01-Ch11 Finish Marks Student

DIMENSIONING
CHAPTER ELEVEN
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Giesecke, Hill, Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart, Goodman 1
OBJECTIVES
1. Use conventional dimensioning techniques to describe size and

shape accurately on an engineering drawing.
2. Create and read a drawing at a specified scale.
3. Correctly place dimension lines, extension lines, angles, and notes.
4. Dimension circles, arcs, and inclined surfaces.
5. Apply finish symbols and notes to a drawing.
6. Dimension contours.
7. Use standard practices for dimensioning prisms, cylinders, holes,
and curves.
8. List practices for dimensioning a solid model as documentation.
9. Identify guidelines for the dos and don’ts of dimensioning.

UNDERSTANDING DIMENSIONING
The increasing need for precision manufacturing and interchangeability
has shifted responsibility for size control to the design engineer or detail drafter.
Practices for dimensioning architectural

and structural drawings are similar
in many ways to those for dimensioning
manufactured parts, but some practices
differ.
Refer to the following standards:

• ANSI/ASME Y14.5-2009 Dimensioning and Tolerancing
erancing
• ASME Y14.41-2003 Digital Product definition Data
t P ti
Practices Automatically Generated Dimensions.
• ASME B4.2-1978 (R1999) Preferred Metric Limits and Fits Views and dimensions can be generated
automatically from a solid model.
(Courtesy of Robert Kincaid.)

Three Aspects of Good Dimensioning
Technique of dimensioning
Placement of dimensions
Choice of dimensions

Tolerance
Tolerance is the total amount that the feature on the actual part is allowed
to vary from what is specified by the drawing or model dimension.
ALL TOLERANCES ±.02 INCH

E
UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.
X
A
M
P
L
E
S
A Title Block Specifying Tolerances. (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.)

Geometric Breakdown
Engineering structures are composed

largely of simple geometric shapes, such
as the prism, cylinder, pyramid, cone,
and sphere. They may be exterior
(positive) or interior (negative) forms.

LINES USED IN DIMENSIONING
Dimension, Extension and Centerlines

Guidelines for
USING DIMENSION
AND EXTENSION LINES

ARROWHEADS
When you are drawing by hand and using

the arrowhead method in which both
strokes are directed toward the point, it is
easier to make the strokes toward yourself.

LEADERS
A leader is a thin, solid line directing attention to a note or dimension and
starting with an arrowhead or dot.
For the Best Appearance, Make Leaders

• near each other and parallel
• across as few lines as possible
Don’t Make Leaders

• parallel to nearby lines of the drawing
• through a corner of the view
• across each other
• longer than needed
• horizontal or vertical

DRAWING SCALE
AND DIMENSIONING
Drawing scale is noted in the title block. The drawing should not be scaled for
dimensions. (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.)
Many standard title blocks include

a note such as:
DO NOT SCALE DRAWING
FOR DIMENSIONS

DIRECTION
IRECTION OF DIMENSIO
DIMENSION
VALUES AND NOTES
All dimension values and notes are lettered horizontally to be read from the bottom of the
sheet, as oriented by the title block.

DIMENSION UNITS
A note stating ALL MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETERS or ALL MEASUREMENTS IN
INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED is used in the title block to indicate the
measurement units…
(Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.)

MILLIMETER VALUES
The millimeter is the commonly

used unit for most metric
engineering drawings. One-
place millimeter decimals are
used when tolerance limits
permit. Two (or more)–place
millimeter decimals are used
when higher tolerances are
required.

DECIMAL
L-
L-INCH VALUES
Two-place inch decimals are typical when tolerance limits permit. Three or more decimal
places are used for tolerance limits in the thousandths of an inch. In two-place decimals,
the second place preferably should be an even digit.

RULES FOR DIMENSION VALUES

Good hand-lettering is important for dimension values on sketches. The shop
produces according to the directions on the drawing so to save time and prevent
costly mistakes, make all lettering perfectly legible.
Make all decimal points bold, allowing ample space. When the metric dimension is
a whole number, do not show either a decimal point or a zero. When the metric
dimension is less than 1 mm, a zero precedes the decimal point.
When the decimal-inch dimension is used on drawings, a zero is not used before the
decimal point of values less than 1 in.

