CHAPTER 2
RETAIL FACILITIES
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pã~ää=píçêÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK =OKN
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GENERAL CRITERIA
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SMALL STORES
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Copyright © 2002 ASHRAE
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Design Considerations
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Improving Operating Cost. lìíÇççê= ~áê= ÉÅçåçãáòÉêë= Å~å
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DISCOUNT AND BIG BOX STORES
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áåÖ=ëéÉÅá~äáíó=ÑççÇ=áíÉãë=EÉKÖKI=éçéÅçêåI=éáòò~I=Ñê~åâÑìêíÉêëI=Ü~ãJ
ÄìêÖÉêëI=ÇçìÖÜåìíëI=êç~ëíÉÇ=ÅÜáÅâÉåëI=ÅççâÉÇ=åìíëI=ÉíÅKFI=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ
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1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook
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Design Considerations
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~êÉ~ëI= ã~ó= Ü~îÉ= ÜáÖÜäó= î~êá~ÄäÉ= ÜÉ~íáåÖ= ~åÇ= ÅççäáåÖ= êÉèìáêÉJ
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Air Distribution.= qÜÉ= ~áê= ëìééäó= Ñçê= ä~êÖÉ= ë~äÉë= ~êÉ~ë= ëÜçìäÇ
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SUPERMARKETS
Load Determination
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PK kÉÉÇ=Ñçê=ëéÉÅá~ä=~áê=ÅáêÅìä~íáçå=~åÇ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=íç=çÑÑëÉí=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~í
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Fig. 1 Refrigerated Case Load Variation with Store
Air110
Humidity
100
PERCENT LOAD
90 LOW TEMP.
80 MEDIUM TEMP.
70
60
30 40 50 60 70 80
ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY, grains/lb
Fig. 1 Refrigerated Case Load Variation with Store
Air Humidity
2.3
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2.4 1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook

éÉêáçÇë=~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=Çáëéä~ó=äáÑÉ=çÑ=éêçÇìÅíë=áë=ëÜçêíÉåÉÇK NK Return Ducts in Floor. qÜáë=áë=íÜÉ=éêÉÑÉêêÉÇ=ãÉíÜçÇ=~åÇ=Å~å=ÄÉ

qÜÉ=ÇÉï=éçáåí=êáëÉë=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=êÉä~íáîÉ=ÜìãáÇáíóI=~åÇ=ëïÉ~íáåÖ=Å~å ~ÅÅçãéäáëÜÉÇ=áå=íïç=ï~óëK=qÜÉ=Ñäççê=~êÉ~=áå=Ñêçåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉÑêáÖJ
ÄÉÅçãÉ=éêçÑìëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉñíÉåí=íÜ~í=ÉîÉå=åçåêÉÑêáÖÉê~íÉÇ=áíÉãë=ëìÅÜ Éê~íÉÇ=Çáëéä~ó=Å~ëÉë=áë=íÜÉ=ÅççäÉëí=~êÉ~K=oÉÑêáÖÉê~åí=äáåÉë=~êÉ=êìå
~ë= ëÜÉäîáåÖ= ëìéÉêëíêìÅíìêÉëI= Å~ååÉÇ= éêçÇìÅíëI= ãáêêçêëI= ~åÇ= ï~ääë íç=~ää=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=Å~ëÉëI=ìëì~ääó=áå=íìÄÉë=çê=íêÉåÅÜÉëK=fÑ=íÜÉ=íêÉåÅÜÉë
ã~ó=ëïÉ~íK çê=íìÄÉë=~êÉ=Éåä~êÖÉÇ=~åÇ=ã~ÇÉ=íç=çéÉå=ìåÇÉê=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉë=Ñçê=~áê
qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=íïç=Åçããçåäó=ìëÉÇ=ÇÉîáÅÉë=Ñçê=~ÅÜáÉîáåÖ=ÜìãáÇáíó êÉíìêåI=~áê=Å~å=ÄÉ=Çê~ïå=áå=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÅçäÇ=~êÉ~=EëÉÉ=cáÖìêÉ=OFK=qÜÉ
ÅçåíêçäK= låÉ= áë= ~å= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ= î~éçê= ÅçãéêÉëëáçå= ~áê= ÅçåÇáíáçåÉêI ~áê=áë=êÉíìêåÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=~áêJÜ~åÇäáåÖ=ìåáí=íÜêçìÖÜ=~=íÉÉ=ÅçååÉÅíáçå=íç
ïÜáÅÜ=çîÉêÅççäë=íÜÉ=~áê=íç=ÅçåÇÉåëÉ=íÜÉ=ãçáëíìêÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉå=êÉÜÉ~íë íÜÉ= íêÉåÅÜ= ÄÉÑçêÉ= áí= ÉåíÉêë= íÜÉ= Ä~Åâ= êççã= ~êÉ~K= qÜÉ= çéÉåáåÖ
áí= íç= ~= ÅçãÑçêí~ÄäÉ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK= `çåÇÉåëÉê= ï~ëíÉ= ÜÉ~í= áë= çÑíÉå íÜêçìÖÜ=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=êÉÑêáÖÉê~åí=äáåÉë=ÉåíÉê=íÜÉ=Ä~Åâ=êççã=ëÜçìäÇ
ìëÉÇK=s~éçê=ÅçãéêÉëëáçå=ÜçäÇë=ÜìãáÇáíó=äÉîÉäë=~í=RM=íç=RRB=êÜK= ÄÉ=ëÉ~äÉÇK=
qÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ=ÇÉÜìãáÇáÑáÅ~íáçå=ÇÉîáÅÉ=áë=~=ÇÉëáÅÅ~åí=ÇÉÜìãáÇáJ If refrigerant line conduits are not used, the air can be
ÑáÉêK=^=ÇÉëáÅÅ~åí=~ÄëçêÄë=çê=~ÇëçêÄë=ãçáëíìêÉ=ÇáêÉÅíäó=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=~áê returned through inexpensive underfloor ducts. If refrigerators
íç=áíë=ëìêÑ~ÅÉK=qÜÉ=ÇÉëáÅÅ~åí=ã~íÉêá~ä=áë=êÉ~Åíáî~íÉÇ=Äó=é~ëëáåÖ=Üçí have insufficient undercase air passage, the manufacturer
~áê=~í=NUM=íç=OPMøc=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÅÅ~åí=Ä~ëÉK=`çåÇÉåëÉê=ï~ëíÉ should be consulted. Often they can be raised off the floor
ÜÉ~í=Å~å=éêçîáÇÉ=~ë=ãìÅÜ=~ë=QMB=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~í=êÉèìáêÉÇK=aÉëáÅÅ~åí approximately 1.5 in. Floor trenches can also be used as ducts
ëóëíÉãë= áå= ëìéÉêã~êâÉíë= Å~å= ã~áåí~áå= ÜìãáÇáíó= áå= íÜÉ= äçïÉê for tubing, electrical supply, and so forth.
