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Ee111 L27 PDF
Ee111 L27 PDF
Ee111 L27 PDF
Sat Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
1/13
10, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 27
Sub‐Topic:
• Induction motor
Sat Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
2/13
10, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 27
Review
⇒ Stator winding of IM is distributed in large number of
slots. No. of poles depends on winding arrangement
⇒ When 3‐phase distributed winding is connected to 3‐
phase balanced supply a revolving field of constant
phase balanced supply, a revolving field of constant
magnitude is established
⇒ For a given winding arrangement, the speed of this field
is determined by supply frequency alone.
120f1
Ns = P → no. of poles
P
Sat Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
3/13
10, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 27
There are two types of rotor constructions
Squirrel cage → bars are permanently shorted on both
• Squirrel cage → bars are permanently shorted on both
ends
• Slip ring → rotor has winding similar to stator
⇒ three terminals of rotor winding are terminated
on slip rings
⇒ these slip rings are mounted on the shaft
⇒ external ‘R’/ ‘Z’/ ‘V’ can be connected to these slip
rings
Sat Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
4/13
10, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 27
when rotor is stationary & ‘Fs’ is rotating at NS
⇒ a high
a high ‘I’
I at f
at f1 will flow in the rotor
will flow in the rotor
⇒ The corresponding Is ≅ (6 – 7) Ifl
⇒ as Nr ↑, frequency & ⏐rotor ‘I’⏐↓
∵ Fs is rotating at N & rotor is rotating at Nr ≡ Fs
is rotating at Ns & rotor is rotating at N
rotating at (Ns ‐ Nr) and rotor being held stationary
⇒ relative speed has ↓
relative speed has ↓ &∴ magnitude & frequency of
magnitude & frequency of ‘I’
I
in rotor ↓
⇒ corresponding ↓
di ↓ in stator current
i t t t
N s − Nr
slip s = ∴ Nr = (1 − s)N s
Ns
Sat Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
5/13
10, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 27
f1 − f3 ωs − ωr f2
in terms of frequency s =
slip in terms of frequency,
slip = =
f1 ωs f1
f2 = sf1 Hz or ω2 = sω1
slip frequency ⇒ frequency of rotor ‘V’ / ‘I’
f3 → frequency corresponding to rotor speed
freq enc corresponding to rotor speed
assume that if no load (external torque) is applied to the
rotor shaft
rotor shaft
⇒ developed torque by the motor ⇒ overcome friction
⇒ should be very small (if neglected Nr = Ns)
∴ required rotor ‘I’ should also be small
Sat Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
6/13
10, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 27
⇒ (Ns‐ Nr) is small ( how small is this small ?)
⇒ apply external torque(TL) to the motor shaft
⇒ motor should develop torque > TL
⇒ ‘I’ flowing in the conductor(rotor) should ↑
g ( )
⇒ (Ns ‐ Nr) should ↑
⇒ There would be corresponding ↑ in Is (stator ‘I’)
∴ In IM, N
In IM Nr is function of load
is function of load
As TL ↑ Nr ↓ & ∴ s ↑
Sat Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
7/13
10, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 27
for a 3HP, 4pole, 50Hz I.M
120f
Ns = = 1500rpm
P
% s on no load ≅ 1%,
% s on full load ≅ 3%
∴ variation of Nr from no load to full load
= (1485 ‐ 1455)rpm
⇒ for all practical purposes, IM is almost a constant speed
motor
Sat Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
8/13
10, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 27
⇒ Nr can never be equal to Ns
⇒ for steady torque, steady field (F
y q , y ( s)) & rotor field(F
( r))
should be stationary w.r.t. each other
p
speed of F s = Ns
⇒ direction of Fr is the same as that of Fs
⇒ Frequency of rotor
Frequency of rotor ‘I’
I is sf
is sf1
⇒ these currents produce a field which rotates at sNs rpm
w.r.t. rotor in same direction as that of Fs
w.r.t. rotor in same direction as that of F
⇒ rotor rotates at Nr w.r.t. stator
∴ speed of F
speed of Fr w.r.t. stator = N
w r t stator = Nr + sN
+ sNs
= (1 ‐ s)Ns + sNs = Ns
⇒ thus both fields are stationary w.r.t. each other
thus both fields are stationary w r t each other
Sat Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
9/13
10, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 27
⇒ rotor of IM has no electrically conducting connection
with the stator supply (similar to that of a transformer
with the stator supply (similar to that of a transformer
secondary)
⇒ Input power is converted to mechanical output is
transferred inductively – by transformer action ‐ from
stator to rotor by means of mutual flux
⇒ electrical behavior of IM is similar to that of a
transformer.
⇒ additional feature is frequency transformation
additional feature is frequency transformation
(Frequency of rotor current = sf1)
Sat Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
10/13
10, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 27
Equivalent circuit:
xrl = 2πf2lrl ,
lrl → leakage inductance
i
in rotor
E2 = 4.44f2φMN2k w
kw → depends on winding, < 1
E2
I2 = frequency of E
q y 2 f2= sf1
2,
Rr + jxrl
s(4.44f1φ1N2k w ) E2
= =
Rr + js(2πf1lrl ) Rr + jx
rl
s
→ Frequency of rotor ‘I’ = f
F f ‘I’ f1
Sat Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
11/13
10, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 27
assuming some turns ratio
⇒ IM can be thought of as a generator feeding a fictitious
‘R’
⇒ it is fictitious because unlike in a transformer, it is not an
external ‘R’ connected at the load terminals
⇒ mech. power developed/phase = ohmic loss in fictitious
secondary resistance, R'2 (1 − s)
s
Sat Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
12/13
10, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 27
R'r (1 − s)
developed power, Pd = (I'2 )2
s
rotor cu loss = (I'2 ) R'r
2
Rr
R'
∴ i/p air gap power or i/p power to rotor, Pa = (I'2 )
2
s
Pa :I′2R′r :Pd = 1: s : (1 − s)
∴ P
⇒ sPa α heat
∴ ‘s’ should be as small as possible
∴ developed torque Td = 3P 3P (1
( − s)
) 3P
developed torque, T d
= a
= a
ωr 2πns (1 − s) 2πns
∴ Td α Pa, independent of speed of rotation
independent of speed of rotation
Sat Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
13/13
10, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 27