Tutorial 1

Dr. Sujan Chowdhury

Question 1
• An employee works in a plant with a FAR of 4. If this
employee works a 4-hour shift, 200 days per year,
what is the expected number of deaths per year?
• Answer:
• FAR is used mostly by British chemical industry
The FAR reports the number of fatalities based on
1000 employees working their entire lifetime. The
employees are assumed to work a total of 50 years.
Thus the FAR is based on 108 working hours.
Question 1
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 × 108
• 𝐹𝐴𝑅 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
• Given, FAR of 4 at 108 exposed hours.
• Deaths per person per year = (4 hrs/shift) ×(200
shifts/year) × (4 deaths/108 hrs)
= 3.2 ×10-5 death/person-year
Y 108
4
4 1 2,00
Y= 3.2 ×10-5 death/person-year
Question 2
• A worker is told her chances of being killed by a
particular process are 1 in every 500 years.
• (i) Should the worker be satisfied or alarmed?
• (ii) What is the FAR (assuming normal working
hours) and
• (iii) The number of deaths per year?
• (iv) What should her chances be, assuming an
average chemical plant?
Question 2
• (II) Answer: 500 years period:
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 × 108
• 𝐹𝐴𝑅 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
Y 108
FAR 
(500 yrs)  (2000 hrs/yr)
1108
FAR 
(500 yrs)  (2000 hrs/yr)
Assume 1 death every 106 exposed hours
108
 6 = 100 deaths per 108 hrs
10
FAR = 100
For an average chemical plant FAR = 4 deaths per 108 hours
Question 2
For an average chemical plant FAR = 4 deaths per 108 hours
• (III) Answer:
• 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 × 108
• 𝐹𝐴𝑅 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑

Y 108
4
(1 yrs)  (2000 hrs/yr)
Then, Y = (2000 hrs) × (4 deaths/108 hrs)
= 8 ×10-5 death/person-year
1
Then, years per death = = 12500
8 ×10−5
Question 2
• (iV) Answer:
• Chances should be 1 in 12500 years of exposure.
• (I) Should the worker be satisfied or alarmed?
• Worker should be satisfied.
Question 3
• The airline industry claims commercial airline transport
has fewer deaths per mile than any other means of
transportation. In 1984 the airline industry posted 4
deaths per 10,000,000 passenger miles. Suppose the
average speed is 200 MPH.
• (i) Do the accident statistics support this claim?
• (ii) What additional information is required to compute
a FAR?
• (iii) Suppose each trip has considered the total number
of traveler complete the distance 10,000,000 passenger
miles and travel the average distance 300 miles for
each person. Determine the fatality rate?
Question 3
• Answer: (I and II)
• Airline industry has fewest deaths per passenger mile
but due to high rate of speed of the aircraft, many
notes are accumulated. From Table 1-4, Far for a car is
57, bicycle is 96 and air is 240 which is almost 5 times
higher.
• To compute FAR, we need the total hours exposed and
an average speed.
• Suppose the average speed is 200 MPH
1×107 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
• Total hours exposed = =50000 hrs
200 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒/ℎ𝑟

Continue..
Question 3
For an average chemical plant FAR = 4 deaths per 108 hours
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 × 108
• 𝐹𝐴𝑅 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑

4 108
FAR 
5000 hrs

=8000 > 240 as shown in Table 1-4.

Question 3
• Answer (III):
• A fatality rate require the total number of passengers in the
107 miles.
• Suppose each trip averaged 300 miles
107 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
• Total passengers =
300 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 /𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛
= 33333 passengers
Number of fatalities per year
Fatality rate
Total number of people in applicable population
4
• Fatality rate = = 1.2 × 10−4
33333
Question 4
• You have just begun work at a chemical plant. After
several weeks on the job you determine that a) the
plant manager runs the plant with an iron fist. He is a
few years away from retirement after working his way
up from the very bottom. B) a number of unsafe
practices are performed at the plant, including some
that could lead to catastrophic results.
• You bring up these problems to your immediate
supervisor but he decides to do nothing in fear that the
plant manager will be upset. After all, he says, “ We’ve
operated this plant for forty years without an accident.”
What would you do in this situation?
Question 4
• Answer:
• Maybe you can quit job and look employment
elsewhere.
• Go over immediate supervisor directly to plant
manager.
• Send anonymous letter to OSHA detailing problems.
• Secretly work with other plant people to solve
problems.
• A mass technical information to convince supervisor
that you are correct and problems must be corrected.
Continue..
Question 4
• The last response is probably the “best” way to
handle the problem, at least in the short term. You
might consider developing a few “quick fixes” for
existing safety problems that can be done easily
and with minimal cost to build up confidence with
your supervisor.
Question 5
• Another way of measuring accident performance is
by the LTIR, or lost-time injury rate. This is
identical to the OSHA incidence rate based on
incidents in which the employee is unable to
continue their normal duties. A plant site has 1200
full-time employees working 40 hr/week and 50
weeks/yr. If the plant had 2 lost-time incidents last
year, what is the LTIR?
Question 5
• Answer:
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
• LITR = × 200000 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑
• Total hours worked
= 1200 employees × 40 ℎ𝑟𝑠/𝑤𝑘 × 50 𝑤𝑘/𝑦𝑟
=2.4× 106 hrs.
(2)× 200000 ℎ𝑟𝑠
• LITR = =0.167 (low)
2.4× 106 hrs.
Question 6
• The plant has been down for extensive maintenance
and repair. You are in charge of bringing the plant
up and on-line. There is considerable pressure from
the sales department to deliver product. At about 4
a.m. a problem develops. A slip plate has
accidentally been left in one of the process lines. An
experienced maintenance person suggests that she
can remove the slip plate without depressurising the
line. She said that she routinely performed this
operation some years ago. Since you are in charge,
what would you do?
Question 6
1) Don’t take advise from maintenance.
2) Shut the plant down using normal procedure
3) Remove the slip plate
4) Re-start the plant
5) Improve the procedure for keeping trace of slip
plates to prevent similar problems on the future.
 Accidents & Loss
Statistics
1. OSHA incidence rate
OSHA incidence rate Number of injuries and illnesses x 200,000

(based on injuries = -------------------------------------------------------------

and illness) Total hours worked by all employees during period covered

or

2. OSHA incidence rate Number of lost workdays x 200,000

(based on lost workdays)= ------------------------------------------------------------

Total hours worked by all employees during period covered
(the smaller the indicator, the better)

8 hr/d x 5 d/w x 50 w/yr x 100 worker years = 200,000

20
 Accidents & Loss
Example:
Statistics
A company with 50 workers recorded 10 injuries in one year.
Calculate OSHA IR (based on injuries & illness)

TRY NOW!
Number of injuries x 200,000
OSHA IR = ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Total hours worked by all employees during
period covered

10 x 200,000
= ---------------------------------------------------------------------
50 x 2,000
= 20
8hr/d x 5d/w x 50w/yr = 2000hr/yr
21