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Doublet Lattice Method PDF
Doublet Lattice Method PDF
NO. 68-73
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AIAA Paper
., No. 68-73
Meeting
NEW YORK, NEW YORK/JANUARY 22-24, 1968
Flirt wblicalion rights reserved by American Inflitule of Aeron3uiic1 and Ailronoulics. I290 Avenue of the America$. New Yo&, N. Y . 10019.
Ab5lmct1 moy be published without permiision i f credit is airen to author and lo AIAA. [ P r i c e - A I M Member $1.00, Nonmambw $1.501
A DOUBLET LATTICE METHOD FOR CALCULATING LIFT DISTRIBUTIONS
ON OSCILLATING SURFACES IN SUBSONIC FLOWS
X,Y,Z
Coordinates on the surface
Cartesian coordinates K
2
= -312 - iklM r
1
e-ik1U11R2(1 + u12 )%
w
P
Frequency of oscillation
Free stream density
Introduction
R
2 2
+ + 4k2)3
Mr u
R
e
-iklu1
i6Jtl
I x =x-i, Yo = Y -7. 2 = z - c
2 2 % 2 2 2 %
r1 = CY, + z,, ), R = (xo + p rl 1
*At the time of this writing, the authors learned
that a similar extension had been developed fnde- - x,)l@ - n 2)%
- pendently by Stark.(19)
u1 = (MR 2 rl, kl =wrl/U, @= (1
(4)
s y s t e m i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 1. The
t h a t t h e i n t e g r a l i n Eq. (1) is
the "finite part"
The t r a d i t i o n a l m e t h o d - f o r o b t a i n i n g a p p r o x i -
m a t e s o l u t i o n s f o r p when w i s g i v e n is t o a s s m e a
series a p p r o x i m a t i o n
C o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e e f f o r t s needed t o d e v e l o p
where i s t h e box average chord and A. t h e sweep
a single computer program t o h a n d l e a f a i r l y
general c l a s s o f n o n p l a n a r problems h a s l e d us t o angle 02 t h e d o u b l e t line. J
s e e k a t e c h n i q u e which would o b v i a t e t h e p r e s c r i p -
t i o n of t h e b e h a v i o r o f along edges and c o m e r s We n o t e t h a t t h e induced downwash c a l c u l a t e d by
and i n f a c t , would remove a p r i o r i r e s t r i c t i o n s on Eq. ( 5 ) w i l l b e i n f i n i t e i f t h e downwash p o i n t l i e s
t h e g l o b a l b e h a v i o r o f t h e f o r c e d i s t r i b u t i o n . The on a d o u b l e t l i n e segment or downstream from i t s
"box methods" f o r t h e s u p e r s o n i c problem p r o v i d e end p o i n t s r Furthermore, t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n has
examples of t h e methods s o u g h t . n o t been imposed.
D o u b l e t - L a t t i c e Method From n u m e r i c a l e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n w i t h t h i s t e c h -
n i q u e , i t h a s become a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e K u t t a condi-
W e d e s c r i b e a method which i s an e x t e n s i o n of t i o n w i l l be s a t i s f i e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y if each down-
t h e one d e v e l o p e d f o r s t e a d y s u b s o n i c f l a w by wash p o i n t is t h e p o i n t a t midspan and 314-chord o f
H e & ~ a n ( ~i )n 1965. The e l e m e n t s o f t h e t e c h n i q u e a box.
