Chemistry

HANDBOOK
ALLEN
CAREER INSTITUTE KOTA IRAJASTHAN
- FAST REVISION
ALLEN
CAREER INSTITUTE
MASLIETAV

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHONSORS
Chemistry HandBook
-
-
ALLEN
Prefix

Functional group
Structure
Suffix

Carboxy
- oic acid
Carboxylic acid
Sulphonic acid
-C-OH -SO,H

Sulpho
sulphonic acid
Anhydride
oic-anhydride
Alkoxy carbonyl
Ester
alkyl....oate

OR
or Carbalkoxy Chloroformyl or
|- oyl chloride Chlorocarbonyl

Acid chloride
Acid amide
Carbamoyl/
Amido
- amide
- NHÀ

Carbonitrile/Cyanide
-CEN
Cyano
nitrile

TABLE FOR IUPAC NOMENCLATURE The order of priority of

functional groups used in IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.
Aldehyde
Formyl or Oxo
al
Ketone

Keto or oxo
- one

Alcohol
-OH
- ol
Thio alcohol
-SH

Hydroxy Mercapto
Amino
thiol
Amine
-NH,
amine
Ether
Alkoxy
-O-R
Ç-C
Oxirane
Epoxy
Nitro derivative

-NO,
Nitroso derivative
-NO
Nitro Nitroso
WIDHIWEDDA

Halide
Halo

Double bond
C=C
ene
Triple bond

| CEC
yne
98
CHAT

Chemistry HandBook
ALLEN
ISOMERISM
Сотр-сип nionis org
emical or biological properties
DEFINITION Compounds having same molecular formula but differ in atleast one physical or chemical or
biological promo

are called isomers and this phenomena is known as isomersm...

(B) Stereo isomerism Zypes of
Isomerism: (A) Structural isomerism
(A) STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM Structural isomerism is a form of isomerism
in which molecules with the same molecular
formula have atoms bonded together in different orders.
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
It is due to sustems
CHAIN ISOMERISM This tupe of Isomerism is due to difference in the
arrangement of carbon atoms constituting the chain. Key points : Parent carbon chain or
side chain should be different. e.g. C.H. - CH - CH2 - CH3 - CH - CH)
nenlane

METAMERISM This type of isomerism occurs when the isomers

dillera respect to the nature of alkyl groups around the same polyvalent functional
group. e.g.CHO:
CH, -0 – CH - CH - CH
n-propyl methylther CH, CH -- CH -CH,

diethyl ether
Cis one bor OPE and

RING-CHAIN ISOMERISM In this type of isomerism, one isomer is open

chain but another is cyclic.
CH
HC-CH-CH, - CH HC -C-CH
CH, -penland

neo-perland POSITIONAL ISOMERISM It occurs when functional

groups or multiple bonds or substituents are in different positions on the same carbon
chain. Key point : Parent carbon chain remain same and substituent, multiple bond and
functional group changes its position.
e.g. CH. CH - CH - CH, HC CH,
рrорете сусверг қиркаган For chain, positional and metamerism,
functional group must be same. Metamerism may also show chain and position
isomerism but priority is given to metamerism.
Get oft

(ii) I
TAUTOMERISM This type of isomerism is due to spontaneous
interconversion of two isomeric forms into each other wa different functional
groups in dynamic equilibrium Conditions:
(iv)
Calcu

e.g.C.H.(CH),: ON
H. CH o-xylene m-xyling
Payler FUNCTIONAL ISOMERISM It occurs when
compounds have the same molecular formula but different functional groups. 2..
CHÁN; CH-CH-CH, - NH,
Isproponamine CH, CH - NH - CH. N-methylathanamine
CH, CH, - N - CH. N. N dimethylmethanamin
Presence of -C- OL-N -> 0 Presence of at least one a-Hatom which is attached to a saturated C-atom.
e.g. Acetoacetic ester
Uns
ubochowa
SYTI

ОН
anol form

CH-C-CH COOCH CH, C-CHCOOCH,

 keto form ENOL CONTENT ENHANCE BY:
Acidity of u-Hof keto form Intra molecular H-Bonding in enol form Resonance in enol form
Aromatisation in enol form
100
TV
E HILL

Chemistry Handbook
(B)STEREOISOMERISM he same molecular formula and
structural formula but having difference in the spatial arrangement of in 3D space are
called stereoisomers and the phenomenon is called stereoisomerlsın.
TYPES OF STEREOISOMERISM
pourids with the same mol
s or groups in 3D sn
rties

GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM
han to restricted rotation and is observed in folle
ms
CEN-OH
ler with 2 same
Ring greater than 7 member with double bord)
TECH.

OPTICAL ISOMERISM Compounds having similar molecular and structural

formula but differing in the stereo chemical formula and behaviour towards plane
polarised light are called optical isomers and this phenomenon is called optical
isomersim.
Types of optical isomers (1)Optically active (2) Optically inactive - dextrorotatory (d)
- meso

• laevorotátory (4) Condition: Molecule should be asymmetric or chiral Te.

symmetry element (POS & COS) should be absent. The carbon atom linked to
four different groups is called chiral carbon. Fischer projection : An optical isomer
can be represented by Fischer projection which is planar representation of three
dimensional structure. Fischer projection representation of lactic acid
(2-hydroxypropanoic acid)
COOH
COOH CH, -CH-COOH : Ho+H H-H
CH,
Cis-trans Isomerism : The cis compound is the one with the same groups on the
same side of the bond, and the trans has the same groups on the opposite sides.
Both isomers have different physical and chemical properties.
lain but
e.g.
H00C
200H
соон HOẶC H
trans lumark acid
看完本上是

CH
al group
position

General physical properties of geometrical isomer of but-2-ene (1) Stability

frans > cis
cls > trans (ii) Dipole moment
cis > trans (11) Boiling point
trans > cis (iv) Melting point Calculation of number of
geometrical isomer
aneous her with
Configuration of optical isomer : (a) Absolute configuration (RS system) (b) Relative
configuration (D/L system) Determination of RS configuration : Rule-1 Assign the priority to the
four groups
attached to the chiral carbon according

to priority rule. Rule-2 If lowest priority is bonded to vertical

line then moving
© Clockwise R
Anti clockwies

attached
Unsymmetrical Symmetrical
21+2 m-
на əлеуметНАНІлливерзнисланнннно раност на

Rule-3
(lf n is even)
I lowest priority is bonded to horizontal line then moving
Clockwise

m=
(If n is odd)
2

0-0
Anti clockwise.R
101

Where n = number of sites where GI is possible.

Chemistry HandBook
CHAPTERY
omers which are not They have diffnent
Dlastereomers are stereoisomers who mirror images of each other. They have physical
and chemical properties. Meso compounds are those compounds molecules are
superimposable on their mimari inspite of the presence of asymmetric carbon An
equimolar mixture of the enantiomerside called racemic mixture. The process of content
ompounds whose
ir mirror images
(DETERMINATION OF D/L SYSTEM:
Reference molecule glyceraldehyde It is used to assign configuration in
carbohydrate,
amino acid and similar compounds Rule: Arrange parent carbon chain on the vertical
line
Placed most oxidised carbon on the top of nearest to top On highest IUPAC
numbered chiral carbon IF OH group on RHS-D If OH group on LHS = L
CHO
CHO HOHHOH HOHHOH HOH HOCH
HODOH HOH
CH-OH
CHAOH D-Glucose
L-Glucose CIP SEQUENCE RULE : The following rules are
followed for deciding the precedence order of the atoms or groups:
Highest priority is assigned to the atoms of higher atomic number attached to
asymmetric carbon atom. (i) In case of isotopes, isotopes having higher
atomic mass is given priority. (it) H the first atom of a group attached to
asymmetric carbon atom is same then we consider the atomic number of 2 atom or
subsequent atons in group. (iv) If there is a double bond or triple bond, both

atoms are considered to be duplicated or

triplicated. Non-superimposable mirror images are called enantiomers
which rotate the plane polarised light up to same extent but in opposite direction.
te form of an optically active compound inlorem form is called racemisation. The process by
which de mixture is separated Ned and forms with the help of chiralreagents Orchid catalyst is
known as resolution. Compound containing chiral carbon may or ma not be optically active but
show optical isomerism For optical Isomer chiral carbon is not the necessery condition.
Calculation of number of optical Isomers
Optically Optically inactive The compound
active forms forms (meso)
Unsymmetrical
21
Zero
Symmetrical If n = even
2n-D

211
Symmetrical Il n = odd

Zin-1_21-12
2
-12
"Where n = no, of chiral carbon The different arrangement of atoms in space
that results from the carbon-carbon single bond free rotation by 360° are called
conformations or conformational isomers or rotational isomers and this
phenomenon is called conformational isomérism
CONFORMATIONAL ISOMERISM

• Conformations of butane : CH-CH-CH-CH

CH
CH,

Neumann projection : Here two carbon atoms forming the o bond are represented one
by circle and other by centre of the circle. Circle represents rear side and its centre
represents front side carbon. The C-H bonds of front carbon are depicted from the
centre of the circle while C-H bond of the back carbon are drawn from the
circumference of the circle.
NELTE
Thay
91
Philly bude
al

The order of stability of conformations of n-butane. Anti

staggered>Gauche>Partially eclipsed >Fully eclipsed. Relative
stability of various conformation of cyclohexane Chair > twist boat
> boat > half chair
INDAH WE

Elle note. Sam babe

102
Chemistry HandBook
REACTION MECHANISM
Electrophiles are electron deficient species.
eg. H", R. NO, X, PCI, PCI INH, and H.O are not electrophile)
Nucleophiles are electron rich species. e.g. CI, CH, OH, RO EN. NH
RÖH.CH-CH.CH.CH
Relative electron withdracing order (
Horder NES NR - NH, NO, 2-CN2-COOH > OR >
-OH>CACH > -NH, > -CH -CH=CH
Relative electron releasing order (+ order) NHS-0®-C00®>3 alkyl > 2 alkyl >
1*alkyl
RELATIVE STABILITY ORDER
ACIDIC STRENGTH . Stability of
conjugate base (A) Stability of carbocation

