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Thesis It 5
Thesis It 5
This chapter presents the results of the data gathered in the actual testing of the
pico hydropower system installed in Brgy. Tanato, City of Balanga, Bataan. It includes
the detailed specification of the various components of the system. It also explains some
of the possible reasons behind the results obtained based on the principles considered
This covers the determination of the water flow rate by using float method
which was discussed in the previous chapter. The data gathered are shown in the
following tables.
The results shown comprise the data gathered during the dry season where
minimum flow rate can be expected. The tests were done same day at the same time
interval every month. This was done to give an insight of the possible outcomes
considering the effect of season from February to April. Three trials were made for the
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on the said days to give a better representation of the data and to have a more accurate
and reliable results. Table 4.1 shows the data that have been measured for the three
months.
The results of the table show that the measured flow rate of water in the month
of April is slightly lower than the ones measured in the month of March. Likewise, the
measurements in March is evidently lower than the ones measured in February. This
Table 4.2, Table 4.3 and Table 4.4 show the main specifications of the fabricated
components. The penstock used was an open-channel while the turbine is classified as
an undershot water wheel. Both are stainless steel type due to its relatively low
coefficient of roughness which is very suitable for a dynamic hydropower system. The
width of the penstock is kept as wide as the turbine in order to lessen the perpendicular
pressure applied of the water towards the material of the penstock. It will minimize the
friction loss thus, maximizing the velocity of the flowing water. In the case of the
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length, it was kept as short as possible. In this way, not only the losses of the system
will be reduced but also the cost of the pipe. For the same reason, the turbine was also
The drive system of the turbine used was chain-sprocket, the dimensions
corresponded to the rotational speed that is needed to attain by the system which is
Length 3m
Width 60 cm
Height 26.8 cm
Length 3m
Width 57.46 cm
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Table 4.4 Drive System Specifications
Mech.
Time Distance Area Velo. Accel. Mass Vol. Force Torque Input
Trial Interval
(s) (m) (m2) (m/s) (m/s2) (kg) (m3) (N) (Nm) Power
(W)
00:00 –
1 2.842 2.55 0.078 0.897 0.316 199 0.199 62.81 18.842 128.256
03:00
03:00 –
2 2.56 2.55 0.054 1 0.389 138 0.138 53.79 16.137 103.080
06:00
06:00 –
3 2.716 2.55 0.066 0.939 0.346 168 0.168 58.21 17.463 115.211
09:00
09:00 –
4 2.843 2.55 0.078 0.897 0.315 199 0.199 62.79 18.836 128.211
12:00
12:00 –
5 2.55 2.55 0.054 1 0.392 138 0.138 54 16.200 103.484
15:00
15:00 –
6 2.447 2.55 0.048 1.042 0.426 122 0.122 52.10 15.631 98.215
18:00
18:00 –
7 2.841 2.55 0.078 0.897 0.316 199 0.199 62.83 18.849 130.275
21:00
21:00 –
8 2.844 2.55 0.078 0.897 0.315 199 0.199 62.76 18.829 130.138
24:00
In Table 4.5, it can be noticed that among the eight trials performed on a
particular day, the data at night gave the highest flow rate of water. On the other hand,
The force and the length vector are the two most important things to be
evaluated as they relate to the mechanical power available. The results also show that
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4.3 Measurement of Turbine and Generator Load Characteristics
No Full
No Load No Full Load Full
Load Load
Generator Load Generator Load Frequency
Trial Interval Turbine Turbine Poles
Speed Speed Speed Speed (Hz)
Speed Speed
(rpm) Ratio (rpm) Ratio
(rpm) (rpm)
00:00 –
1 68 1836 27 65 1756 27 4 58.53
03:00
03:00 –
2 64 1727 27 61 1647 27 4 54.90
06:00
06:00 –
3 66 1781 27 63 1701 27 4 56.70
09:00
09:00 –
4 68 1836 27 65 1754 27 4 58.47
12:00
12:00 –
5 64 1753 27 61 1652 27 4 55.07
15:00
15:00 –
6 63 1701 27 60 1620 27 4 54
18:00
18:00 –
7 69 1880 27 66 1770 27 4 59
21:00
21:00 –
8 69 1881 27 66 1770 27 4 59
24:00
Table 4.6 shows the tabulated result of the measured turbine speed and the
corresponding generator speed based on the speed ratio used. The group performed
eight trials different time of the day. It can also be seen that the generator speed can
attain a speed of not less than 1500 rpm to not more than 1800 rpm which only states
Electrical
Charging Generator Load Load Load
Output Load
Trial Interval Voltage Current Power Voltage Current
Power Connection
(V) (A) (W) (V) (A)
(W)
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00:00 –
1 14.3 5.48 78.36 152 Parallel 220 0.69
03:00
03:00 –
2 14.2 5.47 77.67 152 Parallel 220 0.69
06:00
06:00 –
3 14.3 5.50 78.65 152 Parallel 220 0.69
09:00
09:00 –
4 14.3 5.50 78.65 152 Parallel 220 0.69
12:00
12:00 –
5 14.2 5.46 77.53 152 Parallel 220 0.69
15:00
15:00 –
6 14.1 5.42 76.42 152 Parallel 220 0.69
18:00
18:00 –
7 14.3 5.49 78.51 152 Parallel 220 0.69
21:00
21:00 –
8 14.3 5.50 78.65 152 Parallel 220 0.69
24:00
Table 4.7 shows the tabulated result of the measured charging voltage and the
generator current. It also presents the amount of electrical power which can be
generated which should not be less than 75 watts. It also presents the amount of load
power which is 152 watts connected in parallel. The group performed eight trials
different time of the day. It can also be seen that it was able to maintain a minimum of
220V.
