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net/publication/292693978

Fibra de carbono ativada - Produção ultrarrápida a partir da PAN têxtil

Book · June 2015

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2 authors, including:

J.s. Marcuzzo
National Institute for Space Research, Brazil
37 PUBLICATIONS   71 CITATIONS   

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Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Development of activated carbon fiber (ACF) from textile PAN View project

Influence of the Permittivity on Carbon Fiber Particulates Applied in Radiation Absorbing Materials View project

All content following this page was uploaded by J.s. Marcuzzo on 02 February 2016.

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1 ± Considerações iniciais

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FDPDGD DWXH SRVLWLYDPHQWH QD IRUPDomR GD FDPDGD VHJXLQWH PHGLDQWH LQWHUDo}HV
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2.3.3 - Mecanismo de adsorção física
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VHWRUWr[WLO>@$ILEUD3$1pFRPSRVWDEDVLFDPHQWHGHGHDFULORQLWULODH
GHFRPRQ{PHURVFRPRDFULODWRGHPHWLODDFHWDWRGHYLQLODRXFORUHWRGHYLQLOD>@
$R ILQDO GR SURFHVVR Wr[WLO WHPVH XPD ILEUD FRPSRVWD SRU FDGHLDV DEHUWDV GH
SROLDFULORQLWULODDOLQKDGDVSUHIHUHQFLDOPHQWHQDGLUHomRORQJLWXGLQDOGRILODPHQWR$V




ILEUDV 3$1 Wr[WLO XWLOL]DGDV QHVVH WUDEDOKR IRUQHFLGDV SHOD 5DGLFFL )LEUDV /WGD
SRVVXHPHPVXDFRPSRVLomREiVLFDDFULORQLWULODDFHWDWRGHPHWLODHPHQRV
GHGH'0)GDGRVIRUQHFLGRVSHORIDEULFDQWH
2 SURFHVVRGHHVWDELOL]DomRWHUPRR[LGDWLYD FRQVLVWH EDVLFDPHQWH HP FLFOL]DU
RV JUXSRV QLWULOD H SURSRUFLRQDU LQWHUOLJDomR GDV FDGHLDV R TXH p FRQKHFLGR FRPR
³FURVVOLQN´ >@. $SyV D HVWDELOL]DomR D ILEUD 3$1 YHP D DSUHVHQWDU QRYDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVWUXWXUDLV H ItVLFRTXtPLFDV 7DLV PRGLILFDo}HV FRQIHUHP D 3$1
R[LGDGD D TXDOLGDGH GH XP SURGXWR WRWDOPHQWH GLVWLQWR GD ILEUD RULJLQDO GH 3$1
3RGHVH FLWDU FRPR QRYD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD D VXD SURSULHGDGH DQWLFKDPD TXH SHUPLWH
DWLQJLUQRYRVQLFKRVGHDSOLFDo}HV$OpPGLVVRDILEUDYHPDDSUHVHQWDUFDUDFWHUtVWLFD
QHFHVViULDSDUDSURFHVVRVGHWUDWDPHQWRVWpUPLFRVGHQRPLQDGRVGHFDUERQL]DomRTXH
DOHYDUmRDVXDFRQYHUVmRHPILEUDGHFDUERQR

3.1.2 -Processo de oxidação da fibra PAN têxtil
'H DFRUGR FRP &KXQJ >@ FRQVLGHUDVH XPD ILEUD 3$1 DGHTXDGDPHQWH
HVWDELOL]DGDR[LGDGDTXDQGRRWHRUGHR[LJrQLRSUHVHQWHQDILEUDWUDWDGDIRUGDRUGHP
GHD3RURXWURODGR.ROOHUEDFFK>@HVWDEHOHFHXPDIDL[DGHDFRPR
VHQGRRWHRUGHR[LJrQLRFRQWLGRQDILEUDDGHTXDGRSDUDTXHDPHVPDVHMDXWLOL]DGD
FRPRSUHFXUVRUDGHILEUDGHFDUERQR(VWDVGLIHUHQoDVVmRDWULEXtGDVDXWLOL]DomRGH
GLIHUHQWHV PDWpULDV SULPDV HP FDGD XP GRV GRLV WUDEDOKRV (VWH IDWR UHPHWH j
VLQJXODULGDGH H[LVWHQWH QR WUDEDOKR UHDOL]DGR FRP ILEUD 3$1 HVSHFtILFD XWLOL]DGD
FRPR PDWpULDSULPD FRPR QR SUHVHQWH FDVR HP TXH D ILEUD 3$1 HVFROKLGD p XP
PDWHULDOGHSURGXomRQDFLRQDOHVSDUVDPHQWHHVWXGDGRVREDyWLFDGDFRQYHUVmRHP
ILEUDGHFDUERQR
3DUDSHUFHQWXDLVGHR[LJrQLRDEDL[RGDIDL[DUHWUDWDGDSRGHVHWHUILEUDVSRXFR
R[LGDGDVHSDUDYDORUHVDFLPDGHGHR[LJrQLRRVDXWRUHVPHQFLRQDGRV>@
UHWUDWDP HVWDGR GH GHJUDGDomR SROLPpULFD GD ILEUD VHQGR TXH R WHPSR GH SURFHVVR
FRVWXPDVHUIDWRUGHWHUPLQDQWHSDUDDOFDQoDURtQGLFHLGHDOGHR[LGDomR>@