ê~åÖÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅçãÑçêí= áåÇÉñK= içïÉê= ÜìãáÇáíó= êÉëìäíë= áå= äçïÉê Floor-level return relieves the problem of localized cold areas
çéÉê~íáåÖ=Åçëíë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=êÉÑêáÖÉê~íÉÇ=Å~ëÉëK and cold aisles and uses the cooling effect for store cooling, or
System Design. qÜÉ= ë~ãÉ= ~áêJÜ~åÇäáåÖ= ÉèìáéãÉåí= ~åÇ= ÇáëíêáJ increases the heating efficiency by distributing the air to the areas
Äìíáçå= ëóëíÉã= ~êÉ= ÖÉåÉê~ääó= ìëÉÇ= Ñçê= ÄçíÜ= ÅççäáåÖ= ~åÇ= ÜÉ~íáåÖK that need it most.
qÜÉ= Éåíê~åÅÉ= ~êÉ~= áë= íÜÉ= ãçëí= ÇáÑÑáÅìäí= ëÉÅíáçå= íç= ÜÉ~íK= j~åó OK Fans Behind Cases. fÑ= ÇìÅíë= Å~ååçí= ÄÉ= éä~ÅÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ÑäççêI
ëìéÉêã~êâÉíë= áå= íÜÉ= åçêíÜÉêå= råáíÉÇ= pí~íÉë= ~êÉ= Äìáäí= ïáíÜ= îÉëíáJ ÅáêÅìä~íáåÖ= Ñ~åë= Å~å= Çê~ï= ~áê= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= Ñäççê= ~åÇ= ÇáëÅÜ~êÖÉ= áí
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~áê= ÉåíÉêáåÖ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= çìíÇççêëK= ^ìñáäá~êó= ÜÉ~í= ã~ó= ~äëç= ÄÉ= éêçJ çÄàÉÅíáçå~ÄäÉ= ÅçäÇ= ~áëäÉë= áå= Ñêçåí= çÑ= íÜÉ= êÉÑêáÖÉê~íÉÇ= Çáëéä~ó
îáÇÉÇ= ~í= íÜÉ= ÅÜÉÅâçìí= ~êÉ~I= ïÜáÅÜ= áë= ìëì~ääó= ÅäçëÉ= íç= íÜÉ= Ñêçåí Å~ëÉëI=áí=ÇçÉë=åçí=éêÉîÉåí=íÜÉ=~êÉ~=ïáíÜ=~=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=êÉÑêáÖJ
Éåíê~åÅÉK=jÉíÜçÇë=çÑ=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=Éåíê~åÅÉ=~êÉ~ë=áåÅäìÇÉ=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=ENF Éê~íÉÇ=ÑáñíìêÉë=Ñêçã=êÉã~áåáåÖ=ÅçäÇÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=êÉëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëíçêÉK
~áê=Åìêí~áåëI=EOF=Ö~ëJÑáêÉÇ=çê=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ=áåÑê~êÉÇ=ê~Çá~åí=ÜÉ~íÉêëI=~åÇ Control.=píçêÉ=éÉêëçååÉä=ëÜçìäÇ=çåäó=ÄÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=íç=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=íÜÉ
EPF=ï~ëíÉ=ÜÉ~í=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=êÉÑêáÖÉê~íáçå=ÅçåÇÉåëÉêëK= éçëáíáçå=çÑ=~=ëÉäÉÅíçê=ëïáíÅÜ=íç=ëí~êí=çê=ëíçé=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=çê=íç=ÅÜ~åÖÉ
^áêJÅççäÉÇ= ÅçåÇÉåëáåÖ= ìåáíë= ~êÉ= íÜÉ= ãçëí= Åçããçåäó= ìëÉÇ= áå Fig. 2 Floor Return Ducts
ëìéÉêã~êâÉíëK= qóéáÅ~ääóI= ~= ÅÉåíê~ä= ~áê= Ü~åÇäÉê= ÅçåÇáíáçåë= íÜÉ
ÉåíáêÉ=ë~äÉë=~êÉ~K=péÉÅá~äíó=~êÉ~ë=äáâÉ=Ä~âÉêáÉëI=ÅçãéìíÉê=êççãëI
çê= ï~êÉÜçìëÉë= ~êÉ= ÄÉííÉê= ëÉêîÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ~= ëÉé~ê~íÉ= ~áê= Ü~åÇäÉê
ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=íÜÉ=äç~Çë=áå=íÜÉëÉ=~êÉ~ë=î~êó=~åÇ=êÉèìáêÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=Åçåíêçä
íÜ~å=íÜÉ=ë~äÉë=~êÉ~K
jçëí=áåëí~ää~íáçåë=~êÉ=ã~ÇÉ=çå=íÜÉ=êççÑ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëìéÉêã~êâÉíK
fÑ= ~áêJÅççäÉÇ= ÅçåÇÉåëÉêë= ~êÉ= äçÅ~íÉÇ= çå= íÜÉ= ÖêçìåÇ= çìíëáÇÉ= íÜÉ
ëíçêÉI=íÜÉó=ãìëí=ÄÉ=éêçíÉÅíÉÇ=~Ö~áåëí=î~åÇ~äáëã=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=íêìÅâ
~åÇ=ÅìëíçãÉê=íê~ÑÑáÅK=fÑ=ï~íÉêJÅççäÉÇ=ÅçåÇÉåëÉêë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ