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Voltage-Speed-Time Relation
14.1
14
13.9
13.8
13.7
13.6
13.5
12:00 - 3:00 3:00 - 6:00 6:00 - 9:00 9:00 -12:00
TIME
AM PM
Fig. 4.1 shows that the charging voltage is directly proportional with the
alternator speed. As the alternator speed increases, the charging voltage increases and
Table 4.8 shows the parameters needed in calculating the average speed
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System Overall Efficiency
Table 4.9 shows the parameters needed in calculating the average overall
Illumination
𝐸5 = 2.03 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸1 = 12 𝑙𝑢𝑥
222.82 cos(70.123)
222.82 cos(65.795)
𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₆₌ (11.42)2
𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₂₌ (9.58)2
𝐸6 = 0.58 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸2 = 1.00 𝑙𝑢𝑥
222.82 cos(77.291)
222.82 cos(76.113)
𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₇₌ (17.38)2
𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₃₌ (16.22)2
𝐸7 = 0.16 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸3 = 0.20 𝑙𝑢𝑥
222.82 cos(80.793)
222.82 cos(80.212)
𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₈₌ (23.91)2
𝐸@1 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿₄₌ (23.08)2
𝐸8 = 0.16 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸4 = 0.071 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸𝑇@𝑃𝑇1 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2 + 𝐸3 + 𝐸4 + 𝐸5 + 𝐸6 + 𝐸7 + 𝐸8
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𝐸𝑇@𝑃𝑇1 = 15.22 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸5 = 0.41 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸1 = 0.62 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸8 = 0.41𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸4 = 0.62 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝐸𝑇@𝑃𝑇3 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2 + 𝐸3 + 𝐸4 + 𝐸5 + 𝐸6 + 𝐸7 + 𝐸8
𝐸𝑇@𝑃𝑇3 =0.62+6.03+6.03+0.62+0.41+1.61+1.61+0.41
𝐸𝑇@𝑃𝑇3 = 17.34 𝑙𝑢𝑥
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Table 4.10 shows the maximum and minimum illumination of the bridge as well
width-mounting space ratio. The table also indicates that the street light to be installed
has reached the typical and the required value for street illumination.
In the calculation of illumination, the lamp lumens and the distance from the
source and the plane is important. It was realized that lesser angle and distance as well
Table 4.11 shows the cost of the materials as well as the components used in the
system. Some of the materials and components are brought brand new while some are
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Item Quantity Price
Washer Php 90
M6-C Php 72
M8-C Php 56
Hinge Php 15
Bolts Php 98
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Wires Php 200
Switch Php 30
Php 11,149
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Annual Service Hour = 8760 – 576 – 240 = 7,944 hrs/yr x 1day/24hrs = 331 days/yr
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Environmental Analysis
The proposed system is run of river and used only a fraction of the dry season
flow and returning it to the stream. Thus any detrimental effects to the environment are
line and will re-use an abandoned structure for the powerhouse, effectively having no
net effect on the landscape. The flow of the waterfall will be decrease slightly, but this
is a negligible amount compared to the overall flow and it will not affect the aesthetic
Perhaps more importantly, the project has the potential to spread awareness of
renewable energy options in Brgy. Tanato and the surrounding area. A well planned
and successful project could help instill the idea that renewable energy is not only clean
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