EXCURSION GUIDE

EXCURSION PROGRAM

Sep 28th. Excursion to Eirós cave, Triacastela and Liñares Cave, O Cebreiro.

8:30 Departure
10:30 Visit to Eirós Cave
13:00 Lunch
14:30 Departure to Liñares Sur Cave
15:30 Visit to Liñares Sur
17:00 Visit to O Cebreiro (Village with prehistoric-style houses and prerromanic
church with the Galician Graal)

19:00-21:00 Workshop: Cave bear phylogeny

21:30 Dinner at O Cebreiro

Sep 29th. Excursion to A Ceza Cave, Devesa da Rogueira and Lucenza lake

9:30 Departure from O Cebreiro

10:00 Visit to A Ceza

13:00 Lunch
14:00 Walk along Devesa da Rogueira (Rogueira’s wood) to Lucenza lake

18:00 Return to O Cebreiro

19:00-21:00 Workshop: Cave bear palaeoecology

21:30 Dinner at O Cebreiro

Sep 30th. Excursion to Santiago de Compostela.

8:30 Departure from O Cebreiro along the Pilgrims’ way (Jakobsweg) to Santiago.
Visit to the Cathedral and monumental city.

18:00 Departure to O Castro. End of the conference.

 Eirós, Liñares and A Ceza Caves

Aurora Grandal d’Anglade & Fernando López González

Instituto Universitario de Xeoloxía “Isidro Parga Pondal”

Universidade da Coruña

INTRODUCTION
The main lithologic component of this
The Cave Bear became widely area are green slates of Lower Paleozoic age
distributed throughout Europe during the with NW-SE orientation (IGME, 1980)
Pleistocene The findings are restricted almost interbedded with limestone bands where is
exclusively to calcareous areas, and more common the development of carstic caves.
Most of these caves contain bone remains
specifically in karstic cavities which they
tended to occupy during hibernation. The preserved in their infillings, frequently ursids
westernmost limit of the distribution reach and ungulates. But not all these sites have
Galicia, in the NW of the Iberian Peninsula, pleistocene species, due to the glaciar activity
the Eirós Cave (Grandal d’Anglade, 1993). (Grandal d’Anglade et al., 1997).
Two other of the galician sites in which this At the end of the Pleistocene, glaciar
species is present and that we will visit are phenomena of alpine type develops in O
situated in the Serra do Courel (Fig. 1). Courel (Vidal Romaní, 1996; Vidal Romaní et
al., 1992). These kind of glaciers showed
positive temperature on the surface of the
es

Alvela
glacier all the year. As a result the melt water
ncar

da
n te s
Mo
circulated as subglacial flows that have played
sA

EIRÓS
do

a very important role shaping the Sierra, and

AS
RI

rr
a

TU

Se
excavating carstic systems at deep. At present,
AS
Se

ra
r

do
u r i b io Ra
do O
Se
rra
ña
do
ir
LIÑARES S AN
RI LA
IBE INSU
some fossil or inactive caves are located at
a ra
o

rra
de
Lóu
z P E N
unusual heights above the current base level.
AFRICA
They were functional only during the last local
Se

