CHAPTER 5 : FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS QS015

43
 CHAPTER 6 : POLYNOMIALS QS015

TUTORIAL

1. Functions f, g and h are defined by

f ( x)  4 x 3  2 x 2  5, g ( x)  3x 2  5 x  2, h( x)  x  4

Simplify the following, and in each case:

a) state the degree of the resulting polynomial,
b) give the coefficient of x 2
i) h( x )  f ( x )  g ( x ) ii) 3 f ( x )  g ( x)

iii) 2 g ( x )  [ h( x )] 2 iv) g ( x ) h( x )

Tips:
Remainder Theorem
When P ( x ) is divided by ( x  a ) , its remainder is given by P (a )
When a polynomial P ( x ) of degree n  2 is divided by ( x  a )( x  b) ,
then, P( x)  ( x  a)( x  b)Q( x)   mx  n 

2. Find the quotient and remainder of the following functions by long division. Write the
answer in the form P(x) = Q(x)D(x) + R(x). Hence, verify the remainder using
Remainder Theorem.
x 3  27
a)
x3
x 4  3x 2  4 x  6
b)
x4

2 x 3  7 x 2  7 x  15
c)
x2  9
2 x 4  3x  6
d)
x 2  3x  2

3. a) When x 3  px 2  qx  1 is divided by x  2 , the remainder is 9;

when divided by x  3 , the remainder is 19. Find the values of p and q.
b) The polynomial x 3  4 x 2  2 x  1 and x 3  3 x 2  x  7 leave the same
remainder when divide by x  p . Find the possible values of p.

53
 CHAPTER 6 : POLYNOMIALS QS015

c) The remainder of P( x)  x 3  2 x  r when it is divided by  x  1 , is the same

as the remainder when Q( x)  2 x 3  x  r is divided by  2 x  1 . Find the
value of r.

Factor Theorem
if ( x  a ) is a factor of P ( x ) , then P (a )  0

4. a) Find the constant p and q such that when x 3  px  q is divided by

x 2  3 x  2 , the remainder is 4 x  1 .
b) A polynomial P ( x ) is a multiple of x  3 and the remainder when P ( x )
is divided by ( x  3) is 12. Find the remainder when P ( x ) is divided by
x2  9 .

5. a) Find the third degree of polynomial, if P (1)  P(2)  0, P (1)  4 and

P ( 2)  28 .

b) The polynomial P ( x ) gives a remainder of 40 when divided by ( x  3) and

( x  3) , and it gives a value of zero when divided by ( x  1) , ( x  2) and
( x  2) respectively. Given that P ( x ) is of degree 4, find P ( x ) .

6. Given that 2 x  1 is a factor of 8 x 3  4 x 2  kx  15 , find the value of k and

factorize P ( x ) completely.

7. If P( x)  x 2 n  ( p  1) x 2  p with n and p as positive integers, show that x  1

is a factor of P ( x ) . Find the value of n if x  2 is a factor of P ( x ) and
p  4. Hence, factorize P ( x ) completely.

8. Factorize P ( x ) completely and write its zeroes:

a) P ( x ) = x 3 - 13 x - 12

b) P( x) = x 4 + 2 x 3 - 7 x 2 - 20 x - 12

9. Two of the factors of P ( x) = x 4 + ax 3  bx 2 - 2 x - 4 are ( x  1) and ( x  2) .

a) Find the values of a and b.

54
 CHAPTER 6 : POLYNOMIALS QS015

b) Determine the third real factor of P ( x ) and show that it is always positive for
all real numbers.

10. The polynomial P ( x ) is given by P( x) = x 3 - 3 x 2 - 2 x  6 .

a) Use the factor theorem to show that ( x  3) is a factor of P ( x )
b) Write P ( x ) in the form ( x  3)(ax 2  bx  c) , giving the values of a, b and c.
c) Hence, solve P ( x)  0 .
d) Using your solutions to P ( x)  0 , write down the solutions of the equation
P ( x  1)  0 .

11. When polynomial P ( x)  x 3  (a  3) x 2  ax  b is divided by ( x  1) , the remainder

is r1 and when divided by ( x  1) , the remainder is r2. If -2 is a zero for P ( x )
and r 2  r 1 2 , find the values of a and b. Hence, find the other zeroes of P ( x ) .

12. Given the polynomial P( x)  x 4  1 and S ( x)  x 4  4 x 3  3 x 2  2 x  5 . Show that

when 3P ( x)  2 S ( x) is divided by x 2  1, the remainder is 4 x  6 .