«K«pk - Ph) C
(Ph) CH> -CH=CH-CH-CH2
i) H02 CH = CH >NH, (CH3C-
(CH2CH2CH, CH, CHẠCH, CHCH=C
0 CH = CH = CH = CH - CH-CH, (B) Stability
of free radical

R-COOH > (Phạc (Ph),CHAP

CH = CH2 =CH-CH, >
> R-OH (CH3),ės (CH3)CH >CHCH> ĆHz | iv) HCOOH > CH COOH > CH
CH.COOH (C) Stability of Carbanion
(v) NOYNO > HCOOH > CH.COOH >
CH.COOH (Ph), C (P1) CH> PhầCH, CH=CH-CH2> CH, CH, CH (CH) CHÍ
(CH &
(vi) CCI COOH > CHCI COOH > CH CICOOH (vii) CH-CH-CH-
C H=CH-CH=CHCOOH = CHCHCH
LUH BASIC STRENGTH KOK
OH Basic strength of amine :

(vii) CH,
Phenol >m >p> In aqueous
medium
CH, R=CH 2 >1"> 30 > NH. R ==CH-CH 2
3 >1">NH,
p>o >m > Phenol In gaseous
medium R = CH 3 >2 > 1 >NH. R CH CH 3 > 20 21 NH.
ОН Reactfulty towards nucleophile (NAR)
(1) HCHO > CH CHO > (CH) CÓ (2) CCI,CHO > CHCI,CHO > CH CICHO
NO. Reactivity order towards acyl
nucleophilic substitution reaction
) CHE Acid chloride > anhydride > ester > amide
0>p>m > benzoic acid Order of
electronle effect
COOH Mesomeric > Hyperconjugation >
Inductive effect |xi) C,H, Stability of alkene no. of -hydrogen

o> benzoic acid > >P R

C-CR, > R,C=CHR> R,C-CH>RCH=CHR > RCH-CHR
COOH RCH=CH, > CH=CH,
xi||| CH
OCH,

o>m > benzoic acid > Heat of

hydrogenation - Stability of alkene
COOH

Khu G H, 104

(ix) CH, OH
as soon one
COOH
NO.
CH,
slom
os Corrn

o >m >
> benzoic acid
Chemistry HandBook
CHAPTER

- MARE
PRACTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Confirmed test
Nax

PURIFICATION METHODS
LASSAIGNE'S METHOD
DISTILLATION TECHNIQUES
(detection of elements)
Element

Sodium (A)
SIMPLE DISTILLATION 1B) FRACTIONAL
extract Candidons

DISTILLATION Nitrogen Na+ +

NaCN+FeSO + NaOHI D) When liquid sample has non
When b.p.
boil and
cool volatile impurities

difference is IOK
FeCl,
conc. HCIFe Felcu () When boiling point difference
NaCN Examples Is 30 Kor more. Examples
0 Crude oil in d) Mixture of chloroform
petroleum (BP = 334K) and Aniline
industry (BP = 457K)

(HI) Acetone (329 K) (11) Mixture of Ether

and Methul
Sulphur 2N3 + S
Na S + Na
Fe(CN), NOT (b.p. = 308K) &
alcohol (338K)
Lodium
Ima dostante Toluene (6.p. = 384K)
- Na,
[Fe(CN). NOSI dail) Hexane (342K) and
a deep rolet
colher Toulene(384K)

ONS CH.COOH HCH.COOLA

A
black pl. PS (C) DISTILLATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE
(Vacuum distillation) When liquid boils at higher temperature and it may
decompose before b.p. is attained. Example
NaX + HNO + AgNO,
Halogen Na + x O Concentration of
sugar juice
w White ppt soluble in
(a) Recovery of glycerol from spent lye.
NH confirmsCL (iii)
Glycerol
1) Yellow ppt. partially to
in aa.
NH confirms (D) STEAM DISTILLATION
P When the substance is

=P+
) Yellow ppl Insoluble in K P
NH,
CUTILITTI 3 | immiscible with water and Vapour Vapour Vapoter steam volatile.
pressure pressure pressure Example:
of of water (1) Anline is weparated
 Organic liquid
Nitrogen Na+C+N+S
As in test for
nitrogen instead from water
green or blue
colour blood (ii) Turpentine oil ) Nitro Benvene
colouration
conlims PRSES (iv) Bromo Bervene (v) Naphthalene
together NaCNS
of N and S
both (vi) o-Nitrophenol
Sed u hibe

Blad red colour QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC

COMPOUNDS Estimation of carbon and
ESTIMATION OF
NITROGEN hydrogen - Leebig's method
Duma's method : CH + 0,
Kjeldahl's method : The nitrogen containing
organic 2 XCO, + y2 HO
compound yields nitrogen gas on
In this method nitrogen containing heating it with copper
(II)oxide in

compound is heated with

conc. H.SU 12wt of 00,_x100 %ofC44 wt of org.com
the presence of Co, gas. The
presence of copper sulphate to co mixture of gases is
collected over
nitrogen into ammonium sulphate
w 2 wl of H.O_x100
potassium hydroxide solution in
decomposed with
excess of akalito % of H= 18w of org cand
which CO is absorbed and volume
ammonia. The ammonia evolued is
of nitrogen gas is determined. Note: This
method is suitable for estimation if organic compound contains
Va o N
colected C and H only. In case if other
elements of N 28 a NTP eg. N, S, halogens are also present the
Note: This method is
simpler and more organic compound will also give their
Og to

and is mainly used for

finding out the orcides which is being absorbed in KOH .
compound)
nitrogen in food stuffs,
soil, fertilizes: and will increase the percentage of carbon
agricultural products.
This method com and therefore following modification
non compound
conjound having nitro
group, 20 919 should be made
and nitrogen in the ring (pyridine, qui
Nitrogen in these
compounds is not 106
Converted in to ammonium sulphale

‫را دارای‬
um sulphate which is ess of alkali to liberale
70 ON=

14 xvolume of acid (mil)

Xnomality of acid wt of organic compound
W
*100
Note: This method can be used to Estimate nitrogen in all types of organic
ient Bild Moe c
 We paderbod Tizes and you ID carmall med
A
yupI-
de 17e, quinok at
not guarantee
Η CHAPTER

Chemistry Handbook
DISTINCTION BETWEEN PAIRS OF
COMPOUNDS
Alde!
UNSATURATION TEST
DISTINCTION BETWEEN 14,2" AND 39 AL

R-C-H+36
R
Lucas Room NPRIN

Aldeh
(a) Double Triple bonded Compounds (C = CVC=C)+ Br, in CCI, (Brown colour) -
Colourless compound
Br Br R-CH=CH-R + Br. R-CH-CH-R
Айните) (Brown)
(Coloneless)
!
R Cloudiness appears
inmediately

Tertiary alcohol
R-C-H
R

R
R-CH-OHSecondary alcohol
LUM toom tema

HC
Br Br R-C=C-R+ Brod, R-¢-C-R
(Akyne) (Brown)
Br Br
 (Colourless (b) Double/Triple bonded Compounds +

Baeyer's reagent (Pink colour) — Brown precipitate

→ R-CH-CI Cloudiness appeare within five minutes

нс
R-CH. -OH
→ R-CH-CI Primary alcohol
Claudiness appears

after 30 minute Lucas reagent is anhydrous ZnCl. + conc.

HC.
ОН H,C- CH-R type of alcohols give iodoform fest
• R-CH-CH-R + KM10,
Alkenel Cold, dilute!"

R-CH-CH-R + Mno,
ОН он Brown ppa Colourley

Arome Aroma test

.
-R-C-C-R' +KMno. Mno. +RCOOH+R'COOH
(Hot, dilute) Brown Dpt.
• R-C-C-H+KMnO, MnO, +RCOOH+CO+H,0
Alkyne (Hot, dibute) Brown ppt. (Colourless) Baeyer's reagent is cold, dilute KMnO,
solution having pink colour Note : The above test are not given by Benzene. Although it
has unsaturation.
Ag
H
T op tent* CHI + RCOONa
lodoform
Yellow ppt)

PHENOL Phenol + ferric chloride - Violet colouration

neutral)
Silvei TITO
Carbon RCOO
TEST FOR TERMINAL ALKYNE
Terminal alkyne Ammondcal silver Ammonial cuprous
altro te

chlarida

6 -OH + Fec, 3H + [Fe(OCH+ 3HC

Violet colouration CARBONYL GROUP Carbonyl compound +2.4 Dinitrophenylhydrate Yellow
orange crystal (Brady's reagent)

NO, to EN-NHA -NO-C-N-NH

White ppt
Red ppt.
HCOO Fomo a

NH, NO, +H,O+R-C-C-Ag +

AgNO, + NHOH White ppt?

R-C.CH
Terminal alkona NHẠC +H2O+R-CC-Cu, CuCl + NH4OH

Red ppt. NATURE OF X-GROUP IN C-X BOND

Primary a
- All aldehydes and only aliphatic methy
+ NaHSO, White crystalline bisulphite.
ОН
y aliphatic methyl ketones

Amines (1
Primar

Rmc
C = 0 + NaHSOR
-C-so Na
R-X + aqueous KOH-
R-OH+Kx-kom
O AgX
Aldehyda

Secon
Precipitate If X is Cl. precipitate will be white and for Br
yellow

Homo
precipitate will be obtained.
ОН -C-SON
HCC = 0 + NaHSOR
Tertiar reactic
Methyl ketone
108
Note: Bent
Chemistry HandBook
ALDEHYDE GROUP

VDS
Chloroethane and chlorobenzene

· CH-Cl+aq. KOHBCH-OH-KCIA CH
While ppt
Tollen's reagent-
Silver mirror
Akehude + Tolla

COHOLS
+2AgNHJJRCOO +2H.0+4NH,+2Ag!
silver nino Lade+Fehling's solution → Reddish
brown precipitate
-CI + ag, KOH
Bali

No reaction
HINO.