A CEZA
l
ure

glacial event, when the ice covered them

Co

IA
(Vidal Romaní et al., 1992; Grandal d’Anglade
do

C
LI
SPAIN

r GA
a

er
<500 m
500-1000m
S et al., 1997). The situation of these caves under
1000-1500m
>1500m
0 5 10
This is a mountain block situated
between the NE of the province of Lugo and
the NW of the province of León, (NW of the
Iberian Peninsular). Morphologically, it is
made up of a NE-SW mountainous crest, with
exposures of closely fractured and faulted
slates. Amongst the system of fractures parallel
NE faults stand out along which run the rivers
Lor, Lóuzara, Selmo and Soldón. The drainage
network of these rivers define the distribution
of valleys and ridges of the sierra. The highest
points in this area is the horn Formigueiros
(1.643m).
LEÓN
ice made them unhabitable until the end of the
20 Km
PORTUGAL glacial period. As a result, only remains of
holocene species have been found. This is the
case of Ceramo Este, with Ursus arctos, Bos
taurus, Ovis aries and Sus scrofa., and Tarelo,
with remains of holocene Ursus arctos
(Grandal d’Anglade et al., 1997)
Some caves, even though situated next to
the glacial areas, were out of reach of the
glacial ices. Bone remains of different
Pleistocene species are preserved into the
filling of most of these caves. For instance, the
cave Taro da Lastra, were a deposit of Ursus
spelaeus and Cervus elaphus was found,
althoug only a small number of remains.
A more detailed study of the caves Liñares formation of the deposits differ from one cave
and A Ceza was made, attending to the to the other. Both populations, although almost
number of remains that were found. Both of contemporary, present a different structure that
them were used as dens by Ursus spelaeus. is detailed here.
Both caves, even closely situated, have
different physiographical conditions. The
taphonomical processes implied in the
Eirós Cave

Description
The Eirós Cave (Galicia, Spain) has an important settlement of cave bears. This population constitutes to
date the most westerly distribution of this species. To date, some 4000 bear bones, from at least 43
different individuals have been found at this site. Other species present, though not in abundance, are deer
(Cervus elaphus) and horse (Equus caballus). The absolute dating allows us to assign the bones studied to
a minimum age of the Upper Pleistocene.
The Eirós site is found on the Ouribio Sierra, in the East of the province of Lugo, which makes up, along
with the sierras of Lóuzara, Piornal and the Albela mountains, the extreme Northwest of the Courel Sierra
(figure 2).
On the north face of Mount Penedo (885m) is found the entrance to the Eirós cave. Its coordinates are 42º
16' N and 7º 12' W, and its height above sea level is 780m. In this area the slope is 60º.
The topography of the cave is notably elongated, following the same NNW direction as the limestone
bands of the area. The total longitude of the cave is about 100m (figure 3).
The galleries develop on various superimposed levels. The level studied is almost filled with clay
sediments inserted with crusts or stalagmite floors, which at the end of the cave almost reach the roof of
the gallery.
 42°48'

42°47'

Alvela
(1065)
Cova Eirós

Gandarón
(826) 42°46'
Costa do Val
Penedo (963)
(857)

TRIACASTELA

42°45'

Río Ou rib io
10
00

42°44'

Airibio
(1443)
Poza do Acelo 42°43'
(1455)

42°42'

3°37' 3°36' 3°35' 3°34' 3°33' 3°32' 3°31' 3°30'

Fig. 2. Geographic location of Eirós cave.

 Entrance
Both at the entrance and at the
end of the cave the profile is elliptic,
corresponding to the form of an ancient
river passage, where the water moved
under great pressure. The inside of the
cave is made up mainly of rhythmic
N clays inserted with stalagmitic
flowstones of varying thickness. The
excavation has taken place in two areas,
sedimentologically different: Pasillo
and Galería.
0 10 20 m

In figure 4 the profiles of both

TS
areas can be seen, aswell as an essay on
T
TD
U US
the correlation of the levels. The study
UD
V VS of these has been extensively discussed
VD

WD
W WS in other papers (Grandal, 1993a;
XD
X
XS Grandal et al., 1995). There follows a
YD
Y
YS
brief description of these:
Pasillo ZD
Z
At the end of the Galería the
sequence seen has a maximum
thickness of 72cm. The following levels
A Galería have been differentiated: Level W1 is
B made up of more than 10cm of clays
with very rounded bones. This
constitutes the lower fertile level.
Level W3 is made up of clays
Figure 3.- Topography of Eirós cave with fragments of quartz debris,
limestone and slabstones of slate. It has
a thickness of about 10cm. The upper
fertile level is W5, made up of clays
with bones. In the sample area it is
about 7cm though the thickness varies
along the profile. Finally, Level W7 is
made up of 14.5 cm of laminated silts.

