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Impedance Measurment Tx-Line PDF
Impedance Measurment Tx-Line PDF
August, 2008.
Contents
Introduction 1
0.1 Prelab Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
0.2 Background Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
0.2.1 Characteristic Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
0.2.2 Terminated Lossless Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
0.2.3 The Impedance Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
0.3 Shorted Transmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
0.3.1 Open Circuit Line- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
0.3.2 Low Loss Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
0.4 Calculating Transmission Line parameters by Measuring Z0 , α, and
β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
0.4.1 Calculating Coaxial Line Parameters by Measuring
Physical Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Experiment Procedure 17
0.5 Required Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
0.6 Phase Difference of Coaxial Cables, Simulation and Measure-
ment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
0.7 Wavelength of Electromagnetic Wave in Dielectric Material . . 18
0.8 Input Impedance of Short - Circuit Transmission Line . . . . . 20
0.9 Impedance Along a Short - Circuit Microstrip Transmission
Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
0.10 Final Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
0.11 Appendix-1 - Engineering Information for RF Coaxial Cable
RG-58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
v
Introduction
2. Refer to Figure 1, find the frequency that will cause a 2π radians phase
difference between the two RG-58 coaxial cables, assume µR = 1, r = 2.3.
a. Find the relative amplitude of the two signals.
b. Verify your answers in the laboratory.
3.4m RG-58
1
2 CHAPTER 0 INTRODUCTION
The open two-wire line is the most popular at lower frequencies, especially
for TV application. Modern RF and microwave devices practice involves
considerable usage of coaxial cables at frequencies from about 10 MHz up to
30 GHz and hollow waveguides from 1 to 300 GHz.
G’ is related to the loss tangent of the dielectric material between the two
conductors. It is important to remember that G’ is not a reciprocal of R’.
They are independent quantities, R’ being related to the various properties
of the two conductors while G’ is related to the properties of the insulating
material between them.
0.2 BACKGROUND THEORY 3
ZG
G C G C G C
Z = R + JωL
Y = G + JωC
The expressions for voltage and current per unit length are given respectively
by equations (1) and (2):
dV (z)
= −I(z)(R + JωL ) (1)
dz
dI(z)
= −V (z)(G + JωC ) (2)
dz
Where the negative sign indicates on a decrease in voltage and current as z
increases. The current and voltage are measured from the receiving end; at
z = 0 and line extends in negative z-direction. The differentiating equations,
(3) and (4), associate the voltage and current:
4 CHAPTER 0 INTRODUCTION
These solutions are shown as the sum of two waves; the first term ,V1, in-
dicates the wave traveling in positive z-direction, and is called the incident
wave, while the second term, V2 , indicates the wave traveling in the negative
z-direction, and is called the reflected wave. γ is a complex number that is
called the propagation constant and can be defined as:
γ = α + jβ (7)
α is called the attenuation constant of the propagating wave, α is the real part
of Eq. (2.7) while β is the imaginary part and is called the phase constant.
Thus, propagation constant γ is the phase shift and attenuation per unit
length along the line. Separating equation (2.5) into real and imaginary
parts, we can get:
21
2
(G2 + ω 2C 2)(R2 + ω2 L2 )
+ (R G − ω L C )
α= (8)
2
21
2 2 2
(G + ω C )(R + ω L ) − (R G − ω L C )
2 2 2 2
β= (9)
2
α is measured in nepers per unit length of the transmission line (1 neper
= 8.686dB). β is measured in radians per unit length of tthe transmission
0.2 BACKGROUND THEORY 5
V (z)
Z0 =
I(z)
The expression for current I, using Eqs. (2.1) and (2.6), is given by:
1 ∂V 1
I=− =− (−γ)(V1 e−γz + V2 e+γz )
(R + JωL ) ∂z
(R + JωL )
Line Impedance
We can rewrite the current and voltange along the line as:
IL
I(z)
V(z) VL Zl
z=0
z = −l l
l
IL
I (z )
ZG
Z0 β
Z in VL ZL
z = −l z=0
z=d
z
I(z)
V Z0 , β
z
z=0
V (0) = 0 (28)
Which shows that the V = 0 at the load end, while the current is a maximum
there. The ratio between V(z) and I(z) is the input impedance and is equal
to:
Zin = jZ0 tan βz (31)
Which is purely imaginary for any length of z. The value of Zin(sc) vary
between +j∞ to −j∞, every π/2 (λ/4),by changing z, the length of the
line, or by changing the frequency. The voltage and current as a function of
time and distance are:
V (z, t) = Re V (z)ejωt (32)
= Re 2ejπ/2 |V1 | ejθ ejωt sin βz
= −2 |V1 | sin βz sin (ωt + θ)
I(z, t) = Re I(z)ejωt (33)
V1 jωt
= Re 2 cos βze
Z0
2
= |V1| cos βz cos (θ + ωt)
Z0
Frequency difference
0 Wavelengths 1 (λ) 2
Yin = Y0 tan βz
or in impedance form:
Z0
Zin(os) = (34)
tan βz
Using Eqs. (2.24), (2.34) and (2.35), Z0 can be computed from the short and
open circuit, by the relation:
Z0 = Zin(sc) Zin(os)
If we assume that R << ωL and G << ωC for low loss line, than R G <<
ω 2L C , therefore Eq. (36) is reduced to:
√ R G
γ = jω L C 1 − j
+ (36)
ωL ωC
√
By using Taylor approximation 1 + x ≈ 1 + x2 , the propagation constant
can be approximated by:
√
j R G
γ ≈ jω L C 1 − +
2 ωL ωC
0.4 CALCULATING TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS BY MEASURING Z0 , α,
1 C L
α ≈ R + G
(37)
2 L C
1 R
= + G Z0 = αc + αd
2 Z0
Where αc is the conductor loss and αd is the dielectric loss. The phase
constant is equal to: √
β ≈ ω L C (38)
Where Z0 = CL .
