction of Space - Critical Analysis of Einstein's Principles of Relativity - Physics For The XXI Century
The Non-Contraction of Space - Critical Analysis of Einstein's Principles of Relativity - Physics For The XXI Century
Email: rebelofernandes@sapo.pt
December 2017
Abstract
In Einstein's relativity, the curvatures of time and space are studied and proposed. These two principles are the
structuring pillars of the whole theory of relativity.
Concerning the contraction of space, the theory concludes that in reference frames that are not at rest, the space
contracts in the direction of the displacement. This principle of object / space contraction is a solution,
mathematically possible for the Michelson-Morley experiment. But with a snag, that of being an ió-ió theory, that is,
the curvature is only a solution if the radius of light emitted returns to the place of origin because if the path is one-
way, given the contraction of space, we would have to find , Theoretically the change in interference spectrum.
There must be another reason for finding the result of the Michelson-Morley experiment.
We are thus tempted to look with redoubled attention to the expressions accepted by the theory of relativity, seen in
reality and in particle accelerators, such as the dilation of time by looking more closely at the "Method of mirrors
proposed by Einstein", looking at dilation of time under the action of a gravitational field through the energy of light
under the action of a gravitational field, metric Schwarzschild, still looking at the expression of time dilation, in the
hope of finding some light on the principles that are associated with it.
This careful observation allowed us to conclude the impossibility of the curvature of space. This principle of
contraction of space would call into question the dilation of time as well as the calculation of time in satellites.
Keywords: Relativity, space, time, universe, potential, gravitational, gravitational, velocity, energy, mass.
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Rebelo Fernandes
Considering the old theorem of Pythagoras, we will have:
𝐶 𝑡 =𝑣 𝑡 +𝐶 𝑡
𝐶 𝑡 =𝐶 𝑡 -𝑣 𝑡
𝑡 =( 𝑡 )
𝒕𝒗 𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝟐 =
𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝟐
𝒕𝒗 𝑪𝟐 𝒗𝟐
=
𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝟐
It is found, then, the expression that gives us the dilation of time in a moving reference v relative to
When we make the transition from the possible contraction of the objects to assume the contraction
of the space in the direction of the displacement, we have to return to analyze the "Method of the
For in calculating the time dilation we must consider that the space traveled by the mirrors in the reference
frame 0, given by, 𝑣 𝑡 , that according to the Principle of the contraction of space in the direction of the
But if this is so then we must introduce the factor K of the contraction of the space in the direction of the
Then the space traveled horizontally, direction of displacement, 𝑣 𝑡 , would be given by:
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𝐾𝑣 𝑡
𝐶 𝑡 =𝐾 𝑣 𝑡 +𝐶 𝑡
𝐶 𝑡 =𝐶 𝑡 -𝐾 𝑣 𝑡
𝑡 =𝑡
𝒕𝒗 𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝟐 =
𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝟐
𝒕𝒗 𝑪𝟐 𝒗𝟐
=
𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝟐
Therefore, we must equate the result with the expression of time dilation to be true.
𝑪𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝒗𝟐
=
𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
K=1
The expression will only take the form all known if K = 1, that is, if space does not contract.
We thus see how the principle of contraction of space invalidates the expression known for the dilation of
time.
2- The dilation of time under the action of a gravitational field, in different reference
frames at rest.
Introduction
In this analysis we will use the same principles and methods used for the deduction of current theory.
Let us analyze the principles of the theory of relativity between time in a referential belonging to a gravitational field
generated by mass M and another reference for that gravitational field.
Where:
M – Mass M.
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𝐶 –Energy of the light on the reference frame A.
𝑡 = 1 − 𝑡 (1.2)
2.3- The time in different reference frames with different light energy.
Let us take a closer look at the Eq.(1.2)
𝑡 = 𝑡 (2.2)
Considering:
When a light signal is emitted from A to C, we have in frame A the energy of light C^2.