Figure 4. Stratigraphy and absolute ages of the studied zones in Eirós Cave

GALERÍA PASILLO
Y U T B A
Z X W V
4
8 3
2 c
7 1

6
5
4 b
3 d
2 a
a Sample WD2 ........... 97,051 y BP
1 b Sample WD4 .......... 28,233 y BP
c Sample A2 ............ 117,252 y BP
(vertical scale = 3:1) d Sample E-zT-1......... 24,090 y BP

These clay levels alternate with stalagmite flowstones of varying thickness: W2, very crystalline,
thickness 6 cm; W4, similar to the afore mentioned with a thickness of 4cm; W6 with a thickness between
0.5 and 1.5cm; and finally X8, 20cm thick, which makes up the roof of the preserved sequence and the
present day floor of the cave.
 In the Pasillo, the cut studied has a thickness of more than 45cm. In this profile the following levels
have been identified: Level A1, made up of clay debris more than 15cm thick. Above this is found level A2,
made up of a stalagmite flowstone with a thickness of 5cm. It corresponds to the level W2 of the Galería.
Above this flowstone is found the fertile level, A3, 17cm depth, with much debris made up of clays with
bones and quartz and slate pebbles. Finally, level A4, a stalagmite flowstone, 8 cm thick, which makes up
the roof of the filled-in sequence of the cave and the present day floor of this part of the cave. This
corresponds to the level X8 of the Galería.
The U/Th dating carried out on the flowstones has given the following results: W2, 97,000 years BP;
W4, 28,000 years BP; A2 (=W2), 117, 000 years BP (Grandal, 1993; Grandal et al, 1995). The AMS 14C
dating of a bone from the upper fertile level of the Galería (level W5 in figure 4) is dated at 24,090±440
years BP (Ua-4298) (Grandal & Vidal, 1997).
Preservation of the bones
The conservation of the bones is different in the two areas of the cave excavated (Figure 3). In the
Pasillo, the larger bones are fragmented and often rounded. The teeth and the peripheral bone remains
(phalanxes, metapodials, carpus and tarsus), more easily separated from the skeleton make up more than
80%. The remains of the torso (vertebrae, ribs, scapulas and pelvises) are rare, representing less than 10%.
Remains showing anatomic connections were not found, and all the data suggests that the remains
experienced some form of transport.
In the upper level at the end of the galería (W5) the bones are well preserved, and not rounded. In
some cases anatomic connections are preserved, though in an approximated way. The percentage of
peripheral remains and teeth descends to 37%, whilst the remains of the torso are more than 30% of the total
(Grandal & Vidal, 1997). There are no indications of selection by size in the deposit of the bones. In order
to know if the skeletons are complet, although dispersed, the percent of representation of the principal
groups of bones attending to their position in the skeleton and their size was calculated, and compared with
the percents of the same groups in case of complet skeletons. (See fig. 8)
In the inferior level (W1) there are few bones and they are very rounded thus making it very difficult
to determine the sex and correct size of these remains. For the aforementioned reasons they have not been
included in this study.

Populational study
Distribution of the population by sex was calculated from the sexable pieces with almost complete
reliability: skull, jaw, limb bones, cheek teeth, and canines. The results are shown in table 1. A slight
predominance of females over males can be seen, though the difference is not significant. Only in the case
of the limb bones is the difference between the sexes found to a degree greater than that expected (50%
50%).

sex skull jaw limb bones cheek teeth canines

distribution a.v. % a.v. % a.v. % a.v. % a.v. %
FEMALES 8 61,53 10 58,82 42 68,85 108 46,35 30 52,63
MALES 5 38,46 7 41,17 19 31,14 125 53,64 27 47,37

Table 1.- Sex distribution in the population of Eirós, according to various kinds of sexable remains, in absolute values
(a. v.) and percents (%).

The distribution by age has been calculated on the cheek teeth. The separation by age groups of the
cheek teeth was carried out according to the grade of wearing out or eruption. Nonetheless one has to bear in
mind that not all the pieces that form the teeth are found in the upper and lower jaw at the same time. Table
2 offers the distribution in age groups calculated following the data of dental wearing out.
CHEEK AGE CLASSES
TEETH I II III IV
TOTAL 33 142 48 17
(percents) (13,75%) (59,16%) (20,00%) (7,08%)
 .

