EN209- BASIC Electrical &

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Department of Energy Science and Engineering
This is only reading material (not lecture slides)

CI: Zakir H Rather

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Slide deck 1: DC CIRCUIT

ANALYSIS
 Kirchhoff Laws

1) Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL): the algebraic sum of currents entering a node is zero.
𝑁
where N the number of branches
𝑖𝑛 = 0 connected to the node Kirchhoff
Example: 𝑛=1 Laws

−𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + −𝑖3 + 𝑖4 + 𝑖5 = 0 Nodal

Analysis

2) Kirchhoff's voltage Law (KVLthe algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero. Mesh
Analysis
𝑀
where M the number of
𝑣𝑚 = 0 voltages in the loop
𝑚=1
Example:
−𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + (−𝑣4 ) + 𝑣5 = 0

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Sign Conventions
 When applying Kirchhoff’s laws you must assume a consistent, positive tracing direction

 When applying the voltage rule, emf’s are positive if normal output direction of the emf is
Kirchhoff
with the assumed tracing direction Laws
+
 If tracing from A to B, this emf is considered positive and vice versa A B
Nodal
V Analysis

 When applying the voltage rule, IR drops are taken negative if the assumed current
Mesh
direction is with the assumed tracing direction Analysis
+
 If tracing from A to B, this IR drop is negative. R
A B
VR = - (IR) I

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Nodal analysis: Steps to calculate node voltages
1) Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages v1, v2 ,…………vn-1 to the remaining
n-1 nodes. The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.
Kirchhoff
2) Apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference nodes. Use Ohm’s law to express the branch Laws

currents in terms of node voltages.

Nodal
3) Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages. Analysis

Solved example:
Mesh
Analysis

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Nodal analysis contd.

Before you solve, remember:

• Current flows from a higher potential to a lower potential in a
resistor . Kirchhoff
𝑣ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 −𝑣𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑖= Laws
𝑅
• Current through current source is known.
Nodal
Solution: Analysis

Step1: we select node 0 as reference node. Node 1 and 2 Mesh

Analysis
voltages need to be determined. Current directions are
chosen as shown in the figure,

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Nodal analysis contd.

Step2: Apply KCL at node 1 and 2 and simplify the equations.

At node 1 Kirchhoff
Laws
Ohm’s Law
Applying KCL: 𝑖1 = 𝑖2 +𝑖3 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 𝑣1 − 0 3𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 20 (1)
5= +
4 2 Nodal
Analysis

At node 2
Ohm’s Law Mesh
𝑣1 − 𝑣2 𝑣1 − 0 Analysis
Applying KCL: 𝑖2 + 𝑖4 = 𝑖1 +𝑖5 + 10 = 5 + −3𝑣1 + 5𝑣2 = 60 (2)
4 6

Step3: Solve equations (1) and (2) and get 𝑣1 , 𝑣2

𝑣1 = 13.333 𝑉, 𝑣2 = 20 𝑉

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Nodal analysis with voltage sources
Case 1 : when a voltage source is connected between the reference node and a non-reference node

 In this case, we set the voltage at the non-reference node equal to the voltage of the voltage
Kirchhoff
source. For example: from the following circuit we can write, 𝑣1 = 10 𝑉 Laws

Nodal
Analysis

Mesh
Analysis

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Nodal analysis with voltage sources
Case 2: when the voltage source (dependent or independent) is connected between two non-reference
nodes

 In this case, the two non-reference nodes form a supernode. Kirchhoff

Laws

Nodal
Analysis

Mesh
Analysis

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Nodal analysis with voltage sources
Case 2: when the voltage source (dependent or independent) is connected between two non-reference
nodes
 In this case, the two non-reference nodes form a supernode.
Kirchhoff
 In other words: A supernode is formed by enclosing a (dependent or independent) voltage source connected Laws
between two non-reference nodes and any elements connected in parallel with it.

Nodal
Analysis

By applying KVL and KCL:

Mesh
Analysis
𝑣2 − 𝑣3 = 5 𝑉

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Nodal analysis with voltage sources

Solved example: find the node voltages for the given circuit

Kirchhoff
Laws

Nodal
Analysis

Solution: The supernode contains: node1, node2, voltage source and the 10 Ω resistor
Mesh
Analysis
 Applying KCL to the supernode :
𝑣1 − 0 𝑣2 − 0
2 = 𝑖1 +𝑖2 + 7 2= + +7
2 4

2𝑣1 + 𝑣2 = −20 (1)

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 Nodal analysis with voltage sources

 Applying KVL to the supernode (see the figure):

−𝑣1 + 𝑣2 = 2 (2) Kirchhoff

Laws

Nodal
Analysis
 By solving (1) and (2),

Mesh
𝑣1 = −7.333 𝑉, 𝑣2 = −5.333 𝑉 Analysis

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Mesh analysis Steps to calculate mesh currents

1) Assign mesh currents i1, i2 , ……. in to the n meshes.

2) Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms of Kirchhoff
Laws
the mesh currents.

3) Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents. Nodal
Analysis

Solved example: Mesh

Analysis

find the branch currents I1, I2 and I3 using

mesh analysis.

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Mesh analysis contd.
Solution:

Step1: mesh currents 𝑖1 and 𝑖2 are assigned Kirchhoff

Laws

Step2: we apply KVL to each mesh Nodal

Analysis

For mesh 1
Mesh
Analysis
−15 + 5𝑖1 + 10 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 + 10 = 0 3𝑖1 − 2𝑖2 = 1 (1)

For mesh 2

6𝑖2 + 4𝑖2 + 10 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 − 10 = 0 𝑖1 − 2𝑖2 = 1 (2)

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Mesh analysis contd.

Step3: solve eq. (1) and (2)

Kirchhoff
𝑖1 = 1 𝐴, 𝑖2 = 1 𝐴 Laws

Nodal
Thus, the branch currents are, Analysis

𝐼1 = 𝑖1 = 1 𝐴, 𝐼2 = 𝑖2 = 1 𝐴, 𝐼3 = 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 = 0 𝐴
Mesh
Analysis

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Mesh analysis with current source
Case 1: when a current source exists only in one mesh

 In this case, we set the current mesh as the source current. And the
Kirchhoff
rest meshes are solved as usual. Laws

For example: in the given circuit we set 𝑖1 = 15 𝐴

Nodal
Analysis

Case 2: when a current source exists between two meshes

Mesh
 In this case, We create a supermesh by excluding the Analysis
current source and any elements connected in series with it

For example: see the given circuit

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Mesh analysis with current source

The first step in this case is to write the supermesh equation,

Kirchhoff
−20 + 6𝑖1 + 10𝑖2 + 4𝑖2 = 0 6𝑖1 + 14𝑖2 = 20 (1) Laws

Then we apply KCL to a node in the branch where the two meshes Nodal
Analysis
intersect:

−𝑖1 + 𝑖2 = 6 (2) Mesh

Analysis

By solving (1) and (2)

𝑖1 = −3.2 𝐴, 𝑖2 = 2.8 𝐴

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Test your understanding

1) Use nodal analysis to find the branch currents of the following circuit.
2) Use mesh analysis to find the branch currents of the same circuit.
Kirchhoff
Laws

Nodal
Analysis

Mesh
Analysis

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