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PQC and DLC Analysis
PQC and DLC Analysis
PQC and DLC Analysis
Abstract : In actual practice rigid pavements consist rigid pavement as compared to the flexible pavement
of Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) as a bottom layer and is that the critical condition of stress in the rigid
Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) as a top layer. In pavement is the maximum flexural stress occurring -
the present study the experimental investigation is in the slab due to-.wheel load and the temperature
proposed to understand the behaviour PQC- DLC changes where-as in the flexible pavement it is the
slab subjected to static load. It was observed that distribution of compressive stresses. As per IRC 58 –
load deflection pattern for multi-layered slabs 2002 the factors governing design considered are:
appear to be equally ductile when compared with single and tandem axle loads, their repetition, tyre
PQC slabs but are less rigid in terms of load pressure and lateral placement characteristics of
carrying capacity. By considering the DLC as a part commercial vehicles. Though the legal axle load
of the pavement, a composite and economical cement limits in India have been fixed as 10.2, 19 and 24
concrete pavement can be designed. Among the tonnes for single axles, tandem axles and tridem
multi-layered slabs tested, equal layer thickness of axles respectively.
PQC and DLC (37.5mm each) yield the similar load
carrying capacity as that of PQC slab of 75mm
thick( Reference slab). However the multi-layered 2. Need for the present study
slab with 25mm PQC satisfies the requirement of
IRC 58 – 2001 in terms of stress (4 MPa). It is The design procedure detailed above is to arrive at
concluded that multi-layered slabs with DLC and the thickness of pavement slab which will be placed
PQC combination is technically viable and on DLC base. DLC layer is considered as semi-rigid
economically feasible. layer which can also contribute to the structural
rigidity of the pavement as a whole. The net effect is
Key Words: Dry Lean Concrete, Pavement Quality that the DLC also becomes structurally active
Concrete, Multi-layered slab component along with the designed pavement layer
contributing in reducing the stresses and deflection.
1. Introduction This contribution of the DLC layer is not recognized
The term pavement includes all the structural in the above design procedure. If DLC is also taken
layers of road structure lying on the sub grade of the as an integral part of the total pavement thickness
road. The main purpose of highway pavement is to then the layer becomes composite in nature.
provide adequate support for the loads imposed by Behavior of such as composite material needs to be
traffic and a satisfactory surface upon which investigated under loading. Hence, there is a need to
highway vehicles can operate. Based on the go in for the study of composite rigid pavement.
structural behaviour, pavements are generally
classified into two categories 1. Flexible pavements
2. Rigid pavements. Flexible pavements are those,
which on the whole have low or negligible flexural 3. Review of literature
strength and are rather flexible in their structural
action under the loads. The rigid pavement has the Martin et al. (2007) carried out studies on
slab action and is capable of transmitting the wheel concrete – Asphalt composite slabs subjected to
load stresses through a wider area below. The main static and dynamic loading .They observed that
point of difference in the structural behaviour of average interfacial shear strength increase with the
age of the composite. They observed that the sample slip values at the FRP – concrete interface. A
failure generally occurred in the asphalt material near sandwich model for slab elements has been
the interface. The study has experimentally described, and a limit for the nominal shear stress
investigated static and dynamic interfacial failure due to the principal shear force suggested. For the
between concrete and asphalt materials related to case of uncracked core, no transverse reinforcement
roadway application. The interface fracture has to be provided and the in plane reinforcement
toughness was found to be less than that of either must not be strengthened to account for transverse
homogenous concrete or asphalt. This finding would shear.
suggest that fracture should occur along the
interface, it was observed that sample failure
generally occurred in the asphalt material near the 4. Materials and methods
interface.
Abdul -Razzak et al. (2007) developed models Selection of material : In continuation with the
concerning the plasticity theory proved to give scope set for the present study, the materials
satisfactory results for time dependent analyses of satisfying the requirements of IRC 58-2002 for both
reinforced concrete slabs. The effects of bi-axial surface layer (pavement quality concrete, PQC) and
creep and shrinkage are considered using the the base layer (dry lean concrete, DLC) are selected.