CH+2O +5OH+RCOO+3H2O+CuO
(Reddish brown ppt)

Chlorocyclohexane and chlorobenzene

-ataq KOH -OH+Kalam ASCI
Cl + aq: KOHR
Whitepp

H.C-C-group also give iodoform test

7-Cl + aq, KOHO

No reaction
CI Ppears minutes
HAO
HC-CR+I+NaOH
CHI, + RCOONa lodoform
(Yellow ppt)
ci Sars ute
HCI

Chloroethane and bromoethane

C.
Ha + aq. KOH-CH2-OH+KCIA CI
White ppl. (Chlorothee! . CH-Br + aq. KOH-CH-OH+KBr AgBr
Yellow ppt (Bromethanel

form test.
AROMATIC ALDEHYDE GROUP Aromatic aldehyde + Tollen's reagent - Silver mirror
Aromatic aldehyde + Fehling's solution - Negative est
Rhines solation CHO Negative test
Ag + Ag+ coo Silver MUITOI

Benzyl chlorlde and chlorobenzene

COONa COONa
A
Tolland
CI
OH

OH + en KOHO
-CHIRO
-CH+KCI
CH, + aq. KOH Benzyl chlorida)

Agclé UNO
HNO ANG

White ppt
CARBOXYLIC GROUP yuration
Carboxylic acid + Sodium bicarbonate effervescence

RCOOH + NaHCO ->RCOONa + H2O + CO. + 3HC

FORMIC ACID
lion

Folkek
,HO+CO,
Red ppt

. -Cl + aq. KOHd No reaction

Chlorobene Ethyl chloride and elnyl chloride

CH-Cl+aq.KOH CH-OH+KCI (Ethyl chloride

Agim
W !!

• H_C-CH-Cl+aq.KOH No reaction
Vinyl chloride
udrazine -
HCOOH
Telenor sent. 2A + 20% + H.O Formic acid
Silver MiTor NO

AMINES (1)
Caruյնգոլոր

Isonitrile Primary amine + KOH + CHCI --Fame

rodienalve snelly ones

mines (1o, 2o & 3) (Hinsberg's test)

Primary amine + Benzenesulphonyl chloride
> Precipitate_XO soluble Secondary amine + Benzenesulphonyl
chlorid
→ Precipitate koh insoluble O Na
Tertiary amine + Benzenesulphonyl chloride - No
Na
n-Propyl alcohol and iso-propyl alcohol - CH
CH.CH,OH+HC20CH,CH,CH,
 No cloudiness at room temp. OH H.C - CH - CH + H C - CH - CH,
Cloudiness within 5 minutes
reaction

He: Berwenesulphonyl chloride is called Hinsberg's reagent

-
109
Chemistry HandBook
CHAPTER

ALLEY
Fehlingen

Ethang

Prommal and propanone (Tollen's and Fehlino o Propanal + Tollen's reagent = >
Silver
CE

Ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol/lodoform test) . CH.CH OH + 41, + 6NaOH CHI +
HCOONa
Yellow ppt

• CH OH + 41, + GNaOH → No yellow ppt. Ethyl alcohol and acetone

(2, 4 - DNP)
HC
Met

· HS 10+)- NH
HC-CH2-CH+3OH +2[Ag(NH. - CH,CH,COO +2H0+4NH,+2Ag
(Silver mirror) Propanal + Fehlings solution Reddish
brown prepare

No:
Acetop
Acetone

2. 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine

ON C-N-NH -NO,
Vellow orange crystals)
2.4-DNP CHOH —
No reaction

HCC = N - NH.
|
HC-CH-CH + 2Cu + OHCH CHCCO + 3H + CI 01
Pieds Souppt Filincs
Negative test Propanone

Tchantcatemi
Negative test
Phenol and ethul alcohol (Neutral FeCl)
• Phenol + Neutral fernic chloride Violet colouration
Pentan-2-one and pentan-3-one (iodoform test)
6 > OH + Fea, 3H* + [Fe(OC,H) + 3HCI
Violet colouration . CH.CH OH + Neutral fernc chloride No violet

colouration Benzoic acid and phenol (NaHCO2

Benzoic acid + Sodium bicarbonate effervescence CHCOOH + NaHCO, CHCOONa+C0,1 +HO
Phenol + Sodium bicarbonate → No effervescence

Phenol bus acidic than benzoic acid) Propanone and

propanol (2, 4 - DNP)
. H.C-CH-CH, -C- CH + 1+ NaOH dormi
Pantan-2-one) CHI, + CHCHCHCOONa+ Toloni Yellow ppt!
Benzoic
• Сн, -H.C-CH-C-CH - CH, +1 + NaOH No yelo ppt
Pendan-3-on .

EMI Propanal and benzaldehyde

(Fehling solution.
Hopanal + Fehling's solution Reddish brownpreciate Benzalde

H.C.

HefoBN-NH
-10,
Benza
2. 4-DNP 2. 4-DNP
H.C-CH-C-H+2Cu +50H-CH.CH.COO +3H.0000
Fehling's

Solution Benzaldehyde + Fehling's solution - No precio

od
H.C

Yellow orange crystals

>>-CHO +2Cu? + 50
No reaction
Propand +2,4-Dinitrophenyihydrazine -->Nocrystals
Acelor

Ethanal and propanal (Iodoform test)

Methanoic acid and ethanoic acid (Tollen's & Fehling solution)
Rindutan H + CO. + H COOH Methanolc acid Tolent on

Methul ar
•CH,NH
HC-C-H+ T. + NaOH
Ethara!

= CHI + HCOONa
ladolorm Yellow ppt)

H.0+ Co, + 2AV.CO + HO

Methylan
+ HỌC - CH, --- H+ + NaOH den led,
Propanal
Folia

• Ethanoic acid
+ No brown pp!
Toins roumont

H.C NE Dimethy
No silver

110
No silver mim
CHAPTER

Chemistry HandBook

HLAPALEN
Aniline and ethylamine (Diazotisation)
reagent mirror

and methanol (lodoform test) NH CHO+I,+NaOH du l®+CHI,+HCOON,

Ethan
lodoform Yellow ppi.)

O
ns Oxia thoni
Aniline
u
doamn

CHO+1+NaOH dem No yellow ppt.

-N - N
-OH
Methana
-N = N
Orange dye p-hydroxy agobername

–
recipitate-stophenone and benzophenone (lodoform test)

OH
SCHOH
= CH.CH.NH.
CH.CH.OH

No Orange dye Finlamina Aniline and

N-methylantline (Isocyanide test)
• ANH, CHC1, +3KOH= CNC+3KC-31,0
(Acetophenane)

e-CH, +1, + NaOH admin CHI, COONa+

la c
Antint
and
Offensive und
test)

-
-NH-CH, + CHCI, + 3KOH
No offensive smell
at)
N Methylanine

-C=
>+1 +NaOH
do tet, No ppt.
Benzophenone)
Aniline and Benzylamine (Diazotisation + phenol)

.
.. Ora Croft
-NEN
Aniline
Orange dye

-CH, - NH, NÓNG, H,

Benzoic acid and ethylbenzoate
CH COOH+NaHCO, CHCOONa+CO,1+H,0
effervescence allow ppt
Ethylber mate + Sodium bicarbonate Noeffervescence
fon) precipitateBenzaldehude and acetophenone (Tollen's test)

Benzaldehyde + Tollen's reagent - Silver mirror HO+Cud

K -CHO+3OH +21Ag(NH)
(Tollen's reagent) K -COO- +2H,O+4NH, +2Ag = action

Acetophenone + Tollen's reagent— ► Nosilver mirror

CH, OH -OH
Benzylamine
No orange dye + Glucose and fructose
Glucose + Br, + HO Gluconic acid + 2HBr
(Broum colour
(Colourless) Fructose + Br, +H,O > Brown colour
(Brown colour)
(no change in colour)
recipitate

Glucose and sucrose

Glucose + Tollen's reagent Sucrose + Tollen's reagent -

> Silver mirror → No silver mirror

Methylamine and dimethylamine (Isocyanide test)

+ Cuo + H.O
• CHÚNH,+ CHCl + 3KOH +CHNC + 3KCl + 3H,O. Mehylamina
(alc) Methylisocyanide
Olienske small
Glucose and starch
Glucose + Fehling's solution - Red ppt. Starch + Fehling's solution = No red ppt.
OR Glucose + 1 solution - No blue colour Starch + 1 solution - Blue colour
No offensive smell
MOT

*H,C-NH+CHCI.+3KOH (alc.)
Di-methyl amine
111
HAPTER

ALLE
Chemistry HandBook
- 6 HYDROCARBON - ALKANE
Clamt H
Reduction

PREPARATION
CHBCH H/P1 NH PHI Raney NV/250
C
2 00°C Sahir Sandutens Reduction
TNHH EIU Nu CH CER Un bon

LTI4Lil HC
B
CH CH,
NaOH-CO/A
Sodalmel
C-OH Decarboxylation
NCH

Kolbes electrolysis H,C-C-ONE

R

BR (19&2») —
LAIH
CH, | CH CH,

R-CH-CH *CH CH, CH,

HECH
Br-R (2 & 3) - NaBH,

HiRed
 P Hi/Red P H/Red
P
R-X
HI/Red P

R' Zn_
Frankdandection

HC o--
2CH.-Br
2N/Dry etha
Wurtz reaction INoted for en Alia

R.Cult R-X R12

HO Н,0 4 AYOH).