13. Express the following in partial fractions:

7 x - 12
a) 2
x - 3x + 2
18 x - 9
b) ( x + 2) ( x - 1) 2
7 - x
c) ( x - 2)( x 2 + 1)

14. Express these improper algebraic fractions as partial fractions:

x3 - 1 x3 - 4x 10 x 3 + 20
a) b) c)
( x + 1) ( x - 2) ( x - 2) ( x + 1) 2 ( x - 3) ( x 2 + 1)

15. Given S ( x)  2 x 3  3x 2  8 x  3 , find all the roots of the equation S ( x)  0 . Hence,

5 - 2x
express in partial fractions.
S(x)

55
 CHAPTER 6 : POLYNOMIALS QS015

SUGGESTED ANSWERS :

1. i) 4x3 + x2 – 4x + 3 ; a) 3 b) 1
ii) -12x3 + 9x2 – 5x – 13 ; a) 3 b) 9
iii) 5x2 – 2x – 12 ; a) 2 b) 5
iv) 3x3 – 17x2 + 22x – 8 ; a) 3 b) -17

2. a) (x2 + 3x + 9) (x – 3) b) (x3 – 4x2 + 19x – 80) (x + 4) + 326

c) (2x – 7) (x2 – 9) + (25x – 48) d) (2x2 + 6x+14) (x2 –3 x + 2) + (27x -34)

1
3. a) p = 3 , q = -6 b) p = -2 , 3 c)
8

4. a) p = 3 , q = 5 b) -2x + 6

5. a) 3x3 + 4x2 – 5x – 2
b) x4 – 5x2 + 4

6. k = -34 , (2x +5) (2x – 3) (2x – 1)

7. n = 2 , P(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x + 2) (x + 1)

8. a) (x + 3) (x + 1) (x – 4) ; -3 , -1 , 4
b) (x + 1) (x + 2)2 (x – 3) ; - 1 , -2 , -2 , 3

9. a) a = 3 , b = 2 b) (x+1)2+1

10. b) P(x) = (x – 3) (x2 – 2), a = 1 , b = 0 , c = -2

c) 2 , - 2 , 3
d) 2 , - 1 + 2 , -1- 2
11. a = 2 , b = 24 , other zeroes are 3 or 4
5 2
13. a) +
x - 1 x - 2

56
 CHAPTER 6 : POLYNOMIALS QS015

-5 5 3
b) x + 2 + x - 1 + ( x - 1) 2

1 x + 3
c) - 2
x - 2 x + 1

2 7
14. a) ( x  1)  +
3 ( x + 1) 3 ( x - 2)
1
b) 1 -
( x + 1) 2

29 x - 7
c) 10  + 2
x - 3 x +1

1
15. x = -1, - and 3 ;
2

7 24 1
- -
4( x + 1) 7(2 x + 1) 28( x - 3)

57
 CHAPTER 6 : POLYNOMIALS QS015

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
4 x 3 - 3 x 2 + 6 x - 27
1. Find the values of A, B, C and D for the expression in the
x 4 + 9x 2
A B Cx + D
form of partial fractions + 2 + where A, B, C and D are constants.
x x x2 + 9

2. a) Show that (x – 3) is a factor of the polynomial P(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6. Hence,

factorize P(x) completely.

b) If f(x) = ax2 + bx + c leaves remainder 1, 25 and 1 on division by (x – 1),

(x + 1) and (x – 2) respectively, find the values of a, b and c. Hence, show that
f(x) has two equal real roots.

3. a) Find a cubic polynomial Q( x)   x  a  x  b  x  c  satisfying the following conditions:

the coefficients of x 3 is 1, Q (1)  0 , Q (2)  0, Q(3)  8 .

b) A polynomial P ( x)  ax 3  4 x 2  bx  18 has a factor ( x  2) and a remainder

( 2 x  18) when divided by ( x  1) . Find the values of a and b. Hence, factorize

P(x) completely.

5 x 2  3x  8
4. Express in partial fractions.
(1  x 2 )(1  x )

5. Polynomial P ( x)  mx 3  8 x 2  nx  6 can be divided exactly by x 2  2 x  3 . Find the

values of m and n. Using these values of m and n, factorize the polynomial completely.
Hence, solve the equation 3 x 4  14 x 3  11x 2 16 x  12  0 using the polynomial P(x).

4x  3
6. Express in partial fractions.
( x  2)( x 2  2 x  2)

7. Given a polynomial P(x) = 2x3 + ax2 + bx – 30 has factors (x+2) and (x -5)
a) Find the value of the constant a and b.
b) Factorize P(x) completely

58
 CHAPTER 6 : POLYNOMIALS QS015

8. Dividing M(x) = x2 + ax + b by (x + 1) and (x – 1) give a remainder of -12 and -16

respectively. Determine the values of a and b.

9. A polynomial f ( x)  px 3  ( p  q ) x 2  ( p  2q) x  1 has a factor ( x  1) .

a) Express q in terms of p.
b) Write f(x) in terms of p and x. Determine the quotient when f(x) is divided by (x+1).
c) Hence, find the value of p if x = 3 is one of the roots for f(x) = 0. Using the value
of p, factorize f(x) completely.