~áêJÅçåÇáíáçåáåÖ= ÉèìáéãÉåí= ~åÇ= ~= ÅççäáåÖ= íçïÉê= áë= êÉèìáêÉÇI
éêçîáëáçåë= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ã~ÇÉ= íç= éêÉîÉåí= ÑêÉÉòáåÖ= ÇìêáåÖ= ïáåíÉê
çéÉê~íáçåK
Air Distribution. aÉëáÖåÉêë=çîÉêÅçãÉ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íÉÇ=äç~Ç=~í
íÜÉ= Ñêçåí= çÑ= ~= ëìéÉêã~êâÉí= Äó= ÇáëÅÜ~êÖáåÖ= ~= ä~êÖÉ= éçêíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ
íçí~ä=~áê=ëìééäó=áåíç=íÜÉ=Ñêçåí=íÜáêÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ë~äÉë=~êÉ~K
Fig. 2 Floor Return Ducts
qÜÉ=~áê=ëìééäó=íç=íÜÉ=ëé~ÅÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=î~éçê=ÅçãéêÉëëáçå=ëóëíÉã
Ü~ë=íóéáÅ~ääó=ÄÉÉå=N=ÅÑã=éÉê=ëèì~êÉ=Ñççí=çÑ=ë~äÉë=~êÉ~K=qÜáë=î~äìÉ
ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ= Ä~ëÉÇ= çå= íÜÉ= ëÉåëáÄäÉ= ~åÇ= ä~íÉåí= áåíÉêå~ä Fig. 3 Air Mixing Using Fans Behind Cases
äç~ÇëK=qÜÉ=ÇÉëáÅÅ~åí=ëóëíÉã=íóéáÅ~ääó=êÉèìáêÉë=äÉëë=~áê=ëìééäó=ÇìÉ
íç=áíë=ÜáÖÜ=ãçáëíìêÉ=êÉãçî~ä=ê~íÉK=få=ãçëí=Å~ëÉëI=çåäó=~Äçìí=QMB=çÑ
íÜÉ=ÅáêÅìä~íáçå=ê~íÉ=é~ëëÉë=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ÇÉÜìãáÇáÑáÉêK
_ÉáåÖ=ãçêÉ=ÇÉåëÉI=íÜÉ=~áê=ÅççäÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=êÉÑêáÖÉê~íçêë=ëÉííäÉë=íç
íÜÉ=Ñäççê=~åÇ=ÄÉÅçãÉë=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖäó=ÅçäÇÉêI=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=áå=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí
PS=áåK=~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=ÑäççêK=fÑ=íÜáë=ÅçäÇ=~áê=êÉã~áåë=ëíáääI=áí=Å~ìëÉë=ÇáëJ
ÅçãÑçêí= ~åÇ= ëÉêîÉë= åç= éìêéçëÉI= ÉîÉå= ïÜÉå= çíÜÉê= ~êÉ~ë= çÑ= íÜÉ
ëíçêÉ=åÉÉÇ=ãçêÉ=ÅççäáåÖK=`çäÇ=Ñäççêë=çê=~êÉ~ë=áå=íÜÉ=ëíçêÉ=Å~ååçí
ÄÉ= Éäáãáå~íÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ= ëáãéäÉ= ~ÇÇáíáçå= çÑ= ÜÉ~íK= ^åó= êÉÇìÅíáçå= çÑ
~áêJÅçåÇáíáçåáåÖ= Å~é~Åáíó= ïáíÜçìí= ÅáêÅìä~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= äçÅ~äáòÉÇ
ÅçäÇ=~áê=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~å~äçÖçìë=íç=áåëí~ääáåÖ=~å=~áê=ÅçåÇáíáçåÉê=ïáíÜJ
çìí=~=Ñ~åK=qç=í~âÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççäáåÖ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉÑêáÖÉê~J
íçêë= ~åÇ= éêçîáÇÉ= ~å= ÉîÉå= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= áå= íÜÉ= ëíçêÉI= íÜÉ= ÅçäÇ= ~áê
ãìëí=ÄÉ=ãáñÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëíçêÉ=~áêK
qç= ~ÅÅçãéäáëÜ= íÜÉ= åÉÅÉëë~êó= ãáñáåÖI= ~áê= êÉíìêåë= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ
äçÅ~íÉÇ=~í=Ñäççê=äÉîÉäX=íÜÉó=ëÜçìäÇ=~äëç=ÄÉ=ëíê~íÉÖáÅ~ääó=éä~ÅÉÇ=íç
êÉãçîÉ= íÜÉ= ÅçäÇ= ~áê= åÉ~ê= ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë= çÑ= êÉÑêáÖÉê~íÉÇ= ÑáñíìêÉëK
qÜÉ=êÉíìêåë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=~åÇ=äçÅ~íÉÇ=íç=~îçáÇ=íÜÉ=ÅêÉ~íáçå
çÑ=Çê~ÑíëK=qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=íïç=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ëçäìíáçåë=íç=íÜáë=éêçÄäÉãW Fig. 3 Air Mixing Using Fans Behind Cases
Retail Facilities 2.5

Fig. 4 Heat Reclaiming Systems EPF= ìëÉ= çÑ= çìíÇççê= ~áê= Ñçê= ÅççäáåÖ= ÇìêáåÖ= áåíÉêãÉÇá~íÉ= ëÉ~ëçåë=~åÇ