—ALC
Corey house Good for both smunt, m.alian

REACTION

SO,CI, FRSR) CH-CH-a

F.>
>Br-1]+hu
CH=CHHOO SO
CH-CH-a
C (FRSR)
Pyrolysis (FRSR) CH, CH. CH.
hv
773K
H -CHMATION TIL
O-H HC-CH=C Indicat
bihin ended
CHCH. Br Br. (FRSR)
573/ 0
CH-CH2-O
we

Cu tube

CH, H. R CH, CH, CH, CH, CH

T/hv (FRSION
CH,CH:
MoQ/O,
LAS
0-H H.C=CH-C (Nosaan

CH, CHO
HOJHNO,
H
OH

R-NO
HNO, (FRSR) H/SO/400 C
(CH,COOL_M/O.CH-COOH
HC-CH-CHE

H.C-&
da se
Cr,0,/ALLXCH
CH,
HSO, + SO R-SOH
Incomplete (FRSR)
H.O Combustion
3122: ), Aromatization :
CT-0 Al-0.
00.-H.0
Oxidation at 3 H 1773K FRSRU
Isomerization

HC-C-HKMM HC
Anhy. AICI: 773K. 10-20 am
НСТ Reactivity of alkane towards free radical
halogenation is or stability of free radical
Knocking tendency is in the order CH-CH,
SCH,=CH-CH>(CH).CH
Olefin > cucloalkane > aromatis * >
CH-CH-CH=CH-CHÍCH,
Boling point decrease with increase in number
Reactivity of halogen towards free radical substitution
F, > C1, > Br., >1,
CH-CH-CH-CH-CH=CH-CH-CH2-CH2C
Knocking tendency of petroleum as fuel decrease with increase in side chain. Straight chain >
Branched chain
CH,
normal 114
Iso

CH,
смяна начальник на гинекоитонга

sidechair
numbe

/p>CHEL-CH
ALLEN
CHAPTER

Chemistry Handbook
HYDROCARBON - ALKENE
R-CH-CH,

PREPARATION
H SOY OF HIPOVA O ALOVA
HUPAC.co
Ala KOH
Ics Alkenal

HỌC-CEC-CH,
R-CHF-CH Ke Satel
Ba La BHYT Back Reducten
rah Alkene

Rå EH
2n du

HC-CEC-CH,
CH2=CH, CH, CH CHI
R-CH=CH R-CH-CHER

R-CH=
2 din
For High Akun
Parol

R-2-o-CH=CH
Kollaletra
Elimination Reaction

(CH, CH),NOH
C HHHCH
HC-CH-CHSCH
HC-CHCHCH
Dlare substituted alkene is major product

Saytzeff Rule
Less substituted alkent is major product
Hoffman Rule

CH-CH-CH Hoo só h
Cold Conc
HSO, (EAR
REACTIONS
LEH-O-01
(LAR)

+H.C-OH-CH-a
HEX HEL HCLR
(EADO
GONO,
SO Bayan Red

но
он
H
-CH=H.
Ho (EAR)
HO-CH-CH, MR
O-H HC-CH=CH, L ubbock
go
O-H HG-CH-CH, Loremon 1
1 10
siliELD,
H,C-CH-CH H-H CHI
Laxdal
+ HC-CH-CH
HOH the
decor
НОЕ Mah. (LAR)

(EAR
(EARIO

HC-'CH,
H
OHHO (CH-CH=CH

HC-E-H+H2-HT MO HC-OH+CO. LAH.C-CH OH+HC-CH +CH COOH+00

HC-CH-CH
(CH-CH-CHIB, UL THE
CH, CH,
CH, CH=CH, R-CH=CH,
(EAR)
Der HC-CH-CH,
Hech
MOS
-H
-CH-CH

O-H H.C-CH-CH,

foto
+00,-HO +CH-CH=CH,
om

MC (FRSR)
Air
al
MINI
Br

HC-&-94
co-Et-et-
NES
(FESAT) Hloh lemp. / Pressure
Club Brno Ar Murlon

- сна=CH, +91-CHE
HC-CH-CH, -
C-ND 2410

HAC-CH-CH2-04
CH CH CH B

<
>
hain

(Moroni's Be HBA B A Merlonikai

Pemuda Role of EAR R COR > ROCHR> RCH-CHER--CH-CH:CH-CH

•
Order of reactivity of olefins for hydrogenation CH=CH, > R-CH=CH,
(Reverse of stability) Order of reactivity of alkene towards hydration
CH-C - CH, >CH, CH = CH, > CH = CH,
ен,
-
115
Chemistry Handbook
ALLEY
CHATTER

HYDROCARBON - ALKYNE
Preparation
HO
_CaC2
Br Br Al. KOH CH-CH, (i) NaNH,
Br
O Alc. KON HỌC-CH 0)
B(i) NaNH, Br Br
Zn dust B-6-6-B
Electric arc/1200 GA.LT Berthelots process

Elimination
H-CEC-H R-CEC-H R-CECER
Kolbe's electrolysis

CH-COOK CH-COOK
Alc. KOH

NaNH or NaH-CEC-R
H,C=CH-CH Alc. KOH
NANH

(II) R-X

2CHL
бAg

& 8+ OCH,Mg! () R-X

H-CECER
B-OLL-H+HX-R-C=C
H-X

açador
R-C-C-H

Reaction
Baeyer's roagent (Test of unsaturation)
(EAR)
Maracutiorul
Hall H.30.
-CH=R-CH=CH.

+ R-G-OH
(EAR) HO
oxidation

R-CH-O-
H
BH THE

R-CH=C-
KMnO/H"

LOOT
R-C-OH
(EAR)
Bir Br R-C-CH

Combustion
204,/ca. (Test of unsaturation
(EAR)

Br Br
(n-10
+00+H0+
H-C=C-HN R-CEC-H R-CEC-R/
20
W
OH
Hoa

H.CO-CHC, HOCH,C-C=CH-C (LAR)

Nua NH. [lor total Alkyne)

→ R-CEN
R-CH-CHI,
NANH
CHINI
Pd/ (Reduction)

R-CEON
IOS
DDOCOUNT GLANCHI

ch) R-CH=CH-R
HP:
Gico, Pazt a

Aral ANO
Amo Cuci (for larminal Alkyne)

R-CECA
White ppt) R-CEO
Rad pril
H-CEC-H
a, MG HHH-TEC- H
ни
Манн, Barch reduction (Partial Reduction

tiram R-CH=CH-R +
H
(ler lerminal Alkyne)
ral Alky) +R-SCMBT-RH
Chlore
CHAPTER

Chemistry HandBook

HYDROCARBON - BENZENE
PREPARATION
Nooh-00- decarboxylation
Red
CH
GUCH OH or PO,
BENZENE
H:HOVE
NH

REACTIONS
Electrophilic Substitution Reactions

XVIII
Autumn loni
CH-CD GT Rale

Nitrition
NOS HNO, + H2SO.
Reduction
H
So.
HSD
Birch Reduction

ADMISI
or H 30.-30.
Bale Tridal cralt ll CH2

CLUV.
LHC+0.
Abywion
ara
CH
+A10.

CHI -- CH,
ICH t-0) CHQ-CHACH,
No reactions
Fridal croll
Mayon
COOH

Cartelle |

co
0, Zy11,0
CHO 3 CHO Ozonolysis

ko
AC

kolla
4504C
Ala,

Salomon Rack whes Tale Syvde Wakemana

HGN.HCI

0.V.O. 250-C
H,0
Po dut

600 + 3H,0
001, Aud AG
CHAPTER

Chemistry Handbook
HALOALKANE
NoBruHSO.
PCL.

HC-CH, OH H,C-CH-OH
HI

POL
TV DIY S6

HP04 NES
Ca. a viy
H.C-CH=CH.
lalylic abitubon

HC-CH-OH 3 H.C-CH-OH 3 H.C-CH-OH H,C-CH2-OH H.C-CH,

OH
CH-CH
PREPARATION

Red P+B
Soal: CH. --
X
CH, CH,-X SOCl2 AR-X

(X-FCI, Br. 1)

Preparation Preparation
HB

CH=CH,
Nol Aggtone

H.C-CHC Finkelstein Reaction)

cal
H_C-COAG alunder Realison
H,C-CH-OH
Aof a Ho.F.

HC-CH-CH
Hazra. Lues Regen
| |-ITT-BT11
HBE
TEBR

cel,
H.C-CH-CH
H.C-CH-CH,
Peroxide

z--
Hã
BT/BOOK

CH CHCC.

HỌC-CH=CH,
H.C-CH-CH:
CH-CH=CH,
NBS cal
Br/ca, H.C-CH-CH-Br
Br

0-2
Nucleophilic abstitution
S_1 3251 S 2 - 152-3

CH,-X CH, CH,

Reactivity odal
R-TR BrR-OR-FI Amb de Nuckel E-N
R-X
INITIE

(X=FCI, Br, D

8
With | PH cho H

H
-CH-
, 4 ha
Dkho
+H;0-CH-OH A KOH MATAD

Rare
SOHC-CH >
DOCE

REACTIONS
LEH + H2=CH- =
H,
CHI HC-
achch Corey
1.C-C-N 0 HC-CH, CC-H4 Hat BN:
HC-TH H - LAI TU am
0,70H Orno IX

.
AN =
H.C-CHANEL
YETLO

CH HIEU
-R10/14-0, HC-CH-D
H_C=CH.
ALL NCH
.