Table 3.- Age distribution in the population of Eirós, according to the wear stage of the cheek teeth. Age classes: I,
neonates; II, yearlings; III, juveniles; IV, adults.

There doesn't seem to exist a significant proportion of senile individuals with dental wearing out so
bad as to be able to deduce death as a result of lack of sufficient alimentary reserves. However there does
appear to exist a high mortality rate in the first stages of development (the individuals included in the first
two age groups make up 72.91 % of the total), though it is no greater than that calculated in other large
European sites, which is around 75% (Kurtén, 1958).
 Liñares Cave

Description

Liñares is a small cave that develops in the Vegadeo Limestones of Lower-Middle Cambrian age
(Fig. 5).
It is situated at 1,115 m above sea level. It presents a rectilinear development with NE orientation.
The cave profile descends, reaching at the end a deepness of 15 m below the surface. The topography of
this cave is really marked by the stratification of the rocks, dipping towards W (Fig. 6).

AN
RI LA
IBE INSU
N
PE
AFRICA Altitudes:

LI
CIA
* A Ceza
< 800m

GA
SPAIN

800- 1.000 m

N Liñares * 1.000-1.200 m

1.200-1.400 m
PORTUGAL

> 1.400 m
0 1 2 3 4 Km Seoane
do Courel

OR Capeloso
oL Faro
Rí 1.606 m 1.597 m

i
ra

g ue
Ro
D evesa da
Formigueiros
1.643 m

Pía Paxaro
1.604 m * Lucenza lake

Fig. 5. Situation of Liñares cave, A Ceza cave, the Devesa da Rogueira and Lucenza lake

Up to now 1293 bones were found, 30.9% of them belonging to Ursus spelaeus and 50.0% to
Cervus elaphus. There are also present Bison priscus, Equus caballus and Sus scrofa remains, although in
a smaller proportion (less than 1%). There is also a 18,1% of unidentified fragments of bone. None of the
bones show anthropic action or scavengers activity.
The datings 14C AMS carried out on two Ursus spleaus bones have given the ages 35,220 years BP
and >38,000 years BP.
The infilling of the main gallery is a heterogenic material, colluvial type, sealed at the top by a
stalagmitic soil, that occasionally include large slate and limestone blocks (Fig. 7). The thickness of this
calcareous crust can reach 15 cm in some points. The studied area corresponds to a deposit placed in a
lateral hole running downwards, progresively narrow and filled in with limestone and slate blocks, clays
and bones, intercalated with thin stalagmitic floors (López González, 1996; López González et al., 1997).
The bones and the blocks moved down, together with the clay, along this hole by gravity and sporadic
slides.
 A marked difference is observed on the position of the bones: the large ones, like cave bear or male
deer skulls, are at the beginning of the hole, almost closing the entrance, whilst the smaller are in lower
positions, reflecting the strong selection of sizes along the slope.
 section aa'