éÉ~â=ë~äÉë=éÉêáçÇëK=fí=áë=~äëç=ÇÉëáê~ÄäÉ=íç=~Çàìëí=áåÇççê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Ñçê
î~êá~íáçåë= áå= íÜÉ= çìíÇççê= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉK= tÜáäÉ= íÜÉ= ÅäçëÉ= Åçåíêçä= çÑ
ÜìãáÇáíó=áë=åçí=åÉÅÉëë~êóI=~=éêçéÉêäó=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=ëóëíÉã=ëÜçìäÇ=çéÉê~íÉ
íç=ã~áåí~áå=êÉä~íáîÉ=ÜìãáÇáíó=~í=RMB=çê=ÄÉäçï=ïáíÜ=~=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ
ÇêóJÄìäÄ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=TUøcK=qÜáë=ÜìãáÇáíó=äáãáí=Éäáãáå~íÉë=ãìëíó
çÇçêë=~åÇ=êÉí~êÇë=éÉêëéáê~íáçåI=é~êíáÅìä~êäó=áå=ÑáííáåÖ=êççãëK

Load Determination
_ÉÅ~ìëÉ= íÜÉ= çÅÅìé~åÅó= EÉñÅÉéí= ëíçêÉ= éÉêëçååÉäF= áë= íê~åëáÉåíI
áåÇççê=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~êÉ=Åçããçåäó=ëÉí=åçí=íç=ÉñÅÉÉÇ=TUøc=ÇÄ=~åÇ=RMB
êÜ= ~í= çìíÇççê= ëìããÉê= ÇÉëáÖå= ÅçåÇáíáçåëI= ~åÇ= TMøc= ÇÄ= ~í= çìíÇççê
ïáåíÉê=ÇÉëáÖå=ÅçåÇáíáçåëK=táåíÉê=ÜìãáÇáÑáÅ~íáçå=áë=ëÉäÇçã=ìëÉÇ=áå
ëíçêÉ=~áê=ÅçåÇáíáçåáåÖK
qÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=ÅìëíçãÉêë=~åÇ=ëíçêÉ=éÉêëçååÉä=åçêã~ääó=ÑçìåÇ
çå=É~ÅÜ=ÅçåÇáíáçåÉÇ=Ñäççê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~ëÅÉêí~áåÉÇI=é~êíáÅìä~êäó=áå=ëéÉJ
Åá~äíó= ÇÉé~êíãÉåíë= çê= çíÜÉê= ~êÉ~ë= Ü~îáåÖ= ~= ÖêÉ~íÉêJíÜ~åJ~îÉê~ÖÉ
ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=çÅÅìé~åíëK=iáÖÜíë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÅÜÉÅâÉÇ=Ñçê=ï~íí~ÖÉ
~åÇ=íóéÉK=q~ÄäÉ=N=ÖáîÉë=~ééêçñáã~íÉ=î~äìÉë=Ñçê=äáÖÜíáåÖ=áå=î~êáçìë
~êÉ~ëX=q~ÄäÉ=O=ÖáîÉë=~ééêçñáã~íÉ=çÅÅìé~åÅáÉëK
Fig. 4 Heat Reclaiming Systems
líÜÉê=äç~ÇëI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=íÜçëÉ=Ñêçã=ãçíçêëI=ÄÉ~ìíó=é~êäçê=~åÇ=êÉëí~ìJ
Fig. 5 Machine Room with Automatic Temperature Con- ê~åí= ÉèìáéãÉåíI= ~åÇ= ~åó= ëéÉÅá~ä= Çáëéä~ó= çê= ãÉêÅÜ~åÇáëáåÖ= ÉèìáéJ
trol Interlocked with Store Temperature Control ãÉåíI=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇK
qÜÉ=ãáåáãìã=çìíÇççê=~áê=êÉèìáêÉãÉåí=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~ë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=áå
íÜÉ=^peo^b=pí~åÇ~êÇ=SOI=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ääó=~ÅÅÉéí~ÄäÉ=~åÇ=~ÇÉJ
èì~íÉ= Ñçê= êÉãçîáåÖ= çÇçêë= ~åÇ= âÉÉéáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÄìáäÇáåÖ= ~íãçëéÜÉêÉ
ÑêÉëÜK= eçïÉîÉêI= äçÅ~ä= îÉåíáä~íáçå= çêÇáå~åÅÉë= ã~ó= êÉèìáêÉ= ÖêÉ~íÉê
èì~åíáíáÉë=çÑ=çìíÇççê=~áêK
m~áåí= ëÜçéëI= ~äíÉê~íáçå= êççãëI= êÉëí= êççãëI= É~íáåÖ= éä~ÅÉëI= ~åÇ
äçÅâÉê=êççãë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=ïáíÜ=éçëáíáîÉ=ÉñÜ~ìëí=îÉåíáä~íáçåI
~åÇ=íÜÉáê=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅÜÉÅâÉÇ=~Ö~áåëí=äçÅ~ä=ÅçÇÉëK

Design Considerations
_ÉÑçêÉ=éÉêÑçêãáåÖ=äç~Ç=Å~äÅìä~íáçåëI=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉê=ëÜçìäÇ=Éñ~ãJ
áåÉ=íÜÉ=ëíçêÉ=~êê~åÖÉãÉåí=íç=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=ïÜ~í=ïáää=~ÑÑÉÅí=íÜÉ=äç~Ç=~åÇ
íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=ÇÉëáÖåK=cçê=ÉñáëíáåÖ=ÄìáäÇáåÖëI=~=ëìêîÉó=Å~å=ÄÉ=ã~ÇÉ=çÑ
Fig. 5 Machine Room with Automatic Temperature ~Åíì~ä=ÅçåëíêìÅíáçåI=Ñäççê=~êê~åÖÉãÉåíI=~åÇ=äç~Ç=ëçìêÅÉëK=cçê=åÉï