MONO , H,C-
Ho-H-S1 + Mall
HC-01N

MO
CH, O-cẠI, CHỊ CHỐNG
He-01-S-CH,
|T
CHI, H

ALS
H 1
.
mas
-
M
an RUDOCH
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Ma Paling point: R->R-BrR-CR-F16) Density: D-CH-CK (1) pole
moment CH -C1-CH-FXCH-B>CHAL 12 Bord enthalphs.CH-F-CH.C H, BCH

15) Solubility - slightly sold

120 -
Wick-CHECH!!
: Լր եւ Ա ա
Chemistry HandBook

TRI-HALO ALKANE
HUDOTYKA
il

OH CH-C-R or H_C-CH-H
(Haloların test)

HC-C-CH,
Preparation

a.c-e-H
a, N:OH
0. or Noci
O=C +HCI Light
CI Csod.
HNO,
→ CI,C-NO, who

Chloroplei) bror 45 NOOH CHCI,

+ HOEC-H HCÒN Chloroform
OHO ЕЛІСІ
NOH
OH
Remer Tenn
llon 301./h

CLINIC
+ CH. NEC (Test of Primary amine)

Reaction

cc.
For
CH,
HALO-ARENE Cand HNO + Canc HS.
(ESR)
C/FeCl, (ESR)
HE
СНО ACT,
PHI. Na 11,0
(ESA)
Fit Resson
CH.E

60
2000. 6. 2010
NIVEO
Wur-Fit Recto
AIC,
(ESRT

A
-F1 6-N
họ NH

NH,
ASN
da=0
ECI, LTD GH H 3
(ESR
FOH
chloro diptum
trichloroethed
11 NC), 620K 200 am
InH
CEN
NAI
N-OH Conc. H SO

or
moon
(NSH)
NET
warm

(ESR)
NO,

-0-NO
SO.H
B) Bong Doll
ICT Maltis point
(A
Reactivity toward Nudloophile
HOCH,

$8.00
.
No.
NO
NO,

0-80d 888 -89.8.&

BHCHT

121
CHAPTER

Chemistry HandBook
ENER
A
LLY
GRIGNARD REAGENT
REACTION
GRIGNARD REAGENT as Nucleophile

R-E-O-H
R-C-OE: Maxinexcess/H0+

R-C-R
но
0

(19 R-CH=-H
H-C-H Ho
REC-a
leg, mox

R-C-R
OH
O-H

(2) R-CH-CH,
HC-c-H
HO
REC=0 NaX in excess/H 0

+ R-CER
0-0-02
0-H
R-C-R
R-C-R HO:
RECEN HD
R-C-R
OH
H=C=OE:

H-C-R
R-CH-CH
lea
HO

RMgBr
OSBE
OH

R-CH-R –
=
H-C
R
H-C-0 FM Acce

R-CH=CH, HMax ин он

R-CH-CHER
R-C-R
R-O-H
HO
O-H R-CAR
R-e-01
Teq. u 0
C-OE:
OE: HO

0-H
d-c-CH KMTRESS/H30
+ R-C-R
R

Ra
d=(-d
R-C

obce
C-CEN

+ R-CEN+Msa
decea
R-C-R

CINH.

+R-NH, 4MG
GRIGNARD REAGENT as BASE (Active H-containing compound)
MGOHBr + RH
H-O-H
H-N-R
| |-
-
R-H
MORBr + R-H+
R-O-H
HEN-R

D-O-D
NR
Mg(OD Br +R-D

(RMgBr
R-H+Mg.
HAB BC
PHACO

D M9Br +R-H
R-CEC-H
R-
HR-ceCMOB
MINH.Be+R-H
H=H.

e
.Rufus
L
Chemistry HandBook
ALLENDE
ALCOHOL
DI HSO
EAR)
Pd+H of LAH/N.BH

H0
CH, BCH
CH-CHO.

GMP
HoloadHO
NOBHL

Pd+H, or LLAIH./NIBH,
H0

CH-CACH
CH=CH,
LAH./NBH.
CH

CH=CH,
BH IHF HO/NOH

CH, OH CH, CH-OH CH, CH2=CH-CH CH,-CH-CH

OH R-OH

HOS AE NAR)
Reduction
LAH, S AE NARCH-C-OH

CH-CHO
HO

RMX (NAR) N HO
Ingrid Zymas
LAH

HO SAE NARCH,-G-OCH.
CH 0,+H0
WOTOSU

H
(CHẠC CH=CH, HONOHACH- (CH..C_CHECHBHUTHF
НОН

CH, dl. H.SO_ CH-C-CH-CH,

ОН Сң,
CH, HOA), HO, CHC-CH-CH
NaBH,

CH,OH
CH=CH,
Reagent
MH
1н, -нно

104-04, chiedo HC-@#*

-C-H HC

CCPDCA
CHECH,
HO

Grignard
w
ISNI
H=CH-CH,

Grignard Reagent CH,MgBr

OH

+ CH-CH=CH-OH
 OH + CH-CH-CH-CH,
CH-CH,
Phy
2 H.C-C-CH
(NSRO

0
K Cro MOH pneu Reaga

CH-CH=CH-CH
HONAR)
H.0"

Sucea borche et de
pe mah. MB, la nars
ОН

Eu 500°C
CH, CH INARI CH, CH

CH,
ОН RCH-CCHCHC CHE
SAE
CH-C-o (SAE)
O/60°C
+2CH,OH -2/H,0
ОН 1-C- CH CH MBT CH=C-CH;
NAR CH. MBr

Lucas Reag HCVZCLA

H=C
OEL

CH
(AR)
LH-CO-H,C-C-
H LCH-B. AK CH-OH
SAE
Evo Mg dryi

COM
H.C=CH-CH,

OH
HO
NAR)

Callblad of alcohol Increase with increase in branching n <iso <neo (Isomeric)

Relative order of reactivity AX 1° 2° > 3° (0-H bond fission) () 3 > 2° > 1° (C-O
bond fission) (iii) 3° > 2 > 1° (Dehydra
(Dehydration)
CHAPTER

Chemistry Handbook
ALCOHOL
PC.
(NSR) Na
poa,+CH-CH.-G
CH CH-ONa+
rouldtion
Acid baco

CH MgBrCH+CH.CH OB]
HPO 43CH, CH-C14

PB:
(SAB CH OOH.CH--0-H:-H.
HPO,+30H - CH.-B
Conc. H.SO.

Reduction
H0450,-CH-CH. a. soa: ô SO,+CH, CH, G, SOC
HO-H2-HD
Aline CH-CH2
HTC
KVH PO
NETH)
CH-CLD SAD
40 CH=CH,
HC/Znaci
- CH CHẤT Lucas Reset
HB: Ör CHH-Br NaBr + H SO, BR-O-HA
NH ,CH, CH, NHỮ ALO, ALO.
LH THI 620 K Ellerination
 Na == CH -0-CH-CH CH, CHI 11.

H
5 / 140 C
-CH=CH-0 CH
CH-CH,
CH=CH
Conc. HSO.
170C
CHCHHSO,
HSO 100°C

DEHYDROGENATIONS
OH H.C-CH-CH:CH, H,C-CH-CH-CH,
2 Alcohol 1° Alcohol
CH HCC-OH
CH Aloha!
leagent

No reaction

CCPDC Anhy. Cro,

H,C-CH-CH2-C-H
H.C-CH-C-CH
OH
No reaction
K_C1 0./H MO/HOH/A anes Recent

H.C-CH-CH-0-OH
HCC OH+CH,C-OH
-CH,

CH, HC-C=CH,

CH, CHC-CH,
w500°C
1500"C
H.C-CH-CH=C-H
Immediately
Lucas Reagent HCIZNCL
within five min. Coudiness appear upon heating after 30 mins.
VICTOR MAYER'S TEST
-C-CH,

CH
H-CH TH

H.C-¢-1
HC-CH=CH-I:
PL,

CH, CH-CH-CH
CH, HC-CH=CH-NO,

(CH.).C-NO
CH-CH, CH,-NO, HC-CH-C-NO,
H.C-CH-C-NO,
No reaction - Colourless
INO,
ration)
ERE

Blue colour No reaction

Nitrolic acid Red Color
ALLE
CHAPTER

Chemistry HandBook
Reactions
GMP
ETHER
| C,
H SO, 1000

H,C-CH-o-da-CH,
W
2C HOH amcn corinuous cheticason!

(NSR) IS 21

The Cool
HCI
CH-CHH

CHAD -
HC-CH-ON meron synthesis (SR-X - Allume
(NSR) IS, 21

HC-CH-O-CH-CH, HC-CH-O-CH,
R-O-R
Hi/cold
HHBr-HO CH, CHI + CH, CH, OH
Zisel Method
BEA

2CH)

Dry A3,0
[NSHI
2CH]
EN EF
HVS
NOS

CH, CHI - CH=CH

CHCH, OCH

PHENOL
GMP
SO.Na
NaOH

H.C-C-H
(1) H
000. (ii) H /
HO THICH CUCH)

HO

16-2
MgBr
O/Air Oxidation
НО Industrial method
0./60°C/A H,O/H
PHENOL
COOH
OH
NH+CHUA

TO V205 300°C
HOS
OCH,
OCH,
Olof win
A
Er in CHODOH
O
CHCO,
S

discos. O
Promination

O
COCH
Frede
r
eaction
Aloha dren
cenic. HSO. con HNO
Inkrat
WEDGE
-
Chemistry HandBook
PHENOL
Fions

Reactions
Q-CH
Hc-c-a

5-
C-CH,
1200 Barengen
ОНІ
NH,
Zogu
Tia
H, OH
PHENOL

3HCI+ [Ph 01 Fept

Voltoon No clfervence
Neutral N-HCM

PO
Ph-0),PO Word
GCH=
Precea

O-N
NOH
--Th.
huu

VE
Schatten Baumann Reaction
Cem KOHSO.

Door
24,6 Trophenol
NO.
H SO
NEO
Green

por com a use pero

Con H.So
1000

50
1250
NOH
Kalbi Soudt Hention

OH
SO H

2000
ET E e como
mon moon
CH-
Hitter NOH
Bakal polyke
CH OH
NAOH

Onta anaZNaa 01 and noilova!