hole

a'
lake

hole

0 2 5 10 m

Entrances

Fig. 6.- Topography of Liñares Cave

 b

0 1m

a Sample L-1001........
35,220 y BP
b Sample L-1011.......
>38,000 y BP

Fig. 7.- Section of the Hole in Liñares cave

Preservation of the bones

The material of Liñares presents an excellent preservation. The bones are firm and strong enough
and, above all, most of them are complete. They don’t present marks in their surface that suggest the
action of erosive processes. They are no scratched nor broken. Almost all these bones present dark colour
due to manganese coatings on their surface. Finally, some of them present marks of rodents way (López
González, 1996; López González et al., 1997). One of the cave bear skeletons was found in situ, but most
of them are dispersed along the slope.
The proportions of bones clasified
attending to their preservation state (Table 3) Liñares Sur
seems to indicate the contrary. However, it Total Good Bad
must be remarked that 70% of the badly 403 172 231
preserved bones are small fragments from 100% 42.6% 57.3%
ribs, too long and fragile bones to be Table 3.- Preservation of the bones in Liñares.
preserved in a whole.
 In order to know if the skeletons are complet, although dispersed, the percent of representation of
the principal groups of bones attending to their position in the skeleton and their size was calculated, and
compared with the percents of the same groups in case of complet skeletons.
Figure 8 shows that in Liñares the proportion between small bones (teeth, articulars, metapodials
and phalanx) and the large ones (skull, trunk and limbs) is not the expected. There is a strong
underrepresentation of the smallest parts of the skeleton, such as phalanges, metapodials and the smaller
bones from the carpus and tarsus. This fact indicates that because of the natural dispersion after the death
of the animal, by gravity force (helped by the deep natural slope) and the process of washing already
described for the sediments, the smaller pieces of the skeleton have been lost, probably towards the main
chamber with a lake where this hole ends. Until now it was not possible to study the sediments in the
bottom of the lake, were, presumably, most of these small bones could be preserved.

40 expected
35 found (Eirós)
found (Liñares)
30
found (A Ceza)
25
percents

20
15
10
5
s
w

ae

a
l

s
s

ls
s

s
ul

ne
ul

ge
rib

i
ja

su

ia
lv
sk

br

ap

bo

od
pe

an
ar
rte

sc

ap
+t

al
b
ve

lim

ph
us

et
rp

m
ca

Figure 8.- Proportion of the bones found inEirós, Liñares and A Ceza compared with those
expected, referring to a complet skeleton.

Populational study

In Liñares the minimum number of individuals is --adults and --juveniles. The percent of adult
individuals (86,5% in total) is much greater than that of juveniles (13,5%), as is shown in table 4. This is
not common in most of the Cave Bear sites. In our opinion, this phenomenon may be caused by two
reasons: First, because of the process of washing that affected the filling. According to this, most of the
smallest remains, including the juvenile ones, would have been lost towards the lake at the bottom of the
hole. This would be the reason why only the bigger remains of the juveniles have been found, whilst the
smaller bones such as phalanges or metapodials are inexistent.

percents LIÑARES
Adults Juveniles
skull 78.0 22.0
jaw 82.3 17.7
vertebrae 90.9 9.1
ribs 83.3 16.6
scapula 62.5 37.5
pelvis 81.8 18.2
 limb bones 80.6 19.4
carpus+tarsus 100 0
metapodials 92.9 7.1
phalanges 100 0

Table 4.- Age distribution in the population of Liñares, according to some groups of remains.

The second reason would be that the juveniles were scarce in the population. According to the
biggest remains (skull, jaw and limb bones), which are better preserved, the proportion of the juveniles is
about 20%. It could be assumed that this would be the real proportion of juveniles in the population.

The population of Liñares shows a greater 35

number of females than males. The transversal
30
diameter of the canines shows significatively the
sex dimorphism (Fig. 9), although the size of the 25

Percent
limb bones give a similar result, as shown in Table 20
5.
15
10
This is not the case of the skulls and jaws,
that give a contradictory result. All but one skulls 5
correspond to female bears, whilst the number of 0
male jaws is slightly higher than those of females. 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
The sexing was carried out by the transversal TD lower canine
diameter of the canine.
Figure 9.- Transversal diameter of the lower canines in
Liñares, showing the typical bimodal distribution
The low number of these remains, however, caused by the sex dimorphism.
does not allow to consider this result as
significative.

sex skull jaw canines limb bones

distribution a.v. % a.v. % a.v. % a.v. %
FEMALES 7 100 3 42.8 18 69.2 24 72.7
MALES 0 0 4 57.2 8 30.8 9 27.3

Table 5.- Sex distribution in the population of Liñares, according to various kinds of sexable remains, in absolute
values (a. v.) and percents (%).