Control Interlocked with Store Temperature Control ÄìáäÇáåÖëI=~å=Éñ~ãáå~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=Çê~ïáåÖë=~åÇ=~=ÇáëÅìëëáçå=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ
~êÅÜáíÉÅí=çê=çïåÉê=ïáää=ÄÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇK
Ñêçã=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=íç=ÅççäáåÖ=çê=Ñêçã=ÅççäáåÖ=íç=ÜÉ~íáåÖK=`çåíêçä=ëóëíÉãë i~êÖÉê= ëíçêÉë= ã~ó= Åçåí~áå= ÄÉ~ìíó= é~êäçêëI= êÉëí~ìê~åíëI= äìåÅÜ
Ñçê= ÜÉ~í= êÉÅçîÉêó= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåë= ~êÉ= ãçêÉ= ÅçãéäÉñ= ~åÇ= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ ÅçìåíÉêëI=çê=~ìÇáíçêáìãëK=qÜÉëÉ=ëéÉÅá~ä=~êÉ~ë=ã~ó=çéÉê~íÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=~ää
ÅççêÇáå~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåí=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉêK ëíçêÉ=ÜçìêëK=fÑ=çåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=~êÉ~ë=Ü~ë=~=äç~Ç=íÜ~í=áë=ëã~ää=áå=éêçéçêJ
Maintenance and Heat Reclamation.= jçëí= ëìéÉêã~êâÉíëI íáçå=íç=íÜÉ=íçí~ä=äç~ÇI=íÜÉ=äç~Ç=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ãÉí=Äó=íÜÉ=éçêíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=~áê
ÉñÅÉéí=ä~êÖÉ=ÅÜ~áåëI=Çç=åçí=Éãéäçó=íê~áåÉÇ=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=éÉêëçååÉäI ÅçåÇáíáçåáåÖ=ëÉêîáåÖ=íÜ~í=ÑäççêK=fÑ=éêÉëÉåí=çê=ÑìíìêÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=ÅçìäÇ
Äìí=ê~íÜÉê=êÉäó=çå=ëÉêîáÅÉ=Åçåíê~Åíë=ïáíÜ=ÉáíÜÉê=íÜÉ=áåëí~ääÉê=çê=~=äçÅ~ä Ñçê=~åó=êÉ~ëçå=ÄÉ=ÅçãéêçãáëÉÇ=Äó=ëìÅÜ=~=ëíê~íÉÖóI=íÜáë=ëé~ÅÉ=ëÜçìäÇ
ëÉêîáÅÉ=Åçãé~åóK=qÜáë=êÉäáÉîÉë=íÜÉ=ëíçêÉ=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉëéçåJ ÄÉ=ëÉêîÉÇ=Äó=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=~áê=ÅçåÇáíáçåáåÖK=_ÉÅ~ìëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íÉÇ
ëáÄáäáíó=çÑ=âÉÉéáåÖ=íÜÉ=~áê=ÅçåÇáíáçåáåÖ=çéÉê~íáåÖ=éêçéÉêäóK äç~Ç= áå= íÜÉ= ÄÉ~ìíó= é~êäçêI= ëÉé~ê~íÉ= ~áê= ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= éêçJ
qÜÉ=ÜÉ~í=Éñíê~ÅíÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ëíçêÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~í=çÑ=ÅçãéêÉëëáçå îáÇÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜáë=~êÉ~K
ã~ó=ÄÉ=êÉÅä~áãÉÇ=Ñçê=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=Åçëí=ë~îáåÖK=låÉ=ãÉíÜçÇ=çÑ=êÉÅä~áãáåÖ
íÜÉ=êÉàÉÅíÉÇ=ÜÉ~í=áë=íç=ìëÉ=~=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=ÅçåÇÉåëÉê=Åçáä=äçÅ~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=~áê Table 1 Approximate Lighting Load for Department Stores
ÅçåÇáíáçåÉêÛë=~áê=Ü~åÇäÉêI=ÉáíÜÉê=~äíÉêå~íÉäó=çê=áå=ÅçåàìåÅíáçå=ïáíÜ Area W/ft2
íÜÉ=ã~áå=êÉÑêáÖÉê~íáçå=ÅçåÇÉåëÉêëI=íç=éêçîáÇÉ=ÜÉ~í=~ë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=EëÉÉ _~ëÉãÉåí P=íç=R
cáÖìêÉ=QFK=^åçíÜÉê=ëóëíÉã=ìëÉë=ï~íÉêJÅççäÉÇ=ÅçåÇÉåëÉêë=~åÇ=ÇÉäáîJ
cáêëí=Ñäççê Q=íç=T
Éêë=áíë=êÉàÉÅíÉÇ=ÜÉ~í=íç=~=ï~íÉê=Åçáä=áå=íÜÉ=~áê=Ü~åÇäÉêK
qÜÉ= ÜÉ~í= êÉàÉÅíÉÇ= Äó= ÅçåîÉåíáçå~ä= ã~ÅÜáåÉë= ìëáåÖ= ~áêJÅççäÉÇ rééÉê=ÑäççêëI=ïçãÉåÛë=ïÉ~ê P=íç=R
ÅçåÇÉåëÉêë= ã~ó= ÄÉ= êÉÅä~áãÉÇ= Äó= éêçéÉê= ÇìÅí= ~åÇ= Ç~ãéÉê= ÇÉëáÖå rééÉê=ÑäççêëI=ÜçìëÉ=ÑìêåáëÜáåÖë O=íç=P