6 x  13
10. Express in the form of partial fractions.
(3 x  4) 2

11. The polynomial p ( x)  x 3  2 x 2  ax  b , where a and b are constants, has a factor of

(x –2) and leaves a remainder of a 3 when its divided by (x – a).
a) Find the values of a and b.
b) Factorize p(x) completely by using the values of a and b obtained from part
6 (a). Hence, find the real roots of p(x)=0, where a and b are not equal to zero.

2 x 3  7 x 2  17 x  19
12. Express in the form of partial fractions.
2x2  7 x  6

13. The polynomial P( x)  2 x 3  ax 2  bx  24 has a factor  x  2 and a remainder 15

when divided by  x  3
a) Find the values of a and b.
b) Factorise P ( x ) completely and find all zeroes of P ( x ) .

x2
14. Express in partial fractions form.
x 2  3x  2

15. A cubic polynomial P ( x ) has remainders 3 and 1 when divided by  x  1 and

 x  2 , respectively.

59
 CHAPTER 6 : POLYNOMIALS QS015

a) Let Q( x ) be a linear factor such that P ( x )  ( x  1)( x  2)Q ( x)  x   ,

where  and  are constants. Find the remainder when P ( x ) is divided by

( x  1)( x  2)

b) Use the values of  and  from part (a) to determine Q ( x ) if the coefficient

of x 3 for P ( x ) is 1 and P (3)  7 . Hence, solve for x if P( x)  7  3x .

16. Given that (x – 2) is a factor of the polynomial f ( x )  ax 3  10 x 2  bx  2 where a

and b are real numbers. If f(x) is divided by (x+1) the remainder is -24, find the values
of a and b. Hence, find the remainder when f(x) is divided by (2x +1).

17. Expand ( x  a )( x  b) 2 , a and b are real numbers with b > 0. Hence, find the values of
a and b if ( x  a )( x  b) 2  x3  3 x  2.
4 2
x  4 x  5x  1
Express in the form of partial fractions.
x 3  3x  2

5 x2  4 x  4
18. Express x 2  4  x  2  in the form of partial fractions.
 
19. A polynomial P ( x )  2 x 4  ax 3  bx 2  17 x  c where a,b and c are constants, has
factors ( x  2) and ( x  1) . When P ( x ) is divided by ( x  1) , the remainder is 8. Find

the values of a, b and c. Hence, factorize P ( x ) completely and state its zeroes.

Final Answers:
2 3 10 x
1.  2
3x x 3( x 2  9)
2. a) P ( x )  ( x  3)( x  2)( x  1)

b) a  4, b  12 , c  9

3. a) Q( x)  x 3  6 x 2  3 x  10

b) a  1, b  3 ; P ( x )  ( x  2)( x  3) 2

4 1 5
4.  
1  x (1  x) (1  x) 2
2
5. m  3, n  5 ; P ( x )  ( x  1)( x  3)(3 x  2) ; x  1, , 2, 3
3

60
 CHAPTER 6 : POLYNOMIALS QS015

1 1 x4 
6.  2
2  x  2 x  2 x  2 


7. a) a  3, b  29

b) P ( x )  ( x  2)( x  5)( 2 x  3)

8. a = -2 ; b = -15
9. a) q=1–p
b) f(x) = px3 + x2 + ( 2 –p)x + 1 ; Q(x) = px2 + (1-p)x + 1
1
c) p  2 ; f ( x)   ( x  1)(2 x  1)( x  3)
3 3
2 5
10. 
3 x  4 (3 x  4) 2
11. a) a =0,b=0; a = -2 , b = 4
b) p ( x)  x 2 ( x  2)

p ( x )  ( x  2)( x  2 )( x  2)

The roots are x   2 , x  2 and x = 2

2 x 3  7 x 2  17 x  19 5 3
12.  x 
2x  7 x  6
2
2x  3 x  2
13. (a) a  7 , b  10
3
(b) p ( x )  ( x  2)( 2 x  3)( x  4) , zeroes are 2, ,4
2

x2 1 4
14.  1 
x  3x  2
2
x 1 x  2

15. (a) R  x   2 x  5

(b) Q( x)  x  1 ; x  2 or x  0

75
16. a3 , b9 ; R x   
8

17. x 3  2bx 2  b 2 x  ax 2  2abx  ab 2 ; a  2 , b 1

x 4  4x 2  5x  1 1 2 3
x   .
3
x  3x  2 x  2 x  1 ( x  1) 2

61
 CHAPTER 6 : POLYNOMIALS QS015

5x2  4 x  4 2 3
18.  
 x  2  x  2 x  2 ( x  2) 2
2

19. a  13, b  12, c  10

P ( x)  ( x  2)( x  1)(2 x  1)  x  5 
1
zeroes are 2,1,  , 5
2

62
62