a r e t o b e found i n t h e v o r t e x - l a t t i c e method o f
Eq. ( 5 ) i s w r i t t e n
__
F a l k ~ r ( ~ ) Since . i t appears at t h e p r e s e n t time
t h a t a r i g o r o u s a n a l y t i c a l b a s i s f o r t h e method i s
n o t a v a i l a b l e , we p r e s e n t an o p e r a t i o n a l d e s c r i p -
tion: (7)
It i s assumed t h a t t h e s u r f a c e can b e a p p r o x i -
mated by segments of p l a n e s . The s u r f a c e is d i v i d - where
ed i n t o small t r a p e z o i d a l p a n e l s ("boxes") i n a
manner s u c h t h a t t h e boxes a r e a r r a n g e d i n columns 1 2
P = i I T P u
p a r a l l e l t o t h e f r e e s t r e a m ( F i g . 2), and so t h a t
s u r f a c e e d g e s , f o l d l i n e s a n d h i n g e l i n e s l i e on or
near box b o u n d a r i e s . The 114-chord l i n e o f each
box i s t a k e n t o c o n t a i n a d i s t r i b u t i o n o f accelera-
t i o n p o t e n t i a l d o u b l e t s o f u n i f o r m b u t unknown
s t r e n g t h . In s t e a d y flow, each doublet line-seg-
ment w i l l b e e q u i v a l e n t t o a v e l o c i t y - p o t e n t i a l
h o r s e s h o e v o r t e x whose "bound" p o r t i o n c o i n c i d e s If A a r e t h e e l e m e n t s of t h e m a t r i x whose i n v e r s e
w i t h t h e d o u b l e t line.. is tka m a t r i x of D
ij'
then
zj d/l 1 4 Z P
provides t h e approximate s o l u t i o n f o r t h e f o r c e
distribution.
where ? j is t h e complex a m p l i t u d e of t h e f o r c e p e r
u n i t l e n g t h a l o n g t h e l i n e , and dfl t h e i n c r e m e n t a l G e n e r a l i z e d f o r c e c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e computed
length. The normal v e l o c i t y (downwash) induced a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y by
a p o i n t ( x i , s i ) on t h e s u r f a c e is
2
where
- i
$ = ds pe af nl e pc ot iionnt of
i n mode i of 114 c h o r d , mid-
box k
+ ( ?1 B + VoA) log
r
1
- 2T10 e > e2
+
I
2eA
pkJ = f o r c e d i s t r i b u t i o n in mode j a t box k r
1
+ 2q0 e +e
b = reference length (15)
where
Working F o m s
z L z
Approximate e v a l u a t i o n of t h e i n t e g r a l i n Eq. rl = Vo + to
( 8 ) is a c h i e v e d by a p p r o x i m a t i n g t h e i n t e g r a n d by a
s i m p l e f u n c t i o n . We c o n s i d e r t h e downwash induced
a t a r e c e i v i n g p o i n t R = (XR, y ~ Z, R ) b y a d o u b l e t For t h e p l a n a r case (t0-0)
l i n e segment whose end p o i n t s a r e S- and S+ and
whose m i d p o i n t i s So. Let
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f = r12K (11)
Denote + (+ B + Vo A) log(=Y+ 2 eA
‘1, + e
I n o r d e r t o converge t o Hedman‘s v o r t e x l a t t i c e
r e s u l t s f o r s t e a d y f l o w and t o improve t h e a p p r o x i -
m a t i o n o f Eq. (15), we h a v e found i t c o n v e n i e n t t o
s u b t r a c t t h e s t e a d y p a r t ( W = 0 ) from 17 b e f o r e
D e f i n e t h e c o o r d i n a t e System ( F i g . 3 ) a p p l y i n g t h e above f o r m u l a s , and t h e n t o add t h e
e f f e c t of a horseshoe vortex.
V= y cosy.
L7
- z sin% Approximate e v a l u a t i o n of t h e i n t e g r a l s ‘$,and
12 i n t h e k e r n e l f u n c t i o n may b e accomplished in
(12) many ways. L, Schwarz(6) h a s g i v e n an e x p r e s s i o n
t= -y sin3 + z COSY
L7
f o r 11 i n t e r n s o f i n f i n i t e s e r i e s . However, we
choose t o a p p r o x i m a t e t h e i n t e g r a n d s by s i m p l e
functions. It is s u f f i c i e n t t o c o n s i d e r nonnega-
S i n c e t h e l e n g t h of t h e d o u b l e t segment is small, t i v e a r g m e n t s b e c a u s e of symmetry p r o p e r t i e s of t h e
i t may b e e x p e c t e d t h a t a p a r a b o l i c a p p r o x i m a t i o n integrand. I n t e g r a t i o n b y p a r t s gives
for a l o n g t h e segment would b e s u f f i c i e n t i n
evaluating the integral.
