Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Identification of Sustainability Elements For Optimal Ibs System Formwork (Bab 1-Bab 2)
Identification of Sustainability Elements For Optimal Ibs System Formwork (Bab 1-Bab 2)
SYSTEM FORMWORK
ABSTRACT
Sustainability means meeting the needs of today without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs. Sustainable Construction aims to apply this principle
to the construction industry by providing ways of buildings that use less virgin material and
less energy, cause less pollution and less waste but still provide the benefits that construction
projects have brought us throughout history. Sustainability is of increasing importance to the
efficient, effective & responsible operation of business. Industrial Revolution is a process of
social and economic change for human society to transform from pre-industrial to a new
industrial country. Industrialization in construction industry is part of a process in change and
improvement management. The degree of industrialization and its characteristics carried out
the different understanding in its terminology and definitions. This paper is highlighted the
sustainability elements for optimal Industrialized Building System (IBS) formwork system as
part of modern method of construction.
1.0 Background of Research
Formwork comes in three main types; Traditional timber formwork (e.g. insulating
concrete forms), Re-usable plastic formwork and Engineered Formwork Systems. The most
common practice in Malaysia is traditional formwork system which comprise of timber and
plywood or moisture-resistant particleboard. It is easy to produce but time-consuming for
larger structures, and the plywood facing has a relatively short lifespan. It is still used
extensively where the labor costs are lower than the costs for procuring re-usable formwork.
It is also the most flexible type of formwork, so even where other systems are in use,
complicated sections may use it.
Since there are new technologies of IBS formwork system the need to evaluate the
sustainability performance is urgent in order to improve its performance according to the
sustainable building principles. Many questions rise regarding to IBS formwork system
sustainability performance such as:
The research measured the sustainability elements of optimal IBS formworks system and
the respondents from civil background and experienced in formwork systems were
approached to take their views, perceptions and suggestions towards the problems. This
research will be focusing on comparing three types of formwork system which are engineered
formwork, Reusable Plastic Formwork and Insulated Formwork system. Contractors, builders
and consultants who involved with this kind of formwork system will be approach to identify
the sustainability elements that provide optimal formwork system. The targeted project sites
are around Selangor, Johor and Kuala Lumpur. From identified IBS formworks systems, the
sustainability elements of those systems will be described as the crucial elements to be taken
into account on the future construction. Method to be used in data collection is via
questionnaire survey.
There are few expected findings in this research on the sustainable for optimal IBS formwork
system:
Generally, there are four types of building systems currently available in Malaysia according
to Badir-Razali building system classification (Badir et al. 1998).
Formwork is the moulds that concrete is poured into so that it retains its shape as it sets. The
concrete is poured into the formwork and the formwork remains until the concrete is fully set
and is capable of supporting itself. The formwork can be either temporary or permanent.
It is important that the formwork is strong enough to support the concrete otherwise
"blowouts” can occur. This is when the formwork bends or breaks, allowing the concrete to
escape before it is fully set. It must also be left on for the specified time in the case of
temporary or removable formwork.
Formwork can be divided into two categories which are temporary formwork and
permanent formwork. Temporary Structure required to safely supporting concrete until it
reaches adequate strength. Whilst, the permanent categories of formwork have its very own
advantages, listed as follows:
a. Timber formwork
This formwork is constructed on the building site and it is made from timber and plywood
or moisture-resistant particleboard. It is easy to make but can be time consuming and it
should be noted that the plywood or particleboard used has a relatively short lifespan.
Traditional formwork for concrete construction normally consisted of bespoke solutions
requiring skilled craftsmen. This type of formwork often had poor safety features and
gave slow rates of construction on-site and huge levels of waste – inefficient and
unsustainable.
The design of timber formwork can be calculated from established timber properties to
ensure structural elements are correctly sized and positioned.
Reinforcement Design
http://www.ajformwork.com/Content/Design.htm
b. Engineered formwork
This consists of premade modules that have a metal frame and are covered on the concrete
side with a material such as timber or aluminum. The metal frame is usually steel or
aluminum. The advantage of engineered formwork is that it is modular in nature, so you can
simply join it together, making it fast to erect. Because it can be reusable, it is also cost
effective.
The steel formwork is prefabricated in the factory and then installed on site. However the
steel reinforcement and services conduit are installed on site before the steel formwork are
installed. The installation of this formwork is easy by using simple bracing system. Then
concrete is poured into the formwork and after seven days, the formwork can be removed and
there is some system whereby the formwork served as a part of the structure itself after
concreting. The steel formwork systems are used in tunnel forms, beams, column molding
forms and permanent steel formworks. It is a system where the design and structure of the
building are reduced to a set number of common constituent parts or components, with the
rationale that they can be prefabricated or manufactured in long term production runs, even
far away from the construction site. These components, furnished with standard dimensions
and specific attributes, will then be delivered to the site and assembled according to certain
standards in order to bring together the proposed building.
http://www.john-knapton.com/wtc.htm
http://www.corusconstruction.com/en/about_us/panels_profiles/structural_products_systems/
comflor/comflor_range/formwork/
www.masterbuilders.com.au
a. Foundation Formwork
Wall Formwork
Ceiling Formwork
Beam Formwork
Column Formwork
Figure 12 Column formwork (horizontal section)
There is an increasing demand in both the private and public sectors to understand sustainable
construction practices. This demand is driven by a realization that sustainable practices make
sense to both owners and operators. The practices not only help the environment but can also
improve economic profitability and improve relationships with stakeholder groups. The
diagram below explains how sustainable development is implemented within the construction
industry's private and public sectors.
ucti o
developme
(gr een)
constr
sust ainable
Sustainability development often being phrased together with the terms of sustainable
construction and sustainable building where in all of them are related to each other.