𝑈 =𝐶 (3.2)
When the signal reaches C, by the action of the gravitational field generated by mass M we have a energy of the
light in C, given by:
𝑈 =𝐶 − (4.2)
From Eq. (2.2) considering Eq. (2.3) and Eq. (2.4), we have:
𝑈𝐶
𝑡 = 𝑡 (5.2)
𝑈𝐴
𝑈𝐴
= (6.2)
𝑈𝐶
The time in two different stationary frames is inversely proportional to the square root of the energy of light in these
frames.
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Since we have energies of light, different in A and C, then we can consider its potential as the square of the speed of
light, so we will have:
𝑈 =𝐶 (7.2)
𝑈 =𝐶 (8.2)
𝐶𝐴 2
= (9.2)
𝐶𝐶 2
𝐶𝐴
= (10.2)
𝐶𝐶
𝐶𝐶 𝑡 = 𝐶𝐴 𝑡 (11.2)
We are then talking about the space traveled by the light in the reference frame C, 𝐿 and in reference frame A,
𝐿 .
𝐿 = 𝐿 (12.2)
Since our reference frame 0 is at rest and V is the reference frame in motion relative to 0, will have:
𝑡𝑉
=
Being:
𝑡 – The time in the reference frame in motion V, speed measured in our frame.
= (1.3)
In fact what we know is the speed of light and the displacement of the moving reference frame measured in our
frame. In the expression the terms, time and speed of light are in our refrence frame.
We find in the expression the terms, time and speed of light, in our referential. We are looking at the space traveled
by the light in our reference frame, L_0, obtained by:
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𝐿 =𝑡 ∗𝐶 (2.3)
𝑡 =𝑡 (3.3)
𝑡 𝐶 =𝑡 𝐶 (4.3)
In the first term we have a space traveled given by the product of time by the speed of light.
This factor can not affect our time because it is our unit, nor the speed of light in our frame because we
know how much it is value. Affecting time in the moving reference frame also does not make sense
because that is the unity of your time. Therefore the dimensionless factor can only be related with the
speed of light in the moving reference frame.
𝐶0 2
In the second member we have the product of time by the velocity which is expressed by. (𝐶0 ).
𝐶0 −𝑉0 2
2
𝐶0 2 𝐶0 2
AS >1 then the velocity 𝐶0 > 𝐶0 , the speed measured in the moving frame is greater than
𝐶0 −𝑉0 2
2 𝐶0 −𝑉0 2
2
the speed of light measured in our frame. This speed can only be the speed of light measured in the
moving frame.
If in the first member we have the space traveled by the light in our reference frame 𝐿 , then in the second
member we can only have the space traveled by the light in the moving reference frame, 𝐿 .
𝑡 𝐶 =𝑡 𝐶 (5.3)
𝐿 = 𝐿 (6.3)
It indicates that the space does not curve and the speed of light in the moving reference frame 𝐶 , is given
by:
𝐶 =𝐶 (7.3)
𝐶 =𝐶 (8.3)
𝐶 𝑡 =𝐶 𝑡 (9.3)
4-Conclusion.
From what has been analyzed, the principle that the speed of light is constant in all references does not seem right.
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The principle to be taken into account is:
The space traveled by light, in the equivalent times of all reference frames, is always constant.
On the other hand it is concluded that the measurement of the speed of light, as well as any velocity, is inversely
References
[1] – Franco Selleri – "Lessons of relativity, from Einstein to the ether of Lorentz." Portuguese translation. Edições
[2]- Jorge Dias de Deus, Mário Pimenta, Ana Noronha, Teresa Peña e Pedro Brogueira, Introdução à Física,
[3]- Eisberg – Resnick – Quantum Physics of atoms, molecules, solids, nuclei and particles. – Portuguese translation
[4]- Neil Ashby, Relativity in the Global Positioning, System Living Rev. Relativity, 6, (2003), 1
http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2003-1/download/
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