DUAL DIMENSIONING and COMBINATION UNITS
Dual dimensioning is used to show metric and decimal-inch dimensions on the same
drawing. Two methods of displaying the dual dimensions are:
1. Position Method
2. Bracket Method DIMENSIONS IN () ARE MILLIMETERS

DIMENSION SYMBOLS
Dimensioning symbols are used to replace traditional terms or abbreviations.
Form and Proportion of Dimensioning Symbols.

(Reprinted from ASME Y14.5M-1994 (R2004),by permission of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.)

PLACING AND SHOWING
DIMENSIONS LEGIBLY
Rules for the placement of dimensions help you dimension your drawings so
that they are clear and readable…
Fitting Dimension Values in Limited Spaces (Metric Dimensions)

PLACING AND SHOWING

DIMENSIONS LEGIBLY continued…

SUPERFLUOUS DIMENSIONS
All necessary dimensions must be shown, but do not give unnecessary or superfluous
dimensions.

SUPERFLUOUS DIMENSIONS continued…
No unnecessary or superfluous dimensions.

DIMENSIONING ANGLES
Angles are dimensioned by specifying the angle in degrees and
a linear dimension.
The coordinate method is

better when a high degree of
accuracy is required

DIMENSIONING ARCS, FILLETS AND ROUNDS
A circular arc is dimensioned in the view where its true shape in seen by giving
the value for its radius preceded by the abbreviation R. Individual fillets and
rounds are dimensioned like other arcs.
FILLETS R6 AND ROUNDS R3 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

or
ALL CASTING RADII R6 UNLESS NOTED
or simply
ALL FILLETS AND ROUNDS R6.

SIZE DIMENSIONS: CYLINDERS
Cylinders are usually dimensioned by giving the diameter and length where the
cylinder appears as a rectangle.
Use “Ø” to indicate circular shape
Dimensioning a Machine Part Composed of Cylindrical Shapes

SIZE DIMENSIONING HOLES
The leader of a note should point to the circular view of the hole, if possible.
Countersunk, counterbored, spotfaced and tapped holes are usually specified by standard
symbols or abbreviations.

DIMENSIONING
MENSIONING COUNTERBORES AAND
SPOTFACES WITH FILLETS
Counterbored hole with a When a fillet radius is specified for a

fillet radius specified. spotface dimension, the fillet radius is
added to the outside of the spotface
diameter,

DIMENSIONING CURVES
One way to dimension Both circular and noncircular
curves is to give a group curves may be dimensioned by
of radii. using coordinate dimensions,
or datums.
When angular measurements

are unsatisfactory, you may
give chordal dimensions

DIMENSIONING ROUNDED
D-
D-END SHAPES
For accuracy, in parts

d–g, overall lengths of
rounded-end shapes
are given, and radii are
indicated, but without
specific values. The
center-to-center
distance may be
required for accurate
location of some holes.
In part g, the hole
location is more critical
than the location of the
radius, so the two are
located.
Graphics, 15thh editio

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics edition
DIMENSIONING
IMENSIONIN
THREADS
Local notes are used to specify dimensions of threads. For tapped
holes, the notes should, if possible, be attached to the circular views
of the holes.

DIMENSIONING TAPERS
A taper is a conical surface on a shaft or in a hole. The usual method of dimensioning
a taper is to give the amount of taper in a note, such as TAPER 0.167 ON DIA (with
TO GAGE often added), and then give the diameter at one end with the length or give
the diameter at both ends and omit the length. Taper on diameter means the difference
in diameter per unit of length.

DIMENSIONING CHAMFERS
A chamfer is a beveled or sloping edge. It is dimensioned by giving the length of
the offset and the angle. A 45° chamfer also may be dimensioned.

DIMENSIONING KEYWAYS
The preferred method of dimensioning the depth of a keyway is to give
the dimension from the bottom of the keyway to the opposite side of
the shaft or hole.

