Land Surface Temperature

The main formula to estimate Land Surface Temperature is:

LST = BT / 1 + w * (BT / p) * ln (e)

Where:

1) BT = At Satellite Temperature (Calculated Brightness Temperature)

To calculate Brightness Temperature; first need radiance to be calculated, then with this radiance
band brightness temperature will be calculated:

 Conversion DNs to TOA Radiance

OLI and TIRS band data can be converted to TOA Spectral Radiance using the radiance rescaling
factors provided in the metadata file:
Lλ = ML Qcal + AL

Where:

Lλ = TOA spectral radiance (Watts/( m2 * srad * μm)) (Radiance)

ML = Band-specific multiplicative rescaling factor from the metadata (RADIANCE_MULT_BAND_x,

where x is the band number)

AL = Band-specific additive rescaling factor from the metadata (RADIANCE_ADD_BAND_x, where x is

the band number)

Qcal = Quantized and calibrated standard product pixel values (DN) (Band of Landsat)

 Conversion to At-Satellite Brightness Temperature

TIRS band data can be converted from spectral radiance to brightness temperature using the
thermal constants provided in the metadata file:
K2
T= K1
ln ( +1)
Lλ

Where:

T = At-satellite brightness temperature (Brightness Temperature)

Lλ = TOA spectral radiance (Watts/( m2 * srad * μm)) (Radiance)

K1 = Band-specific thermal conversion constant from the metadata (K1_CONSTANT_BAND_x, where x

is the thermal band number)
K2 = Band-specific thermal conversion constant from the metadata (K2_CONSTANT_BAND_x, where x
is the thermal band number)

2) w = wavelength of emitted radiance (At 11.5 μm wavelength-Correspond to

Band 10 of Landsat 8)

3) p = h * c / s (1.438 * 10^-2 m K)
h = Planck’s constant (6.626 * 10^-34 Js)

s = Boltzmann constant (1.38 * 10^-23 J/K)

c = velocity of light (2.998 * 10^8 m/s)

------->>> p = 14380

4) Land Surface Emissivity {ln (e)}

Deriving Land Surface Emissivity from NDVI:

e = 0.004 Pv + 0.986
Proportion of Vegetation (Pv) = (NDVI – NDVImin / NDVImax – NDVImin)^2