EëÉÉ=cáÖìêÉ=RFK=^ìíçã~íáÅ=Åçåíêçäë=Å~å=ÉáíÜÉê=êÉàÉÅí=íÜáë=ÜÉ~í=íç=íÜÉ
çìíÇççêë=çê=êÉÅáêÅìä~íÉ=áí=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ëíçêÉK Table 2 Approximate Occupancy for Department Stores
Area ft2 per person
DEPARTMENT STORES
_~ëÉãÉåíI=ãÉíêçéçäáí~å=~êÉ~ OR=íç=NMM
aÉé~êíãÉåí=ëíçêÉë=î~êó=áå=ëáòÉI=íóéÉI=~åÇ=äçÅ~íáçåI=ëç=~áêJÅçåÇáíáçåJ _~ëÉãÉåíI=çíÜÉê=ïáíÜ=çÅÅ~ëáçå~ä=éÉ~â OR=íç=NMM
áåÖ=ÇÉëáÖå=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=íç=É~ÅÜ=ëíçêÉK=^å=~ãéäÉ=ãáåáãìã=èì~åJ
cáêëí=ÑäççêI=ãÉíêçéçäáí~å=~êÉ~ OR=íç=TR
íáíó= çÑ= çìíÇççê= ~áê= êÉÇìÅÉë= çê= Éäáãáå~íÉë= çÇçê= éêçÄäÉãëK= bëëÉåíá~ä
ÑÉ~íìêÉë=çÑ=~=èì~äáíó=ëóëíÉã=áåÅäìÇÉ=ENF=~å=~ìíçã~íáÅ=Åçåíêçä=ëóëíÉã cáêëí=ÑäççêI=ëìÄìêÄ~å OR=íç=TR
éêçéÉêäó=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=íç=ÅçãéÉåë~íÉ=Ñçê=äç~Ç=ÑäìÅíì~íáçåëI=EOF=òçåÉÇ=~áê rééÉê=ÑäççêëI=ïçãÉåÛë=ïÉ~ê RM=íç=NMM
ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=íç=ã~áåí~áå=ìåáÑçêã=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=ìåÇÉê=ëÜáÑíáåÖ=äç~ÇëI=~åÇ rééÉê=ÑäççêëI=ÜçìëÉ=ÑìêåáëÜáåÖë NMM=çê=ãçêÉ
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1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook
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îáÇì~ä=íÉå~åí=ëíçêÉë=~åÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ã~ää=~áê=ÅçåÇáíáçåáåÖ=~åÇ=ìëÉ=î~êá~ÄäÉ
îçäìãÉ= Åçåíêçä= ~í= íÜÉ= äçÅ~ä= ìëÉ= éçáåíK= qÜÉ= ÅÉåíê~ä= éä~åí= éêçîáÇÉë
áãéêçîÉÇ= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó= ~åÇ= ÄÉííÉê= çîÉê~ää= ÉÅçåçãáÅë= çÑ= çéÉê~íáçåK
qÜÉó=~äëç=éêçîáÇÉ=íÜÉ=Ä~ëáÅ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=ëãçâÉ=ÅçåíêçäK
Retail Facilities 2.7

Table 3 Typical Installed Capacity and Energy Use in Enclosed Mall Centersa
_~ëÉÇ=çå=NVTV=a~í~ÔjáÇïÉëíÉêå=råáíÉÇ=pí~íÉë
Installed Cooling Annual Consumption, kWh/ft2
Type of Space Btu/h · ft2 Lightingb Coolingc Heatingd Miscellaneous
`~åÇó=ëíçêÉ QQKU=íç=TUKM OPKV=íç=OVKS TKU=íç=OPKR VKS=íç=RKT OKQ=íç=TMKN
`äçíÜáåÖ=ëíçêÉ PTKP=íç=QRKR NQKN=íç=OQKV UKM=íç=VKS UKV=íç=RKN NKO=íç=SKT
c~ëí=ÑççÇ QUKO=íç=TUKM NSKT=íç=POKQ VKU=íç=OPKR VKS=íç=PKU PUKN=íç=TMKM
d~ãÉ=êççã PPKU=íç=QQKR SKU=íç=NOKR TKO=íç=TKP NPKU=íç=QKT MKO=íç=NPKU
dÉåK=ãÉêÅÜ~åÇáëÉ POKV=íç=QPKS NPKO=íç=OPKP SKP=íç=VKT SKP=íç=RKS NKQ=íç=VKP
dÉåK=ëÉêîáÅÉ PVKP=íç=RMKP NRKT=íç=NTKQ TKU=íç=VKO NOKM=íç=RKV TKS=íç=UKO
dáÑí=ëíçêÉ PSKQ=íç=RNKN NOKU=íç=OOKV SKP=íç=NMKM TKN=íç=QKV MKQ=íç=OKO
dêçÅÉêó SVKR=íç=USKO NMKV=íç=NVKP RKP=íç=UKV SKM=íç=TKM NUKS=íç=ONKM
gÉïÉäêó RPKR=íç=SSKN PTKO=íç=QQKV NMKS=íç=NOKP RKS=íç=PKS TKS=íç=VKP
j~ää PMKM=íç=QUKM RKQ=íç=NOKM UKP=íç=NPKT NNKR=íç=RKS MKO=íç=NKR
oÉëí~ìê~åí QMKM=íç=RPKM RKM=íç=OOKM TKU=íç=NOKP NVKM=íç=NSKT NTKO=íç=ONKM
pÜçÉ=ëíçêÉ PSKV=íç=RMKS OMKQ=íç=POKN TKQ=íç=NNKQ TKO=íç=QKS NKM=íç=OKP
`ÉåíÉê=~îÉê~ÖÉ PMKM=íç=QUKM NUKM=íç=OUKM UKM=íç=NRKM SKM=íç=PKM NKM=íç=PKM
~léÉê~íáçå=çÑ=ÅÉåíÉê=~ëëìãÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=NO=ÜLÇ~ó=~åÇ=SKR=Ç~óëLïÉÉâK Å`ççäáåÖ=áåÅäìÇÉë=ÄäçïÉê=ãçíçê=~åÇ=áë=Ñçê=ìåáí~êóJíóéÉ=ëóëíÉãK
ÄiáÖÜíáåÖ=áåÅäìÇÉë=ãáëÅÉää~åÉçìë=~åÇ=êÉÅÉéí~ÅäÉ=äç~ÇëK ÇeÉ~íáåÖ=áåÅäìÇÉë=ÄäçïÉê=~åÇ=áë=Ñçê=ÉäÉÅíêáÅ=êÉëáëí~åÅÉ=ÜÉ~íáåÖK