Il(ul; k l ) = f
U.
-iklU
( le + u2) 3 1 2 d‘
where
~ a t k i n s ( ~h a) s g i v e n t h e formula
1
e = - & cosA
2 j J t / m m 1 - 0.101 exp(4.329t)
Vo = (y, - yso) cosy i(z,
0
- z
so
) sin%
to = -(yR - yso) s i n Y0 + (2
R
- 2
So
cos% - 0.899 exp(-1,4067t)
A = (f+ - 2ko -I t-)l2e
2 - 0.09480933 exp(-2.90t) sinnt, (t>G)
- The r e s u l t of t h e i n t e g r a t i o n is
I n view o f t h e lack o f a r i g o r o u s b a s i s f o r t h e
f o r e g o i n g a s s m p t i o n s , it i s n e c e s s a r y t o demon-
3
s t r a t e t h e adequacy of t h e d o u b l e t l a t t i c e method L = F o r c e o f a i r f o i l and f l a p , p o s i t i v e down-
by comparison of r e s u l t s w i t h s o l u t i o n s o b t a i n e d by ward
o t h e r means, a n d w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a .
M = Moment o f wing and f l a p a b o u t midchord,
R e s u l t s for Two-Dimensional Flow p o s i t i v e t i i l heavy v
N = Moment o f f l a p a b o u t h i n g e a x i s , p o s i t i v e
I-
For p l a n a r f l o w t h e i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n (1) be- t a i l heavy
comes t h e one-dimensional i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n of Ab = T r a n s l a t i o n a m p l i t u d e , p o s i t i v e downward
Possio ( s e e , e.g., s e c t i o n 6-4 o f Ref. 8 ) and t h e
d o u b l e t l i n e segments become d o u b l e t s on t h e c h a r d . B = Amplitude o f a i r f o i l r o t a t i o n a b o u t mid-
The r e s u l t s o f t h e d o u b l e t l a t t i c e method p r e s e n t e d c h a r d , p o s i t i v e t r a i l i n g edge down
h e r e h a v e been o b t a i n e d by d i v i d i n g t h e a i r f o i l C = h p l i t u d e of f l a p r o t a t i o n , p o s i t i v e
c h o r d i n t o e q u a l i n t e r v a l s and t a k i n g a s e n d i n g and t r a i l i n g edge down
r e c e i v i n g p o i n t a t t h e 114-chord and 3/4-chord,
r e s p e c t i v e l y , of each i n t e r v a l .
R e s u l t s shown h e r e are f o r t h e case M = 0.8,
Exact s o l u t i o n s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r incompres- k = 0.9, T = ( f l a p c h o r d ) / ( a i r f o i l c h o r d ) = 0.3.
s i b l e flow. S o l u t i o n s for an a i r f o i l w i t h o s c i l -
l a t i n g f l a p are compared i n Fig. 4, where measure- The t a b u l a t e d r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e d o u b l e t
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where b i s t h e semichard, k t h e r e d u c e d f r e q u e n c y
based on b and
30 "boxes" R e f e r e n c e 10
-0.0075 -1.118 i -0.0197 -1.119 i -0.0444 -1.12011
-1..571 -0.09211 -1,574 -0.07951 -1.5755 -0.02671
-0.4835 +O.O789i -0,4824 +0.08231 -0.4803 +O0O868i
4
where be studied so that its full implications may be
brought out. The second kind of approximation is
x = coordinate of hinge concerned with the evaluation of integrals in the
kernel and in the downwash-pressure influence C O -
A= = hingeline sweep angle efficients, Eq. (8). These procedures may be im-
proved and optimized according to the standard
techniques of nmerical quadrature.