Note that the characteristic impedance of a low loss transmission line can
be approximated by:
(R + JωL ) L
Z0 = ≈
(G + JωC ) C
R + jωL = Z0γ
= (R0 + jx0 )(α + jβ)
= (R0 α − x0 β) + j(R0 β + x0 α) (39)
z=0 l z=l
E field lines
a
Area- A l
Flux φ
N turns
r
Current I
where N is the number of turns, l is the length and I is the current in the
solenoid. Applying ampere law to a circle radius r (b < r > a) around any
turn of the solenoid will result in:
I
H = 2πr
H
r
I I
H= π
2 r Magnetic flux between the
Magnetic field arround conductor
current carrying conductor
3.4m RG-58
17
18 CHAPTER 0 EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
S-PARAMETERS
Term
S_Param Term2
SP1 COAX Num=2
Start=1.0 MHz TL1 Z=50 Ohm
Stop=100 MHz Di=0.9 mm
Step=1.0 MHz Do=2.95 mm
L=3400 mm
Er=2.29
TanD=0.0004
Rho=1
PwrSplit2
PWR1
S21=0.707
P_AC S31=0.707
PORT1 Term
Num=1 Term3
Num=3
Z=50 Ohm
Pac=polar(dbmtow(0),0) Z=50 Ohm
Freq=freq COAX
TL2
Di=0.9 mm
Do=2.95 mm
L=700 mm
Er=2.29
TanD=0.0004
Rho=1
2. Plot S21 (phase) and S31 (phase) on the same graph, find the frequency
where the phases of the two cables are equal. Save the data.
Compare this frequency to the frequency you calculated in the prelab
exercise.
3. Connect coaxial cables to a oscilloscope using power splitter, as indi-
cated in Figure 1.
4. Set the signal generator to the frequency according to your simulation,
and verify that the phase difference is near 0 degree. Save the data on
magnetic media.
S-PARAMETERS
S_Param
N SP1
Var
Eqn VAR Freq=642 MHz
Zin
VAR1 PARAMETERSWEEP
Zin X=1.0
Zin1 ParamSweep
Zin1=zin(S11,PortZ1) Sweep1
SweepVar="X"
SimInstanceName[1]="SP1"
SimInstanceName[2]=
SimInstanceName[3]=
SimInstanceName[4]=
SimInstanceName[5]=
Term SimInstanceName[6]=
Term1 COAX COAX Term Start=0
Num=1 TL1 TL2 Term2 Stop=30
Z=50 Ohm Di=2 mm Di=2 mm Num=2 Step=0.25
Do=4.6 mm Do=4.6 mm Z=0.0001 mOhm
L=70 mm L=X
Er=1 Er=1
TanD=0.002 TanD=0.002
Rho=1 Rho=1
RF RF
IN
O UT
Coaxial line
strecher
Short
Figure 6 - Input impedance measurment of short circuit coaxial
transmission line.
5. Calculate the frequency for the wavelength 1.5λ = 70cm (line stretcher
at minimum overall length).
6. Set the network analyzer to smith chart format and find the exact
frequency (around the calculated frequency) for the input impedance Zin =
0.(line stretcher at minimum overall length), set the network analyzer to CW
frequency equal to this measured frequency.
7. Stretch the line and analyze the impedance in a smith chart.
1. Simulate a short circuit transmission line (see Figure 7) with length 50cm,
width 3mm, height 1.6 mm and dielectric material FR4 ef f = 3.446.
0.9 IMPEDANCE ALONG A SHORT - CIRCUIT MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION LIN
S -PA R A ME T ER S MSub
P A R AM ET E R S W E EP
MSUB
S_Param
ParamSw eep MSub1
SP1
Sweep1 H=1.6 mm
Freq=161 MHz N
SweepVar=" x" Er=4.7
SimInstanceName[1]=" SP1" Zin Mur=1
SimInstanceName[2]= Cond=1.0E+50
Zin
SimInstanceName[3]= Hu=1.0e+033 mm
Zin1
SimInstanceName[4]= Zin1=zin(S11,PortZ1) T=0 mm
SimInstanceName[5]= TanD=0.002
SimInstanceName[6]= Rough=0 mm
Start=0
Stop=50 Term Term
Step=0.5 Term1 MLIN Term2
Num=1 TL2 Num=2
Z=50 Ohm Subst=" MSub1" Z=0.001 mOhm
W =3 mm
L=x c m
Var
Eqn
VAR
VAR 1
x=0
Term
MLIN Term3
TL1 Num=3
Subst=" MSub1" Z=100 MOhm
W =3 mm
L=(50-x) c m
0 λ /8
Engineering Information:
Impedance: 50Ω
Continuous working voltage; 1,400 V RMS, maximum.
Operating frequency: 1 GHz, maximum.
Velocity of propagation: 66% of speed light.
Dielectric constant of polyethylene: 2.29
Dielectric loss tangents of polyethylene: tan δ = 0.0004
Operating temperature range: -40 C to +85 C.
pF
Capacitance: 101 m
.
26 CHAPTER 0 EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
70
60
Attenuation (dB)
50
40
y = 1.292 + 1.537 f + 0.0157 f
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency(MHz)