Air Distribution.=^áê=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=Ñçê=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=ëíçêÉë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ es^`=äç~Çë=çÑ=íÜÉ=î~êáçìë=çÅÅìé~åÅáÉë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=áåÇÉJ

ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=~=é~êíáÅìä~ê=ëé~ÅÉ=çÅÅìé~åÅóK=pçãÉ=íÉå~åí=ëíçêÉë=ã~áåJ
í~áå=~=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=êÉä~íáîÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ã~ää=Ñçê=çÇçê=ÅçåíêçäK
qÜÉ=~áê=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=ëÜçìäÇ=ã~áåí~áå=~=ëäáÖÜí=éçëáíáîÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=êÉäJ
~íáîÉ=íç=~íãçëéÜÉêáÅ=éêÉëëìêÉ=~åÇ=~=åÉìíê~ä=éêÉëëìêÉ=êÉä~íáîÉ=íç=ãçëí
çÑ=íÜÉ=áåÇáîáÇì~ä=íÉå~åí=ëíçêÉëK=bñíÉêáçê=Éåíê~åÅÉë=ëÜçìäÇ=Ü~îÉ=îÉëJ
íáÄìäÉë=ïáíÜ=áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=ëóëíÉãëK
pãçâÉ=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Äó=ã~åó=ÄìáäÇáåÖ=ÅçÇÉëI=ëç=íÜÉ
~áê=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=íç=É~ëáäó=~ÅÅçããçÇ~íÉ=ëãçâÉ
Åçåíêçä=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíëK
Maintenance. jÉíÜçÇë=Ñçê=ÉåëìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=~åÇ=ã~áåíÉJ
å~åÅÉ=çÑ=es^`=ëóëíÉãë=áå=êÉÖáçå~ä=ëÜçééáåÖ=ÅÉåíÉêë=~êÉ=ëáãáä~ê=íç
íÜçëÉ=ìëÉÇ=áå=ÇÉé~êíãÉåí=ëíçêÉëK=fåÇáîáÇì~ä=íÉå~åí=ëíçêÉë=ã~ó=Ü~îÉ
íç=éêçîáÇÉ=íÜÉáê=çïå=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉK
Improving Operating Cost.= jÉíÜçÇë= Ñçê= äçïÉêáåÖ= çéÉê~íáåÖ
Åçëíë=áå=ëÜçééáåÖ=ÅÉåíÉêë=~êÉ=ëáãáä~ê=íç=íÜçëÉ=ìëÉÇ=áå=ÇÉé~êíãÉåí
ëíçêÉëK=pçãÉ=ëÜçééáåÖ=ÅÉåíÉêë=Ü~îÉ=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìääó=ÉãéäçóÉÇ=ÅççäáåÖ
íçïÉê=ÜÉ~í=ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉê=ÉÅçåçãáòÉêëK
`Éåíê~ä= éä~åí= ëóëíÉãë= Ñçê= êÉÖáçå~ä= ëÜçééáåÖ= ÅÉåíÉêë= íóéáÅ~ääó
Ü~îÉ=ãìÅÜ=äçïÉê=çéÉê~íáåÖ=Åçëíë=íÜ~å=ìåáí~êó=ëóëíÉãëK=eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉ
áåáíá~ä=Åçëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÉåíê~ä=éä~åí=ëóëíÉã=áë=íóéáÅ~ääó=ÜáÖÜÉêK
MULTIPLE-USE COMPLEXES
jìäíáéäÉJìëÉ=ÅçãéäÉñÉë=~êÉ=ÄÉáåÖ=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=áå=ãçëí=ãÉíêçéçäáJ
í~å=~êÉ~ëK=qÜÉëÉ=ÅçãéäÉñÉë=ÖÉåÉê~ääó=ÅçãÄáåÉ=êÉí~áä=Ñ~ÅáäáíáÉë=ïáíÜ
çíÜÉê=Ñ~ÅáäáíáÉë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=çÑÑáÅÉëI=ÜçíÉäëI=êÉëáÇÉåÅÉëI=çê=çíÜÉê=ÅçããÉêJ
Åá~ä=ëé~ÅÉ=áåíç=~=ëáåÖäÉ=ëáíÉK=qÜáë=ÅçåëçäáÇ~íáçå=çÑ=Ñ~ÅáäáíáÉë=áåíç=~
ëáåÖäÉ= ëáíÉ= çê= ëíêìÅíìêÉ= éêçîáÇÉë= ÄÉåÉÑáíë= ëìÅÜ= ~ë= áãéêçîÉÇ= ä~åÇ
ìëÉX=ëíêìÅíìê~ä=ë~îáåÖëX=ãçêÉ=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=é~êâáåÖX=ìíáäáíó=ë~îáåÖëX=~åÇ
çééçêíìåáíáÉë= Ñçê= ãçêÉ= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí= ÉäÉÅíêáÅ~äI= ÑáêÉ= éêçíÉÅíáçåI= ~åÇ
ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ëóëíÉãëK
Load Determination
qÜÉ= î~êáçìë= çÅÅìé~åÅáÉë= ã~ó= Ü~îÉ= éÉ~â= es^`= ÇÉã~åÇë= íÜ~í
çÅÅìê=~í=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=íáãÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ç~ó=çê=ÉîÉå=çÑ=íÜÉ=óÉ~êK=qÜÉêÉÑçêÉI=íÜÉ