REACTION DUE TO BENZENE RING
V
HR
Taman Rektion
NINCT
CHEL Noh
OH
Agrond Concha
ZUH,00 GHẾ
Grea Rekton

но
е
Image
CO NO.
1250

oid integree

hinein NOH - Pink deration

Org-o mere
OH O
Nero,
H, 90,

consent
CO ΑΝΟΗ
1250A
"OH PLOH

them to be
PHOHACO РОС,
Phenyl salicylate

—
127
Chemistry HandBook
CHAPI

B
ALLY
Comparision
of S,1 and 8,2
Comparision
of E, and E.
12

210 orde k[RXBT And-periparar

Better
REACIONS
SNI
S2
REACTIONS
El A Kinetics 1
order | NET
A Kinetics
1 order

Bi B
KRX KRX Rate
Rate KRIN:)

Stereochanistry No special
C|Stereochemistry Racerisation | Ігмеsian
geometry
Substrate 3° > 2°>>>1° 3° >2 1 D Substate 3>
2°>1>Mex Mex >1>2>3
(reactivity)

Base Strength Rate

Needs Strong
Independent E Nudeophile
Rate Independent Neels Strong Ni
baizes

Solvent Good ionizing Polarity na Savat

Goodionizing Faster in aprotic
Import Leaving Group Neads Good LG

Needs
God TG Lerving Group Need Good LG Neats Good LG
LG Rearrangement Possible

Not
Possible H Rearrangement possible No Posable Summary of
S1, S2, E, and E, Reactions Order of reactivity of
Rok: Mechanism
Soluant

Alkyl Halide towards Nu/B

Sul Benzylic>Allylic>3'>2>1" Sw2

OH.CH;8
Low

SI Stability of carbocation Strong &

buky base
Polar aproic

$ 2.1" > 2° > 3 (CH3), co

High HOCH,8
Low
Sterit hindrance E2

(CH2), có
High
Reactioity order towards SD
Solvent
Low) Polar apronc
S, I or S 2 and E, or E, Solvent
High
R-> R-Br > R-Cl > R-F SNI
Solvent
Low

With increase in number of strong E1

Solvent
Protic

electron withrawing group at on High

and para position, reactivity towards aromatic nucleophile
substitution increases.

$2+F9 Storg nacleohle $_2 >>E2

If week base,

S 2 word) Weak nucleophil wok bese

Mostly S2 Mostly S2/S 1 Weak mudophile strong ba Mostly E2
Mostly E2

*
S. 2 - Sierit ni

Polar aprotic
(E1)
Protic
T
Primery (1)
| Secondary (2)
Tatimy (3)

E2
TOGGLE.CHANDIGAR
Mexily Slat low T masty El at high i

128
CHAFTEN

Chemistry HandBook
Preparation of Aldehyde & Ketone both
R-OH-KCIOVH SO.

39. KOHRCH.CHCI,
(1929)

HSO,
R-OH -_PCC
RC=CH
(1°,29)
order JB

BH THE
RCHO RCOR
ROACH
300°C

Н,ОЛОН
(1927
ripamar
HIO,

2(RCOO),Ca
2 >19 Strong

R-CH-CH-R
ОН ОН R-CH=CH-R
bes

Mno
300-C

2RCOOH
ity not

HOYZn
pot
Good

Possible

Preparation of Aldehyde only

DIBAL-H
(CH.00.0/00. Ar-CH,
H,078

RCN
H.O
cod Ar-CH, HO (Etard reduction)
DIBAL-HE

H.O

RCOOR
athy
Ar-CH
RCHO ArCHO
HO
co+HA_ O
-H l . RCOC
Baso, Roser und Reduction)
Snaha RCN - (Stephen's Reduction) (u) H.O
aniwyd AICI, (Gattoman Koch aldehyde synthesis)
HN-HC anhyd Alch, Getterman aldehyde synthesisi

irds E,
R-F f strong i at ortho:

Preparation of Ketone only

2
Red
RCOCI
ity of x
ophilic:

RCN —
RCN
RMX НО
RCOR AFCOR
R COC annyd. AICI,

R.COCO
CHAPTEN

Chemistry HandBook
Reaction of Aldehyde & ketone
ОН
HCN HCN . (NAR)
- HOEVOH

CON
MATH

CH-OH
LIAH
of NBH OT N+CH OH
анрун

ОН COOH OH
LAH,
woll kishter
NH,

HCHO
H.NL
CH
reduction
reduction
NHÉ,

+
MOHA
OH/A

Ry=0
H
SO Na Elulphite compound while crystalline
2n-Ha Ha
 Ckmensions rediebon
/

Ric=0
ROHA

*
VUA ROH/H. VOR
OR
OR Hentaceta
Hotel

OR
RPA

2--H.R.-OH-NH, -N-O-NHCONHENZHEN Z -NH-O-NO

HOHN.
OH

H‫ﻣﮫ ﺳﺎل ﺳﮯ‬

Acetylinit alcohol
PC or sod
RMAX

(0H

PR
Alechai
Reaction of only Ketone
CHO
Chloreload

CH, CHILE
CH. CH,
Mg-Hg

RO
101CH.COOH+HCOOH.CO.UH,0
Aldot Reaction (Aldehyde or ketone walth H (0) 2CH,CHO
Aquadil NOH

TH=CH-CH-CH,-CHO HACH-CH=CH-CHO
LH
Alde condensation product) AHA
CH, dil Moh

CH, tin 2CHCOCH, U Thôn

PCH-C-CH,COCH, LH CH, C=CH-COCH,
ОН
(Aldol condensation produce Kate!

FREE
Cannizzard reaction (Aldehyde with no H) 2HCHO con NaOH, CH,OH-HCOONa
= TESTS
WWDGGER4100

Tollen's test BCHOWALNHI+3 "OHRCO0+ 2Ag + 2H.0 + 4NH. RCHO20

Fehling's test Given by Aliphatic and
aromatic aldehyde)
Given by Aliphatic aklahyde) (Red-Brown PP

→ RCOO + 04.0+ 3H.

| TIL EN
130
CHAPILA

Chemistry HandBook
CARBOXYLIC ACID
HO

HoH
C--a.
те ги

HyC-CH-OH_RC1,021
KMio и Е,

Preparation
11.0

H,C-CEN 1 CH,CH, Q. 10,41,50,

MOSH,C--o-&-c ANH – CH,
H.C-C-OH
-
ОН

H.C-CH-C-OH
0

NO{ ce N»+E Hc--CH,

ILO

HC-C-NH -
1
CHI,

[Halolommtes
HO"

O=C=0/H0

H.C-C-0.
HOW
H.C-C-OENOH
- CH.MgBr
or NAOH

Reactions
KHE
NILA

H0+00,+RCOONa+

| NHA – HỌC-C-NH, P2, HC-CEN

> HC-&-orik, Arc--N
H,C-C-og- H.C-B:
NaHCO,
Ag. O
AR

CH, NO HC-C-on: N/NAOH HC-Cha Ketena H_C-E-ON

SPOTIFY H.C-G-C1,414c--qc coco, con HC-801,
10/2006
H,C-CH=C-OH Rote
tieteticasonal H_C--o-ch CH,OH
Ch.-OH>E:OH_PFOHBUCH
| P08
, -HC-CH,
pa pa,

UN SOC.
HC-80
H-C
1.C-C-0> E-C-OH>P.40-OHRI-C-OH
HN,
H.C-NH2

LAHHH
S

.C-CHOH
evid H.SO,
H.O
CI 0 HC-C-C-OH

Here
Hei Volha Zinky Recom
TEST
PHC-CH-C-OH

RadPA we were Skates Resort

A HỌC-CH,
(TEST) -Tollen's Reagent
Fehling solution H-C-OH —
Ag+CO,1+H,02

Yu-c-oh 2010, Cu,Ol+CO,+H1,0

L OLHELGA GUINCHE
red pol
COOH
COOH

.6"
Cote HNO,Conch
1 KMnO, KOHA
(2) H
R[172. Ako CHCCC, L, H,CHICO CÚCH, gul
No reaction

-
Fadolat tent
to continue
BFeBr
EVOCA
B Fem
132
Chemistry Handbook
Ο Η ΑΡΤΕΗ

-
ALLEN
AMINES PREPARATION
7, 0
R
H,C-CH-X
-N=C=0
NH (Excess
-HX JAminolysts]

HOVH,0
Gabriel Phthalmidd Synthesis

har et HC-&-web
Bra KOH HLO, HO
[] NH, (11) KOH,CH, (iii) H.O. H
-N
Holmen . BETI4ld.
2 Degradation
[NERỊ
NocHol/EIOH

R-CENTINORIATHEL_0
CHÍNH RCH NHL
R-NH,

HN,, H,80,
Schindi
HN,,H.SO.
H,O
R-C-OH Created
Reactia
HO

Fe/HC or H/PdR-NO,
R-NC
or Sr/HCI or SnCl+HCI
CNH,
R-CH=N-OH LAH/EOor Ne/ELOH
H/N

-R-MgX
REACTION
R-NH; C,
HỌ
СНС, КОН

+ R-NC (Carbylamine test)

R-NHCHCH BT INSRI
CHÁNH, RCHINH, R-NH,
HNO/
H
R-OH
Alkylation
[But CHINH, CHO-CH
R-NHCOCa
CHCOCI SAEJ Base (Acylation)

-
=N-R
TEST
R.NH(2)

ol
Reagent
R-NH (10)

R.N(3)
Ph-so,a Hinsberg reagent)

R-N-SO, Ph
H soluble
NaOH

RN-S-Ph
No reaction

NaOH
7
IR-N-50,-Ph]Nat
-NH-SO-Ph
Insoluble
A/Hga, Mustard oil test

R-NH-C-SH
Hga R-NEC-S+HOS
R N-C-SH
Hga, a

No reaction
KOH, Ph-N=CS
No reaction
134
Chemistry HandBook
EAAL
ANILINE PREPARATION
42
O=0

S1/HCI or Fe/HCI
Reduction
NINJA HO!
LITER mida
atban

NH, ZC 300C
CHNHI.