A Ceza Cave
Description

This large cave develops in the Candana limestones, of Lower Cambrian age. These limestones
present intercalations of slates, like the Vegadeo Limestones where the cave Liñares is developed. A Ceza
cave has a main rectilinear gallery through wich a large river flows The topography is markedly
longitudinal with an orientation SE-NW. It is situated at 1,004 m over sea level. In a narrow lateral gallery
there is a small chamber where the bone remains were found. It has a very slight slope towards the main
gallery, almost unnapreciable in the Chamber (Fig. 10).
 The stratigraphy of the Chamber is very simple (Fig. 11). Only one level can be differenciated,
about 45 cm depth. It is a dethritic level with limestone blocks and slate slabstones of different sice, a
coarse matrix made up of gravels and clays, and bones. The filling does not reflect conditions of
functional karst with water circulation, and seems to correspond to a dry episode. Some of the bones were
found on the surface. Most of these (the larger ones) were fragmented and crashed by the fall of blocks
and probably by trampling (the action of the living bears walking trough the galleries).

Up until now, 360 bones were identified and about 170 fragments. Most of these remains are from
Ursus spelaeus, and only the 1% belongs to Cervus elaphus and other unidentified herbivors. The 14C
AMS dating of one Ursus spelaeus bone gave an absolute age of 35,230 ± 1,430 y BP.

Preservation of the bones

The bones from A Ceza are poorly preserved, in the case of the large and limb bones, moreover
those that were found in the surface of the sediment. The small bones are fairly preserved. Most of the
bones have a spongy consistence, and some of them presents a spotted surface, probably because of the
depositon of manganese, although it would be produced under more dry conditions than the case of
Liñares. The kind of fragmentation of the diaphyses of limb bones suggest that the trampling was the
responsible. There are no evidences of human or scavengers action.
 b b'
chamber

Section bb'

chamber
rmain
passage

river

0 1 2 3m

0 10 20 30 m

a a'

aa'

entrance

Fig. 10.- Topography (partial) of A Ceza Cave

 a

2
1 a Sample Cez-150......35,230±1,430 y BP

0 1 2m

Fig. 11.- Section of the Chamber in A Ceza cave

A Ceza The proportion of bad preserved bones is

Total Good Bad high, as shown in Table 6. In this case, not only the
532 150 382 fragmentation of the ribs but also of adult limb
bones give a proportion of bad preserved bones as
100% 28.1% 71.9%
high as 71.9%. The smallest bones have a
Table 6.- Classification of bones attending to their remarkably better preservation.
preservation in A Ceza

In order to know if the skeletons are complet, although dispersed, the percent of representation of
the principal groups of bones attending to their position in the skeleton and their size was calculated, and
compared with the percents of the same groups in case of complet skeletons, and also with the same
values from Liñares (see fig. 8).

Some of the remains (skull, jaw, vertebrae, scapula and pelvis) are present in slightly higher percent
than the expected. Ribs and limb bones show higher values than the expected ones, probably because of
the overrepresentation caused by the high degree of fragmentation. The bones from the carpus and tarsus,
are also overrepresented, although their preservation is very good and they are not fragmented. Finally, the
proportions of metapodials and phalanges are lower than the expected, although not as markedly as in
Liñares. Being these bones the most pheriferal remains of the skeleton and the most easily dettached from
the body once the bear is dead, and taking into account that the problem of the slope here is not so
important in this cave, we could suggest that they were lost by the trampling phenomenon, the pass of a
number of bears through the gallery for the hibernation every winter. In any case, the bones would be
desplaced towards the main gallery and lost because of the transport by the river that runs along it.