éÉåÇÉåíäóK=tÜÉêÉ=~=ÅçãÄáåÉÇ=ÅÉåíê~ä=éä~åí=áë=ìåÇÉê=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåI=~
ÄäçÅâ=äç~Ç=ëÜçìäÇ=~äëç=ÄÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇK
Design Considerations
oÉí~áä= Ñ~ÅáäáíáÉë= ~êÉ= ÖÉåÉê~ääó= äçÅ~íÉÇ= çå= íÜÉ= äçïÉê= äÉîÉäë= çÑ
ãìäíáéäÉJìëÉ= ÅçãéäÉñÉëI= ~åÇ= çíÜÉê= ÅçããÉêÅá~ä= Ñ~ÅáäáíáÉë= ~êÉ= çå
ìééÉê=äÉîÉäëK=dÉåÉê~ääóI=íÜÉ=éÉêáãÉíÉê=äç~Çë=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉí~áä=éçêíáçå
ÇáÑÑÉê=Ñêçã=íÜçëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=çíÜÉê=ÅçããÉêÅá~ä=ëé~ÅÉëK=dêÉ~íÉê=äáÖÜíJ
áåÖ=~åÇ=éçéìä~íáçå=ÇÉåëáíáÉë=~äëç=ã~âÉ=íÜÉ=es^`=ÇÉã~åÇë=Ñçê
íÜÉ= êÉí~áä= ëé~ÅÉ= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí= Ñêçã= íÜçëÉ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= çíÜÉê= ÅçããÉêÅá~ä
ëé~ÅÉK
qÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉë=áå=es^`=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=î~êáçìë=çÅÅìé~åJ
ÅáÉë=ïáíÜáå=~=ãìäíáéäÉJìëÉ=ÅçãéäÉñ=áåÇáÅ~íÉ=íÜ~í=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=~áê=Ü~åJ
ÇäáåÖ= ~åÇ= ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ìëÉÇ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ëÉé~ê~íÉ= ëé~ÅÉëK
eçïÉîÉêI=ÅçãÄáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=~åÇ=ÅççäáåÖ=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ
î~êáçìë=Ñ~ÅáäáíáÉë=áåíç=~=ÅÉåíê~ä=éä~åí=Å~å=~ÅÜáÉîÉ=~=ëìÄëí~åíá~ä=ë~îJ
áåÖK=^=ÅçãÄáåÉÇ=ÅÉåíê~ä=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=~åÇ=ÅççäáåÖ=éä~åí=Ñçê=~=ãìäíáéäÉJìëÉ
ÅçãéäÉñ=~äëç=éêçîáÇÉë=ÖççÇ=çééçêíìåáíáÉë=Ñçê=ÜÉ~í=êÉÅçîÉêóI=íÜÉêã~ä
ëíçê~ÖÉI=~åÇ=çíÜÉê=ëáãáä~ê=ÑìåÅíáçåë=íÜ~í=ã~ó=åçí=ÄÉ=ÉÅçåçãáÅ~ä=áå
~=ëáåÖäÉJìëÉ=Ñ~ÅáäáíóK
j~åó=ãìäíáéäÉJìëÉ=ÅçãéäÉñÉë=Ü~îÉ=~íêáìãëK=qÜÉ=ëí~Åâ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=ÅêÉJ
~íÉÇ=Äó=~íêáìãë=êÉèìáêÉë=ëéÉÅá~ä=ÇÉëáÖå=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåë=Ñçê=íÉå~åíë
~åÇ=ëé~ÅÉ=çå=íÜÉ=ã~áå=ÑäççêK=^êÉ~ë=åÉ~ê=Éåíê~åÅÉë=êÉèìáêÉ=ëéÉÅá~ä
ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåë= íç= éêÉîÉåí= Çê~Ñíë= ~åÇ= ~ÅÅçããçÇ~íÉ= Éñíê~= ÜÉ~íáåÖ
êÉèìáêÉãÉåíëK
System Design.=fåÇáîáÇì~ä=~áêJÜ~åÇäáåÖ=~åÇ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=ëóëíÉãë
ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=î~êáçìë=çÅÅìé~åÅáÉëK=qÜÉ=ÅÉåíê~ä=ÜÉ~íáåÖ
~åÇ= ÅççäáåÖ= éä~åí= ã~ó= ÄÉ= ëáòÉÇ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ÄäçÅâ= äç~Ç= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíëI
ïÜáÅÜ=ã~ó=ÄÉ=äÉëë=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=ëìã=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=çÅÅìé~åÅóÛë=ÇÉã~åÇK
Control.= jìäíáéäÉJìëÉ= ÅçãéäÉñÉë= íóéáÅ~ääó= êÉèìáêÉ= ÅÉåíê~äáòÉÇ
ÅçåíêçäK= fí= ã~ó= ÄÉ= ÇáÅí~íÉÇ= Äó= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= Ñçê= ÑáêÉ= ~åÇ= ëãçâÉ
ÅçåíêçäI= ëÉÅìêáíóI= êÉãçíÉ= ãçåáíçêáåÖI= ÄáääáåÖ= Ñçê= ÅÉåíê~ä= Ñ~ÅáäáíáÉë
ìëÉI=ã~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=ÅçåíêçäI=ÄìáäÇáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçåë=ÅçåíêçäI=~åÇ=ÉåÉêÖó
ã~å~ÖÉãÉåíK