3-5 BrMg
0EC-NH.
-
=
=
Br./KOH Holmagn Bromonide
Degradation

REACTION
Br/HO or Br/cs

[_x316320
Organisasi
NHCOCH,
NHCOCH, NH,
(CH-0),
HNO HSON
OH or

(Group Protection)
NOU

NH,
NH,
NH,
VYNO.
Corc HNO, Conc.H.SO.
Base
Scholam
Re-furs
C-a

Nu 9
HC-C-a WINO,+H SO,74,07
(Group Proleçiku

-NH-C-NH Dipheryl Urea

DÉPh |
NH,
NH,
nic
CHCI,
(1) Conc H SO, 2453473K

21453-473K O
N
S+H9S
KOH Carbylamine Test
SOH
eso,
Fredd crafts reagent. No reactions
Chemistry Handbook
MALLEY
BENZENE DIAZONIUM CHLORIDE
REACTION
Cu/HCI

rosa Dos
uope
Gallerman

NHL,
(-NH
CW/HBE

Coupling reaction

H -vHC-N-ONE
-Nha
CH,OH/A or H.PO:/8
H.C
OH

N.NO/HC0-50
HD/H"
YNEN
283K
Cuci/HCI
KI

NENCI
Br
HBE
GB, HB
Sandmeyer reaction
LIÊN HN
HBF
N.NO
Cu.
FISR
Free Radical Substitution reaction

Electrophilic Substitution reaction

ESR NSR S.AE FART FrAR
NAR

Nucleophilic Substitution reaction Substitution Nucleophilic (addition elimination)

Free radical addition reaction Nucleophilic addition reaction Electrophilic addition
reaction Free Radical Elimination reaction
алдсаараас наа
EAR

FIER FIER
ассир карагандароо
м
1136
CHAPTER

Chemistry Handbook
Nutshell review & preview of ORGANIC REAGENTS
10. CCI + OH- (Reimer Tiemann) 1.
Alcoholic KOH
R-X Alkene ; Elimination
OH

-00 + product
+ p-Product

2. Aluminium Ethoxide
RCH-O — R-C-0-CHR (Tischenko Reaction)

CO + HCI + AICI,
(Aldehyde)
(Exte)

8-6
+ p Product
Aqueous KOH/NaOH R-X → ROH Nucleophilic substitution reaction also used for Cannizzaro
reaction with aldehyde.
Gatterman koch reaction
12. HCN + HCI + AICI, O
Gaiterman Aldehyde Synthesis
4. Baeyer's Reagent (Alkaline cold dilute KMnO)
RCH=CHR' = RCH-CHR'
OH OH
Syn) alkene
- 1. 2 diol (used to detect unsaturation)

13. CHCI, + KOH

5. Bromine water
(i) used to detect unsaturation:

Relmar Tiemarin reaction (1) RNH, RNC (Carbylamine reaction)

(used to detect 1° Amine) (Isocyanide test
BE
2A 5 boeie
24Hrad

14. CO, + OH- (high temp. + Pressure)

6. Benedict's solution

Used to detect aldehyde group RCHO (ketone gives -ve test]

RCO,
OH V

00,+ p-Product

00+ p-Product
26. H
7. Cu CL + NH0H
Used to Detect Terminal Alkyne Red Precipitate observed
Kobe's reaction 15. CHƯA

6) RCH, OH RCHO, (6) R,CHOH R.C=0

8. Croci,
CH,
(ii) H.C-C-OH —H.CC
үн, CH,
Etard reaction
9. Cro
6) RCH OH → RCHO, (H) B,CHOH= RC=0 (17) R.COH → nO reaction
16. 2.4 - D.N.P.
used to detect carbonyl group
P (Orange pot obrir

17. DMSO
138
Polar aprotic solvent: favour S 2 me
UT S2 mechanist
ALLEN
Chemistry HandBook
t
Fe+ Br_FeBr,
o
mt
28. H (Ni) can reduce
6) R-C-
R R.CHOHE OLD
G) R-C-H
RCH OH
Fehling solution
ed to identify – CH=O group. PHCHO gives -ve test Observation: red ppt of Cu O
formed
(i) RCN RCH,NH; -CC
HC=CH- --CH, CH -
-CH-CH
Grignard Reagent Follows (t) Acid base reaction (ü) NAR (1) NSR
29. H.Pd/BaSOJ
Quinoline R-C-CIRCHEO

O Raven und reduction

1. H.(Pd/Coco) Quinoline (Lindlar catalyst)
R-CC-R-+RCH=CHR (cis)
30. Jones Reagent (Cro, + dil. H.SO,+ acetone)

@RCH OH -RCHEO: (ID) RCHOH → RC=O

DIEC
12, H, PC,
31. KHSO, Dehydrating Reagent
CH=CH-CH-OH-CH=CH-CH2O
 OH OH 32. K.C,0,H
ORCH OH → RCOH (W) R CHOH → RC = 0
B. HN, + H So.
R-C-OH —+RNHH
Schuld Reaction) 24. H POJA

HPO, Same as H.SOJA

33. Mno,
C) CH-CH-CH-CH, OH-CH, CH=CH-CH=0 (ii) PhCHOH PhCH=0 To oxidise allylic / benzylic hydroxyl
group Into corresponding carbonyl.
test)

25. H.SOJA
RCH-CH=RCH=CH,
OH Saytzeff product: C+ mechanism Rearranged alkene can be formed
34. NaHCO,

RCO,H_NHCO...RCO;Na + čo,
35. NaHSO,
OH

R-C-R
soNa
26. HNO, (NaNO, + HCT)
(1) RNH, R-OH (H) PINH + PhN : (0 - 5°C (H) PhNH PHOH (high temperature)
White crystals, soluble in water used to separate carbonyl from noncarbonyl compound]
OH

CN =Ó
PH

0-
00
36. NaOH(aq)

0 R-X → R-OH (6) R-G-OR MOR-9-0+ ROH

served!

27. HIO, (Perlodic acid)

RCH=CH-R RCH-0 + RCH-O
ОН ОН Oxudative damage of dia!
Basic hydrolysis of ester (ii) HCHO NHÀ HCO, + CH OH (cannilzaro) (iv) H.C-CHED
DF-HC-CH=CH-CH=0
Aldo condamnation
139
CHAPTEA

Chemistry HandBook
MALLY
48. Na In Liq. NH, (Birch reduction)
RH R-CECRC =C

37. Ninhydrin
Detection of amino acid Observation : Purple coloured ton

58. ROH
59. Snci
38. NaOR
Strong base : C) RCH-CH-R-RCH=CH-R
(trans alkane) 49. Oso, + H2O
RCH=CHR=RCH-CHER

on addition) OH OH
Saytzel Produd
Esclmitation

(H) HC-9-03HCE CHEGO

50. 0 :R-CH=CH-
R
00

R
R-CH=CH-

ZA + DADO
-CHO-R-CHD
HO VZN
(Oromolysts proce!
Ichaban condensation
Woene

51. Oxrane followed by H

RM9X RCH-CH2-OH
39. NaOH + x, or NaOX

CRC-CH, CH-RCO, (Haloform reaction)

52. PCC
6) RCH OH → RCHO, (H) R.CHOH RC=0 (ii) R.COH - no reaction
(Mild oxidizing reagent)

G) R-C-NH,
RNH, Hoffman Degradation)
61. Silver
Br_CC

62. Agor
40. NaOH + Cao
RCO H → RH
53. P(red) + Br,
6) CHCO,H - H,C-CO,H (HVZ reaction
63. SOCI
() ROH →R-BI
41. MO/300 C
used for -CO, & -H.O in carboxylic acid. 42. NBS

00- : (H) PhCH, PCH-Be

43. NaNO, + HCI
LOS RNH, ROH
54. P (red) + HI
CHÚCOH + CH CH CHCH=0;CHCH. CH CH,OH → CH.CH (strong reducing agent can reduce any
oxygen or halogen containing compound to alkane)

55. Perbenzolc acld [Baeyer Villiger Oxidation]

R-C-R-R-C-OR'
44. NaNH, In paraffin
Non-terminal Alkyne - Terminal Alkyne (2-Butyne → 1-bulyne)
R' having more migrating tendency than R
56. RCI+AICI, {Friedel craft akytation)
45. NafEtOH
Reduce all except ce double & triple bond

0-0
46. Zn(Hg) + HCI [Clemmensen's reduction]
R-C-R-R-CH-R
57. RCOCI + AICI, Friedel craft acylation)
47. NH, -NH/OH- Wok Kishinz reduction)
R-CO-
R R-CH-R 140

0-08
VE
Η ATE HY

LEWE
ALLEN
Chemistry HandBook
ROH+
RICOH 790, R=COR
0
(Esterification reaction)
Enter formed
64. Tollens Reagent Test
(i) Terminal alkyne gives (ii) Aldehyde Group gives (iii) Ketone gives ve test (iv) c-hydroxy Ketone gives
(v) HCOOH gives (vi) Hemi acetal gives (vii) PhNH-OH gives

SACI + HCI
R N=N=R'
RNH, + RNH
65. Benzene sulphonyl chloride
It is used to distinguish and separate (Hinsberg reagent) 1.2 and 3 amines,
i) RCN → RCH=0 [Stephen reduction]
- НО
ocess!
Sn + HCI
66. Tetra ethyl lead (TEL)

Used as antikrock compound

67. v.0.
1) RCN + R-CH, NH,
$1. Silver salt RCOOAg (Hunsdiecker reaction)
Br./CCI/

ARBr +CO, +AgBr 2. Ag Himolst Ag,0; R.NX-R, NÕH

D
Malec anhydride!

VUE
ОН

ction)

43. SOCI,

R-G-OH/R-OH-R-C-a/R-C
IMPORTANT NOTES
gen
tioni
Chemistry Handbook
Nutshell review & preview of ORGANIC NAME
REACTIONS
• Aldol Condensation
CECH.
CECH, ---H-C-CH=CH ECH,
Bay!
HC-CE: H

--C-C-OCH
C-CH, -510-C-CH=6-ch,
EID=-LH
Claisen Condensation
H.C-E-ON.

