Colegio Gimnasio Campestre San

Sebastián

English
Modal Verbs

Must (subjective obligation)

We often use must to say that something is essential or necessary, for example:

 I must go.

Structure of Must

Must is a modal auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb. The structure is:

subject + must + main verb

The main verb is the base verb (infinitive without "to").

Look at these examples:

  subject auxiliary must main verb

I must go home.

You must visit us.

We must stop now.

Use of Must

In general, must expresses personal obligation. Must expresses what the speaker thinks is
necessary. Must is subjective. Look at these examples:

 I must stop smoking.

 You must visit us soon.
 He must work harder.

In each of the above cases, the "obligation" is the opinion or idea of the person speaking. In fact, it is
not a real obligation. It is not imposed from outside.

Modal Verbs of Probability

Listed below are examples and uses of modal verbs of probability. Modal verbs of probability are
used to express an opinion of the speaker based on information that the speaker has. Example: He
must be at work, it's 10 o'clock. In this case, the speaker is 100 % sure that the person is at work
based on the speaker's knowledge that the person in question usually works at during the day.

Examples Usage
They must be in Spain by now. Use 'must' plus the verb when you are 100% (or
She must have done well on the almost 100%) sure that something is the case.
 test.
She might come this evening.
David may invite Jesica to the
match.
Jack might have gone to France.
Jane could be at work.
Peter could have arrived late.
Use 'might' or 'may' to express an opinion that you
think has a good possibility of being true.
Use 'could' to express a possibilty which is one of
many. This form is not as strong as 'might' or 'may'.
It is just one of a number of possibilities.

SCIENCE
Matter
Matter is a general term for the substance of which all physical objects are made. Typically, this
includes atoms and other particles which have mass. However in practice there is no single correct
scientific meaning; each field uses the term in different and often incompatible ways. A common way
of defining matter is as anything that has mass and occupies volume.

States of the Matter

There are five main states of matter. Solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates
are all different states of matter. Each of these states is also known as a phase. Elements and
compounds can move from one phase to another phase when special physical forces are present.
One example of those forces is temperature. The phase or state of matter can change when the
temperature changes. Generally, as the temperature rises, matter moves to a more active state.

Chemical vs. Physical Changes

It is important to understand the difference between chemical and physical changes. The two types
are based on studying chemical reactions and states of matter. We admit that some changes are
obvious, but there are some basic ideas you can use. Physical changes are about energy and states
of matter. Chemical changes happen on a molecular level.

When you step on a can and crush it, you have forced a physical change. The shape of the object
has changed. It wasn't a change in the state of matter, but something changed. When you melt an ice
cube you have also forced a physical change (adding energy). That example caused a change in the
state of matter. You can cause physical changes with forces like motion, temperature, and pressure.

Chemical changes happen on a much smaller scale. While some experiments show obvious chemical
changes such as a color change, most chemical changes happen between molecules and are
unseen. When iron (Fe) rusts you can see it happen over a long period of time. The actual molecules
have changed their structure (the iron oxidized). Melting a sugar cube is a physical change because
the substance is still sugar. Burning a sugar cube is a chemical change. The energy of the fire has
broken down the chemical bonds.

Matter in Cycles

Water Cycle
The water cycle (known scientifically as the hydrologic cycle) refers to the continuous exchange of
water within the hydrosphere, between the atmosphere, soil water, surface water, groundwater, and
plants.

Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the

water cycle consisting of following transfer processes:

 evaporation from oceans and other water bodies into the air
and transpiration from land plants and animals into air.
 precipitation, from water vapor condensing from the air and
falling to earth or ocean.
 runoff from the land usually reaching the sea.
 ENERGY

In physics, energy is a quantity that can be assigned to every particle, object, and system of objects
as a consequence of the state of that particle, object or system of objects. Different forms of energy
include kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, elastic, light, and electromagnetic energy.

Kinds of Energy
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,
and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished).
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind
turbines to make electricity, wind mills for mechanical power, wind pumps for pumping water or
drainage, or sails to propel ships.

Hydropower, hydraulic power or water power is power that is derived from the force or energy of
moving water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes.

Prior to the widespread availability of commercial electric power, hydropower was used for irrigation,
and operation of various machines, such as watermills, textile machines, sawmills, dock cranes, and
domestic lifts.

Tidal power, sometimes also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of
tides into electricity or other useful forms of power. The first large-scale tidal power plant (the Rance
Tidal Power Station) started operation in 1966.

Solar power is the generation of electricity from sunlight. This can be direct as with photovoltaics
(PV), or indirect as with concentrating solar power (CSP), where the sun's energy is focused to boil
water which is then used to provide power. Solar power had the potential to provide over 1,000 times
total world energy consumption in 2008, though it provided 0.02% of the total that year. If it continues
to double in use every two to three years, or less, it would become the dominant energy source this
century.