Populational study

In A Ceza the minimum number of individuals is 5 juveniles and 3 adults. The proportion of juveniles is
higher than in Liñares, although it does not reach the given value of around 70%. Despite of the degree of
fragmentation of the adult larger bones, that could give a incorrectly higher proportion of adults, it is
possible to recognice a proportion of juveniles around 50 - 60% in jaw, scapula, pelvis and limb bones.
These proportions are higher in the case of the skulls, probably due to the fact that the juvenile ones are
found in parts, and lower in some smaller bones such as the carpus and tarsus, metapodials and phalanges.
This would be caused by the trampling
phenomenon already commented. percents A CEZA
Adults Juveniles
Finally it is neccesary to remark the skull 16.7 83.3
finding of part of a neonate skeleton preserved in jaw 44.5 55.5
a clayish level of the infilling. vertebrae 75.8 24.2
ribs 61.7 38.3
The poor degree of preservation in A Ceza scapula 37.5 62.5
does not allow to make a detailed study of the
pelvis 50.0 50.0
distribution by sex. We must remark, however,
limb bones 43.4 56.6
that in some of the adult bones is possible to
recognize two size classes, that could represent carpus+tarsus 88.0 12.2
the group of females and males (Fig. 12). metapodials 96.5 3.5
phalanges 90.0 10.0
Also two penian bones were found,
Table 7.- Age distribution in the population of A Ceza,
confirming the presence of male individuales in
according to some groups of remains.
the cave.

30

25

20
Percent

15

10

0
38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58
TD proximal

Figure 12.- Transversal proximal diameter of the radius in

A Ceza showing two size classes (females and
males).

References
GRANDAL D'ANGLADE, A (1993): El Oso de las Cavernas en Galicia: el yacimiento de Cova Eirós. Serie Nova
Terra, 8. 246 pp. O Castro, A Coruña.
GRANDAL D'ANGLADE, A.& J.R. VIDAL ROMANÍ (1992): Cova Eirós: a new site of Ursus spelaeus in Galicia
(NW of the Iberian Peninsula). Conserving our Landscape: Evolving Landforms and Ice Age Heritage
(C. Stevens, J. E. Gordon, C.P. Green y M.G. Macklin, Eds.). 176-179. Crewe.
GRANDAL D’ANGLADE, A. & VIDAL ROMANÍ, J. R (1997). A population study on the Cave Bear (Ursus
spelaeus Ros.-Hein.) from Cova Eirós (Triacastela, Galicia, Spain). Geobios, 30(5):723-731.
GRANDAL D’ANGLADE, A. & LÓPEZ-GONZÁLEZ, F. (1998) A population study on the Cave Bears (Ursus
spelaeus ROS. HEIN.) from Galician caves, NW of Iberian Peninsula. Cadernos do Laboratorio
Xeolóxico de Laxe, 23:215-224
GRANDAL D'ANGLADE, A.; J.R. VIDAL ROMANÍ & R. JULIÁ BRUGUÉS (1995): El yacimiento de Ursus
spelaeus de Cova Eirós (Cancelo, Lugo, NW de la Península Ibérica). Actas da Terceira Reunião do
Quaternário Ibérico, 461-467. Coimbra.
GRANDAL D’ANGLADE, A.; LÓPEZ-GONZÁLEZ, F. & VIDAL ROMANÍ, J.R. (1997). Condicionantes en la
distribución de macromamíferos en Galicia (NW P.I.) durante el Cuaternario superior. Cadernos do
Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe, 22:43-66.
IGME (1980). Mapa Geológico de España E. 1:50.000. Hoja 125. Los Nogales. Servicio de Publicaciones del
Ministerio de Industria y Energía. Madrid.
LÓPEZ GONZÁLEZ, F. (1996). Estudio geomorfológico y paleontológico del endocarst de Liñares S (Lugo). Tesis
de Licenciatura. Universidade da Coruña, 90 pp.
LÓPEZ GONZÁLEZ, F.; GRANDAL D’ANGLADE, A. & VIDAL ROMANÍ, J.R. (1997). Análisis tafonómico de
la muestra ósea de Liñares sur (Lugo, Galicia). Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe, 22:67-80.
VIDAL ROMANÍ, J.R. (1996). Geomorfología de Galicia. In: Rodríguez Iglesias, F. (Ed.) Galicia, T. XVII. Río
Barja, F.J. (Coord.). Geografía General. pp.:37-63. Hércules de Ediciones, A Coruña.
VIDAL ROMANÍ, J. R.; GRANDAL D’ANGLADE, A.; FERNÁNDEZ FERRÍN, J. & VILA ANCA, R. (1992). El
glaciocarst del Courel (Lugo). Furada, 6: 35-40.