Perkin Condensation

condenados
=C-C-OH
Cinnamach

Benzoin Condensadon
• Haloform Reactlon
Pinac rearr

y todos Olyan 20
en mc-*-*i Mate HC &-risk CHI, E-COM * 01 «R-Ratu
Chefe
Cloures can
Carbylamine Test
HCI

OH H
Relmer Temman Reaction
CHCL. ΚΟΗ
(Salicylic acid

(Salicylaldehyde)
O-H
OH 0

Kolbe's Schimdi Reaction

irch
N.OH 125°C
CO/H
OH
Salicylic acid)
E OT
Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation

R-&-**, * **,$0,
Curtius Reaeffan
---C1 IN PR -NH.
AHD 44,0
-NH,
Gabrie

Schimdt Reaction
НА,

R-C-OH H SOR-N=C=0 HO" R-NH.

Cannizzaro reaction,

next to
ul-014>Ex=-=-&-ox5.204 cm
142
LLEN
ALLE
y
Chania Renatuak
Chemistry HandBook
S-CH,

mo
DFC-C-00-H
prad u "
+H.C

mandato" uc-do-
Bayer villiger oxidation
C-OCH

0-0-H

CH-CH-CH, CHICCH,
CHIP

1-OH

O=0.0.com
Cumeme hydroperoxide

-
Pinocol-Pincolone rewtangement

M-o-o
-
a
O-R(+M)
COOH
 0-R(+M) OR -OH DON, WO
Birch Reduction
NH,
lịm NH.

RH
R-C=C-R
Nad CC NHR
R
-CEC-H ENHAdd bene radion
1_Na -R-CECN
| Dato'

Gabriel Synthesis
-C-OH
H.O.
TH Q-OH

+CH, -OH
? ALLEN
CHAFTER

Chemistry HandBook

NAME REACTIONS
Reagent
Product
Nane

Reactant
Zn-Hg conc. Ha
Akane
Clemmensen Reduction
Aldehyde & Ketone
NaOH (phenol) HC (Aniline)

888
Azo Dye (Detection of OH or NH ..

Coupling Reaction
NaNo, + HCI
0° -5°C

sand
Dlazotzatlon

COCI/CS
Erard reaction
Lê nadelideri

Dipheny!
Halo benene
Na Dry ether
Flitlg Readion

Fredd Croft alkylation

ROX

Anhydrous Ala,
АДhyl Benzene

+R-X +r-8-01 « RCO),

Friedel Craft acylation
Anhydrous AICI,
Acyl Bergen
CH, CH,
HON+ HCI/ZCHH.0
Benzaldehyde
CH CŨ + HCl
anhy AICI
Benzaldehyde
Gattermann aldehyde
synthesis Gattomann-Koch reaction Helt-Vahard-Zelinsky raction Hoffmann mustardoll
Br / red P
-halogenated
Carboyic add CH.CH; N=C=S +H
racion
carboxylic acid having

a-hydrogen atom primary aliphatic amine + CS,

Ag salt of carboxyic acid
alkali metal sait d
carboxylic acid alkyl oraryl cyanide

Hgal/a Br/OCL. 80°C

Hursdiecker reaction Kolbe electrolytic rection Mendius reaction
alkylor and brotide
elecidysis
alkane, alkee and all ne
NaC H OH
primary amine

Rosenmund reduction
add chlonde
aldehyde
Sabala-Senderens rectlon
H. PdBaso boiling xylene Raney N/H, 200300 C
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Akane
Sandmeger readion
CH, N,
CUCI/HC or CuBdHBr or
CUCN KCN heat
Halo or cyanobenen
Gatteritain Reaction
CHN, 1
CuHX(HEHC||
Halobendene
Schotten-Baumann reaction

berzolytated product
(phend or aniline a akohol)
NaOH + CHCO3
Loco -Acco
Stephen reaction
alkyl cyanide
Willantson synthesis
Aldehyde

alkyl halde
Wurtz-Fittig readlon
m) SnCWHCI (1) H.O sodium alkoxide of sodium phenoxide
Na/dry ether
Elhe
kyl halide + ayl halide
144
-
akul benene
Chemistry HandBook
Η ΑΡΤΕ Η

ALLE
POLYMERS
ADDITION POLYMERS
S.No
Name of Polumer

Nature of Polymer
Starting Materials 1. Polyolefins
CH=CH
Polyethylene or Polyethene
Low density homopolyne
(branched chain grouth Homopolymer, linear,chain growth Homopolymer,
linear.chain growth
Homopolymer, dan growth
Copolymer chain growth
2.
Polypropylene or Polypropene
CHHH, Polystyrene
CHCHCH

11. Polydiences Neoprene

HHGCH
Clamor

2CHao-13baden Buna S (Styrene Butadiene,

Rubber)
CH:CH-CH-CH Cand) CHCHCH. Ror GRS
III. Polyacrylates Polymethylmethacrylate (Hexiglass
Lucite, Acrylite or Perspex PMMA
 HC=C-CCH, | Polyethylacrylate
H.C=CH-COCH Polyacrylonitrile or Orlon PAN
CH=CH-CN IV. Polyhalofins
1. Polyvinylchloride PVC
CH=CH2. Polytetrafluoroethylene or
Telon PTFE.
FC | 3. Polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene PCIFE

AFC-CF CONDENSATION POLYMERS

Homopolymer
Homopolymer Homopolymer

Homopolymer, chain growth

Homopolymer Homopolymer
Name of Polymer
S.No 1. Polyesters
Starting Materials
Nature of Polymer
Terylene or Dacron

H0-&
-LOH
Copolymer, step growth, linear

Glyptal or Alkyl resin

HOXH-CH-CH
dodh
Telechar And B 14- yil!
ΤΕΙΧΕ ΠΡΟΗ Ho-at-01-OH and
Timo
This add a Line 12
Copoly/TTIẾT linear step growth
II. Polyamides
Nylon-6.6
HO ACH.-0-0
Adreo
JHN-(CH), NHL
FL2.เราอยูบ
่ นนสาย

DED liên linear, step growth

Nylon-6,10
HẠN CHỌNH. Hxamene dine

and HOCOCHJ COOH

Sabacl acld
Copolymer, linear, step growth
Nylon-6

Homopolymer,
linear

Phenollormaldehye resin or Bakelite

Melaminę formaldehyde resin
Coprolactum Formaldehyde resins
Prenol and formaldehyde Melamine and fomaldehyde
Copolymer, step grow Copolymer, step gre
Chemistry Handbook
C. HAPTER

CARBOHYDRATES
Carbodydrates are defined as optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones
or the compound which produce such units on hydrolysis. Monosaccharide
(CH,0) Esingle unit, can't be hydrolysed: Glucose and fructose. Oligosaccharides
gives two to ten monosaccharides on hydrolysis. Disaccharides (by glycosydic
linkage)
Mutarotation: When either form of D-glucose te placed in aq. solution it slowly
form the other via open chain aldehyde and gradual change in specific

rotation until specific rotation (= 52.5°) is reached Hc-OH HO CHH

HC-OH H5OOHH OHH OH * QH H1 - OH H C 0 - VOH
HÀ OHH
H OH
H OH -DC
Dhe -525 =-19

b=-113 Anomer's : Differ in configuration at 1st

carbon due to hemi (acetal or ketal) ring formation. The newasymmetric carbon is
referred to as Anomeric carbon. Epimer's Diastereomer's which differ in
conformation at any one chiral carbon eg. D-Glucose & D-mannose
D-Glucose & D-Galactose Sucrose :
Sucrose_100-D. Glucose + B-D. Fructose;
Maltose
HOP_, 2a-D. Glucose unit
Lactose
10
B-D. Glucose + B-D. Galactose
Polysaccharide : Contain more than ten monosaccharide units (CHO ). Starch &
cellulose.
CH OH
TYPE OF SUGAR
Reducing
ORI
Give Test
Tollen's Reagent Fehling Reagent Benedict Test Mutarotation
+ve test +ve test +ve test
Yes
Non Reducing -ve test -ve test --ve test
No

OH
ΟΗ Η OHN
HOCH ин HOH

Н ОН -D-Ghicose + B-D-Fructose jurid)

1.2 Glycosidic linkage) Maltose

Functional Unit

H,C-OH
OH
O
H
OR
Acetal
Henled YOR
OR

21.41.4 Glycosidie H
OH linkage) fa-D-glucose)
Two c-D-Glucose unit Lactose: но cң,

HO-CH HOOD
Example
Sucose

ОН Heriketal

Ketal All monosaccharides Disaccharide

Glucose Fructose Polysaccharide Mannose
Starch Galactose

cellulose Disaccharide Maltose lactose

HOL
O.
ORG NEL VOORWOOCOMMODOLINS
202.

H OH D-DGalacios
| |--Clients (1.4 Glycosidic linkage)
Chemistry HandBook
Starch: Am Amylase:
arch: (Amylose & Amylopectin) colose : (Straight Chain) :

нс-он
H.C-OH
CH, OH H HOH
e is via cific ned

OH HA
OH

IZ
(0-1,4 Glycosidic linkage) Soluble in H O & gives blue colour with l.
Amylopectin (Branch chain) : (CH,,0).
due rewieric

H.C-OH
H .C-OH = OH HO H
r in
HOT EH O Diaslace CH, O, maltose) nH_0 -maltase 2CHOga-D Glucose
HO
HO-CH. 1,6-Glycosidic linkage
x

3.5 km
- OH

H
Cellulose THU, nC,H,206 B-D-Glucose
2011

Lo
OH
1.4-Glycosidic linkaje

REACTION OF GLUCOSE (OPEN CHAIN STRUCTURE)

Fructose doesn't react with Br /HO
Na-Hg
соон CH-OH), CH-OH (Gluconic acid)
BE Br; НО
CH-OH (CH-OH). CH-OH
Sorbito!

ITE
СНО
SW
5Acci

CHO (CH-OAc). CH-OAC

Conc. HNO,
(CH-OH), CH-OH Glucose

COOH CH-OH), COOH (Saccharic acid)

Glucose penta acetate
3Ph-NH-NH
HI/Red P CH-CH), CH
(n-Hexane)
CH = N - NH - Ph $ = N – NH - Ph (CHOH. CH-OH
Osazone)
1