DIMENSIONING KNURLS
A knurl is a roughened surface to provide a better handgrip or to be used for a press

fit between two parts. For handgrip purposes, it is necessary only to give the
pitch of the knurl, the type of knurling, and the length of the knurled area.

FINISH MARKS
A finish mark is used to indicate that a surface is to be machined, or finished,
as on a rough casting or forging. To the patternmaker or diemaker, a finish
mark means that allowance of extra metal in the rough workpiece must be
provided for the machining.

SURFACE ROUGHNESS
Surface finish is intimately related to the functioning of a surface, and proper
specification of finish of surfaces such as bearings and seals is necessary. Surface
quality specifications should be used only where needed, since the cost of producing
a finished surface becomes greater as the quality of the surface called for is increased.
Generally, the ideal surface finish is the roughest that will do the job satisfactorily.
Surface Texture Symbols and

Construction. (Reprinted from
ASME Y14.36M-1996 (R2002), by
permission of The American Society
of Mechanical Engineers. All rights
reserved.)

LOCATION DIMENSIONS
After you have specified the sizes of the geometric shapes composing the structure, give
location dimensions to show the relative positions of these geometric shapes.

MATING DIMENSIONS
Mating dimensions should be given on the multiview drawings in the
corresponding locations.

COORDINATE DIMENSIONING
Coordinate dimensioning practices allow you to identify a corner of the part as the 0,0
location and dimension the remaining features relative to that position.

TABULAR DIMENSIONS
A series of objects having like features but varying in dimensions may be
represented by one drawing.

DIMENSIONING
MENSIONING FOR NUMERICALL
NUMERICALLY
LY
Y-
CONTROLLED MACHINING
A set of three mutually perpendicular datum or reference planes is usually
required. These planes either must be obvious, or must be clearly identified.

MACHINE, PATTERN, AND FORGING DIMENSIONS

Frequently, a
dimension that is
convenient for the
machinist is not
convenient for the
pattern maker, or vice
versa. Because the
pattern maker uses
the drawing only
once, while making
the pattern, and the
machinist refers to it
continuously, the
dimensions should be
given primarily for the
convenience of the
machinist.
For forgings, it is
common practice to
make separate
forging drawings and
machining drawings
Forging Drawing
of Connecting
Rod (General Motors LLC.
Used with permission. GM
Media Archives.)

SHEET METAL BENDS
In sheet metal dimensioning, allowance must be made for bends. The intersection of
the plane surfaces adjacent to a bend is called the mold line, and this line, rather than
the center of the arc, is used to determine dimensions.
Bends

NOTES
It is usually necessary to supplement the direct dimensions with notes. Notes should be brief and
carefully worded to allow only one interpretation. Notes should always be lettered horizontally on the
sheet and arranged systematically. They should not be crowded and should not be placed between
views, if possible. Notes are classified as general notes when they apply to an entire drawing and as
local notes when they apply to specific items.


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DIMENSIONING

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

1. Use conventional dimensioning techniques to describe size and

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Practices for dimensioning architectural

Refer to the following standards:

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Three Aspects of Good Dimensioning

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

ALL TOLERANCES ±.02 INCH

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Engineering structures are composed

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

When you are drawing by hand and using

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

For the Best Appearance, Make Leaders

Don’t Make Leaders

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Many standard title blocks include

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

(Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.)

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

The millimeter is the commonly

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

RULES FOR DIMENSION VALUES

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Form and Proportion of Dimensioning Symbols.

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Fitting Dimension Values in Limited Spaces (Metric Dimensions)

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

PLACING AND SHOWING

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

SUPERFLUOUS DIMENSIONS continued…

No unnecessary or superfluous dimensions.

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

The coordinate method is

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

DIMENSIONING ARCS, FILLETS AND ROUNDS

FILLETS R6 AND ROUNDS R3 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Use “Ø” to indicate circular shape

Dimensioning a Machine Part Composed of Cylindrical Shapes

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

SIZE DIMENSIONING HOLES

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

Counterbored hole with a When a fillet radius is specified for a

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

When angular measurements

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition

For accuracy, in parts

Graphics, 15thh editio

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15thh edition