Different parties usually define the terms of sustainable development in their own way
but most of them have almost the same connotation. One them is what is defined in
Brundtland Report (1987). This becomes the most often-quoted definition as it state that the
sustainable development is:
"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs".
The sustainable development is carrying on without neglecting our future legion to have
better life and fulfilling their desires as well as to construct green building. This report was
significant because it helped trigger a wide range of actions, including:
Sustainable Development is an example of resource use that aims to meet human needs
while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but
also for future generations. Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying
capacity of natural systems with the social challenges facing humanity. As early as the 1970s
"sustainability" was employed to describe an economy "in equilibrium with basic ecological
support systems. Ecologists have pointed to The Limits to Growth, and presented the
alternative of a "steady state economy in order to address environmental concerns. The field
of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three constituent parts:
environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and sociopolitical sustainability.
a) Construction Materials
Prior to the launch of the Sustainable Construction, the needs of using sustainable material is
a must to be considered as an major element of sustainable construction. There are varieties
types of material, but the major materials that can be used for construction of formwork
system are:
a) Timber
b)
c) Steel
Steels are a large family of metals. All of them are alloys in which iron is
mixed with carbon and other elements. Steels are described as mild, medium-
or high-carbon steels according to the percentage of carbon they contain
d) Glass Reinforced Plastic
e) Aluminum
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Can’t be used for long.
Easy handling because it’s light Have limited re-use. Can only be re-used 5 or
weight 6 times
Concrete is heavy.
A single form can be used to build
Set times before handlings are a factor.
Concrete components of a large cast increasing
(Commonly Must be built strong enough to resist normal
form repeats and decreasing the
Called
loads plus handling loads (increased re-bar).
"Pre-Cast") amount of forms needed.
It is possible to cast light shapes to
build beams and hold dead loads.
http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/formwork-materials.html
i. Thermal Mass
Concrete construction naturally has a high thermal mass, which is the ability of a material to
store excess heat energy during the day. This heat energy is then released back into the
building at night as it begins to cool.
ii. Durability
Concrete is inherently durable, and when cast within the sustainable type system, it cures
without suffering exposure to extreme temperature variances. This results in a far higher
strength of set initially, but the insulation provided by the polystyrene also permanently
reduces the stress on the concrete caused by thermal expansion and contraction, enhancing its
lifetime well beyond standard masonry construction.
iii. Fire Resistance
The mass of the concrete within the sustainable formwork system makes for amazing sound
absorption with typical sound reduction across the finished wall.
v. Flood Resistance
Neither concrete nor expanded polystyrene rot or suffer from water damage, making
sustainable formwork of construction extremely resilient to flood damage. The monolithic
structure is much better at resisting water ingress and can even be made waterproof for
applications such as basements and swimming pools.
vi. Maintenance
The physical and chemical constancy of both concrete and sustainable formwork building
means there is practically no maintenance required to the structure at all.
vii. Security
The inherent strength of the solid concrete core makes a sustainable formwork structure safe
and secure. This can be further enhanced by reinforcing the concrete where necessary.
viii. Air-tightness
http://www.bagbuilding.co.uk/sustainability.php
Green building materials are composed of renewable, rather than nonrenewable resources.
Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are considered over the life
of the product (Spiegel and Meadows, 1999). Depending upon project-specific goals, an
assessment of green materials may involve an evaluation of one or more of the criteria listed
below.
i. Resource efficiency
ii. Indoor air quality
iii. Energy efficiency
iv. Water conservation
v. Affordability
This information was based on Lynn Froeschle's article, "Environmental Assessment and
Specification of Green Building Materials" October 1999) issue of The Construction
Specifier, a publication for members of the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI).
Selection criteria similar to what is presented below were also used for the East End Project
as identified in the Review of Construction Projects Using Sustainable Materials.
ii. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is enhanced by utilizing materials that meet the following
criteria:
Low or non-toxic:
o Materials that emit few or no carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, or irritants
as demonstrated by the manufacturer through appropriate testing.
Minimal chemical emissions:
o Products that have minimal emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs). Products that also maximize resource and energy efficiency while
reducing chemical emissions.
Low-VOC assembly:
o Materials installed with minimal VOC-producing compounds, or no-VOC
mechanical attachment methods and minimal hazards.
Moisture resistant:
o Products and systems that resist moisture or inhibit the growth of biological
contaminants in buildings.
Healthfully maintained:
o Materials, components, and systems that require only simple, non-toxic, or
low-VOC methods of cleaning.
Systems or equipment:
o Products that promote healthy IAQ by identifying indoor air pollutants or
enhancing the air quality.
iii. Energy Efficiency can be maximized by utilizing materials and systems that meet the
following criteria:
Materials, components, and systems that help reduce energy consumption in buildings
and facilities.
iv. Water Conservation can be obtained by utilizing materials and systems that meet the
following criteria:
Products and systems that help reduce water consumption in buildings and conserve
water in landscaped areas.
Green building materials offer specific benefits to the building owner and building occupants:
Based on structural aspects, IBS can be divided into five major types:
• Type 1: Pre-cast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems
• Type 2: Steel Formwork Systems
• Type 3: Steel Framing Systems
• Type 4: Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems
• Type 5: Block work Systems
The first four types of the IBS are for big-time players where the initial cost of entry is very
high. Type 5 would be suitable for all contractors including the class F group. The
construction method of using conventional bricks has been revolutionized the development
and usage of interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU) and lightweight concrete blocks.
The tedious and time-consuming traditional brick-laying tasks are greatly simplified by the
usage of these effective alternative solutions. Sustainability practices can enhance the cost
reduction in construction. The following sustainability practices can be achieved such as by
using rice husk ash (RHA) as cement replacement and the use of Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA)
and recycled.
http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/