provisions of ACI Committee 209. The yield Selection of specimen size: Keeping in view of
condition is formulated in terms of two stress the cost the specimens size for carrying out studies
invariants. The movement of the subsequent loading on flexural behaviour of multi-layered Cement
surfaces is controlled by hardening rule. Concrete is selected as rectangular with dimensions
Shad Sargand, et al. (2005) carried out studies on 750 mm x 500 mm x 75 mm. However, layer
temperature gradients in P.C.C slabs were moderate thickness (h) is varied as detailed below:
during the curing period because of constant room Table 1: Specimen Thickness
temperature. After the heats of hydration have Specimen No Thickness of Thickness of
dissipated, slab temperature gradients approach zero PQC DLC
and LVDT (Linear Variable Differential in mm in mm
Transformers) data indicated that the amount of 1 75 0
warping on undoweled slabs was much greater than 2 37.5 37.5
on the doweled slabs. As slab temperature gradients 3 50 25
changed, the undoweled section had greater 4 25 50
deflection than the doweled section. Corner 5 0 75
deflection on both section continued to increase with
time when air temperature was held constant. Table 2: Material properties
Where the polythene separation layer between the S.No Material Property
concrete slabs and dry lean concrete slabs and dry 1 Cement OPC 53 grade
lean concrete (DLC) sub-base is eliminated a Compressive strength
monolithic action of two layers results and this (28days) = 43.3 MPa
action can be exploited to reduce the pavement 2 Fine aggregate Fineness modulus =
thickness. The layer below DLC has to be smooth 2.365
and may warrant an antifriction layer to allow Specific gravity = 2.6
thermal movements to take place without any Water absorption = 1%
hindrance. Based on stress – based multi-layered Grading = Zone II
plate theory the interface transverse normal stress is 3 Coarse Fineness modulus = 2.86
more sensitive to the sub grade and base layer aggregate Specific gravity = 2.6
modulus than that of the concrete surface layer in the Water absorption = 0.5
studied modulus range. A very stiff sub grade can %
result in the interface transverse normal stress two or Grading = Zone II
three times as high as the value of interface stress
when a typical natural sub grade is used. The
interface fracture toughness was found to be less Properties of PQC: The mix for the top layer of
than that of either homogenous concrete or asphalt. the layered slab was designed as Pavement Quality
It was observed that sample failure generally Concrete (PQC) per IRC 44-1976, for a target beam
occurred in the asphalt material near the interface. In flexural strength of 3.5 MPa. The various trials of the
case of thin SFRC and Ferro fibro overlays provision mix was tried and the details of the concrete mix
of sub base / base is necessary for thin SFRC satisfying the strength requirement are presented in
pavements over weaker sub grades. Increasing the Table 3
FRP plate and the concrete substrate, results in lower
Stress (N/mm2)
presented in figs 4 to 6 show that, as the PQC was 8 Series2
introduced with DLC, pre failure load increased from 6
5 kN to 6.5 kN for PQC replacements of 50 mm to 4
2
25 mm. Whereas the deflection values vary between 0
9 mm and 11 mm. Multilayered slabs appear to be 0 20 40 60
equally ductile when compared with PQC slabs but Strain x10-5
are less rigid in terms of load carrying capacity. The
from the above it can be inferred that by considering Fig 8: Stress and Strain relationship for DLC25
the DLC as a part of the pavement cement concrete And PQC 75
pavement can be designed as semi-ductile material.
DLC were observed in this combination of PQC and However the multilayer slab with 25 mm PQC
DLC. Further decrease in the thickness of PQC satisfies the requirement of IRC58:2001in terms of
(25mm) resulted in decrease of strain while stress stress (4 MPa)
value showed improvement. With stress value of 4 7. It is concluded that multilayer slabs with DLC and
MPa the slab satisfies the requirement of PQC combination is technically viable and
IRC58:2001 and low strain makes the slab more economically feasible.
rigid (strain 40% of OPC). In this combination PQC
imparts the sustainability and reduces the flexibility 7. References
of the slab. However for the rigid pavement 1. Martin H. Sadd, Venkat KS Subramaniam,
permitted surface defection is normally taken as 1.25 Arun Shukla,Wayne Lee “Interfacial Failure
mm. Stress and strain values in the slabs at the above Behaviour of Concrete-Asphalt Bi-
level of deflection is computed and presented in table Materials” Paper 107, Proceedings of the
6 SEM 2007 Annual Conference and
Exposition, Spring field, Massachusetts,
Table 6: Stress and strain at the permitted USA, June 4-6, 2007,Copyright Society for
deflection of 1.25 mm Experimental Mechanics, Inc., Bethel, CT
S.No Specimen Stress (N/mm2) Strain x10-5 USA (2007) , 1 – 10.
1 PQC 75 0.012 0.054 2. Abdul –Razzak & Al jurma, “Effects of Mix
2 DLC 75 0.025 0.11 property on Time Dependent Behaviour of
3 DLC25 0.023 0.362 Reinforced Concrete Slabs” Engg., &
Technology Vol 25, Sup.of No,2007,266-
4 DLC37.5 0.0099 0.0443
281
5 DLC50 0.025 0.1119
3. Wei Tu, “Response Modelling of Pavement
DLC 75 slab which is considered as a semi rigid in Subjected to Dynamic surface loading based
nature, showed about 20 times more strain at twice on stress-based Multi-layer plate theory”,
the stress value when compared with PQC slab. With 2007.
part replacement of DLC with PQC (25 mm) no 4. S.K. Kaushik, RM.Vasan, P.N. Godbole,
significant variation is observed in both the stress D.C. Goel and S.K. Khanna “Structural
and strain values. Further increase in the thickness Behaviour of Thin SFRC and Ferro-Fibro
of PQC (37.5 mm) both strain and stress level have Overlays” SP 124-15, September 1990.
reduced. Interestingly when the PQC thickness is 5. W.E.EI Sayed et al “Modelling of
increased to 50 mm stress value did not indicate Debonding Failures in FRP-Strengthened
significant change but strain value significantly Two – way slabs” sp 230-27 461-480,
increased. 2001.
6. Shad Sargand, Mark Swanlund,Jason wise,
and William Edwards “Evaluation of slab
6. Conclusion shape under controlled environmental
Experimental work carried out in the laboratory Conditions” ACI journal / july – August
on the model pavement slabs. Deflection values from 2005 Title no: 102 – S60, 588-595.
lab investigation were used to compute other 7. IRC : 58 – 2002, “Guidelines for design of
parameters. The following are the conclusions drawn plain jointed rigid pavement for highways”
from the observations made in the laboratory. (Second Revision)
1. Magnitude of the failure load is higher for the size 8. IRC : SP :49-1998, “Guidelines for the use
of the slabs tested. of Dry lean concrete as sub-base for rigid
2. Large deflection observed before failure. pavement”.
3. The DLC slabs can sustain the load for the design
deflection requirement of 1.25 mm, usually
prescribed for rigid pavements, without failure.
4. Load deflection pattern for multi layered slabs
appear to be equally ductile when compared with
PQC slabs.
5. DLC slab resist only 25 percent load when
compared with PQC slab.
6.Among the multilayer slabs tested, equal layer
thickness of PQC and DLC (37.5 mm each) yield the
similar load carrying capacity as that of PQC slab of
75 mm thick (reference slab).