A fossil-fuel power station is a power station that burns fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas or
petroleum (oil) to produce electricity.

Fossil-fuel power station are designed on a large scale for continuous operation. In many countries,
such plants provide most of the electrical energy used.

Fossil fuel power stations (except for MHD generators) have some kind of rotating machinery to
convert the heat energy of combustion into mechanical energy, which then operate an electrical
generator.

Nuclear power is produced by controlled (i.e., non-explosive) nuclear reactions. Commercial and
utility plants currently use nuclear fission reactions to heat water to produce steam, which is then
used to generate electricity.

In 2009, 13-14% of the world's electricity came from nuclear power. Also, more than 150 naval
vessels using nuclear propulsion have been built.

SOCIAL
England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land

borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is
to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to
the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from
continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern
part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also
includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle
of Wight.
 Elton John’ Early life

Sir Elton Hercules John, CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight; 25 March 1947) is an English
singer-songwriter, composer and pianist. He has worked with his songwriting
partner Bernie Taupin since 1967; they have collaborated on more than 30
albums to date.

John was born Reginald Kenneth Dwight on 25 March 1947, and was raised in
Pinner, Middlesex in a council house of his maternal grandparents, with whom
his newlywed parents (Sheila Eileen (Harris) and Stanley Dwight) were living.
They then moved to a nearby semi-
detached house. He was educated at
Pinner Wood Junior School, Reddiford School and Pinner
County Grammar School until the age of 17, when he left just
prior to his GCE A Level examinations to pursue a career in the
music industry.

When John began to seriously consider a career in music, his

father, who served as a Flight Lieutenant in the Royal Air Force,
tried to steer him toward a more conventional career, such as
banking. John has stated that his wild stage costumes and
performances were his way of letting go after such a restrictive
childhood.

Both of John's parents were musically inclined, his father having

been a trumpet player with a semi-professional big band called
the Bob Millar Band that played at military dances. The Dwights were avid record buyers, exposing
John to all the popular singers and musicians of the day. John remembers being immediately hooked
on rock and roll when his mother brought home records by Elvis Presley and Bill Haley & His Comets
in 1956.
Studio albums  21 at 33 (1980)
 The Fox (1981)
 Empty Sky (1969)
 Jump Up! (1982)
 Elton John (1970)
 Too Low for Zero (1983)
 Tumbleweed Connection (1970)
 Breaking Hearts (1984)
 Madman Across the Water (1971)
 Ice on Fire (1985)
 Honky Château (1972)
 Leather Jackets (1986)
 Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano
 Reg Strikes Back (1988)
Player (1973)
 Sleeping with the Past (1989)
 Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (1973)
 The One (1992)
 Caribou (1974)
 Duets (1993)
 Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt
 Made in England (1995)
Cowboy (1975)
 The Big Picture (1997)
 Rock of the Westies (1975)
 Songs from the West Coast (2001)
 Blue Moves (1976)
 Peachtree Road (2004)
 A Single Man (1978)
 The Captain & the Kid (2006)
 Victim of Love (1979)
 The Union (with Leon Russell) (2010)

MATH
KIND OF GRAPHS
A diagram displaying data; in particular one showing the relationship between two or more quantities,
measurements or indicative numbers that may or may not have a specific mathematical formula relating them to
each other.

Graphs are pictures that help us understand amounts. These amounts are called data. There are many kinds of
graphs, each having special parts.

A circle graph is shaped like a circle. It is divided into fractions that look like
pieces of pie, so sometimes a circle graph is called a pie graph. Many times the
fractional parts are different colors and a key explains the colors.

A bar graph uses bars to show data. The bars can

be vertical (up and down), or horizontal (across). The data can be in words or
numbers.

A picture graph uses pictures or symbols to show data. One picture often
stands for more than one vote so a key is necessary to understand the symbols.

A histogram is a special kind of bar graph. The data must be shown as numbers in
order.

A line graph shows points plotted on a graph. The points are then connected to form a
line.
A bar chart (or bar graph) is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths
proportional to the values that they represent. Bar charts are used for
comparing two or more values that were taken over time or on different
conditions, usually on small data sets. The bars can be horizontally oriented
or vertically oriented (also called column chart). Sometimes a stretched
graphic is used instead of a solid bar. It is a visual display used to compare the amount or frequency
of occurrence of different characteristics of data and it is used to compare groups of data.

A pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circular chart divided into sectors, illustrating relative magnitudes or
frequencies. In a pie chart, the arc length of each sector and consequently its
central angle and area, is proportional to the quantity it represents. Together, the
sectors create a full disk. It is named for its resemblance to a pie which has been
sliced.