c = local chord
The advantages of the doublet lattice method
For the wing considered here, hc A 30°, M = 0.6; arise from being able to disregard the special
the singular part of Eq- (16) becomes behavior of the lift distribution where the normal-
wash is discontinuous. So long as edges do not
intersect boxes, a computer program based on this
technique does not need to discriminate among side
edges, fold lines, hinge lines, etc., and this fact
is important when problms of intersecting surfaces
The graph of this expression is labeled "local solu- are considered. Furthermore, since the influence
tion" in Fig. 6a. Fig. 6b shows the distribution of coefficients Dij are independent of the properties
lift on the semi-wing calculated by the horseshoe of the normalwash distribution, the same matrix
computed for a given wing will yield solutions for
vortex lattice technique.
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5
7. Watkins, C. E., Runyan, H. Lo, and Cunningham, 13. Landahl, M. T., "On the pressure loading func-
H. J., "A systematic kernel function procedure tions for oscillating wings with control sur-
for determining aerodynamic farces on oscil- faces," Proceedings of the AIAAIASME 8th
lating or steady finite wings at subsonic Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials
speeds," NASA Tech. Report R-48 (1959). Conference, 142-147 (March 1967).
i/
8. Bisplinghoff, R. L,, Ashley, H., and Halfman,
R. L., Aeroelasticite (Addison Wesley, New 14. Lessing, H. C., Troutman, So L., and Menees,
York, 1957) Chap. VI, p. 294, 6 . P.,Experimental determination of the pres-
sure distribution on 2 rectangular wing oscil-
9. Bergh, H e , "A new method for measuring the lating in the first bending mode for Mach num-
pressure distribution on harmonically bers from 0.24 to 1 , 3 0 , " NASA TN 0-344 (1960),
oscillating wings of arbitrary planform,"
National Aeronautical and Astronautical 15. Curtis, A. R., Gikas, X. A., and H a s s i g , H. J o ,
Research Institute, Amsterdam, Report MP.224 "Oscillatory flap aerodynamics -
comparison
(1964). between theory and experiment," Paper presented
at the Aerospace Flutter and Dynamics Council
10. Anon., "Tables of aerodynamic coefficients f o r Meeting, Cocoa Beach, Florida (Novo 1967).
an oscillating wing-flap System in a subsonic
compressible flow,,! National Aeronautical 16. Beals, V o and Targoff, W. Po, llcontrol surface
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6
I
\ LINE OF
DOUBLETS
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DOWNWASH
COLLOCATION POINT
Y. rl
SUR FACE7
v
Y
7
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2D FLOW. M = O K = 1.0
FIGURE 4. LIFTING PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON WING WITH OSCILLATING FLAP
IN
la PRESENT METHOD; NC = 6, NS = 8 1
d 0 EXPT, NACA RMA51G31 I
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,x
FIGURE 5. LIFT DISTRIBUTION ON SWEPT WING IN STEADY FLOW
- 7.0
6.0
5.0
.o
4. ( 75
3. c
2. c
1.C
x
C
0.2 0.4 1 0.6 0.8
(a) COMPARISON WITH tXPERlMENT fb) CALCULATED LIFT DISTRIBUTION ON SEMIWING
L
FIGURE 6. LIFT DISTRIBUTION DUE TO DEFLECTED PARTIAL-SPAN FLAP
9
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
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X/C
~~
10
0.5
0.4 - A
KERNEL FUNCTION (M = 0.2) REF. 15
A
I
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- 80
L;i -120
- A
I
Y
W A
0
w
n
-200 ~
I I I
0.5 1.0 1.5
-k
FIGURE 8. FLAP HINGE MOMENT DUE TO FLAP OSCILLATION, FOR A 40% CHORD, FULL SPAN
FLAP ON m2 RECTANGULARWING
11
”# $’
DEGREES
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k
FIGURE 9 SIDE FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR T-TAIL
OSCILLATING IN Y A W ABOUT THE FIN MID-CHORD. M = 0.
12