 $ HVWUDWpJLD SDUD D SURGXomR GH ILEUDV 3$1 WHUPLFDPHQWH R[LGDGDV p EHP
FRQKHFLGD([LVWHPYDULDVSDWHQWHVVREUHFRQVWUXo}HVGHIRUQR WHUPRR[LGDWLYRHR
SURFHVVR GH HVWDELOL]DomR GD 3$1 8PD GDV SULPHLUDV SDWHQWHV GH  86 3DW 
   WUDWD GD FRQVWUXomR GH XP IRUQR TXH WUDEDOKDQGR HP
WHPSHUDWXUDV GH  D ƒ& IDL[D D TXDO p HPSUHJDGD DWp KRMH SHUPLWH SURGX]LU
ILEUDVGH3$1R[LGDGDV
8PD ILEUD 3$1 SUHFXUVRUD FRUUHWDPHQWH R[LGDGD H HVWDELOL]DGD SRGH
DSUHVHQWDUXPDFRQVLGHUiYHOFKDQFHGHVHWRUQDUXPDILEUDGHFDUERQRGHDSOLFDomR
HVWUXWXUDO1HVWHVHQWLGRH[LVWHPLQ~PHURVWUDEDOKRVSXEOLFDGRV>@
WHQGR FRPR IRFR D LQIOXrQFLD GRV SDUkPHWURV GH R[LGDomR QDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
PHFkQLFDHHVWUXWXUDOGHILEUDVGHFDUERQRSURGX]LGDV0LQ[LD-LHWDO >@SXEOLFRX
XP WUDEDOKR RQGH DYDOLD DV FRQGLo}HV GH R[LGDomR HP XP IRUQR FRP P~OWLSORV
SDWDPDUHVGHWHPSHUDWXUD9DULDQGRGHDƒ&GHHPƒ&IRLDYDOLDGDD
LQIOXrQFLD GDV FRQGLo}HV GH R[LGDomR QD HVWUXWXUD GD ILEUD 3$1 HP SURFHVVR GH
R[LGDomR
3DUD R SUHVHQWH WUDEDOKR IRL HPSUHJDGR XP IRUQR GH P~OWLSODV ]RQDV H
SURFHVVR UHDOL]DGR HP GXDV HWDSDV SUpR[LGDomR H R[LGDomR 3DUD D SUpR[LGDomR
XWLOL]RXVHWHPSHUDWXUDVHPWRUQRGHƒ&HSDUDDHWDSDGHR[LGDomRWHPSHUDWXUDV
QRSDWDPDUGDRUGHPGHƒ&
1D )LJXUD  p DSUHVHQWDGD D HVWXID GH R[LGDomR GHVHQYROYLGD HVSHFLDOPHQWH
SDUDDR[LGDomRGHILEUDV3$1Wr[WLODWUDYpVGRSURMHWR)$3(633,3(
(VWDHVWXIDIRLXPGRVSRQWRVFKDYHVSDUDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGRWUDEDOKR








Figura 5 ± )RWR LOXVWUDWLYD GR FRQMXQWR GH HVWXID H DFHVVyULRV SDUD HVWDELOL]DomR
WHUPRR[LGDWLYDGHILEUDV3$1Wr[WLO±3URMHWR)$3(633,3(

3.2 ± Carbonização
 $ FDUERQL]DomR p R SURFHVVR UHVSRQViYHO SHOD WUDQVIRUPDomR GD ILEUD
SROLPpULFD HP ILEUD GH FDUERQR )& WHQGRVH FRPR PDWpULDSULPD ILEUDV 3$1
SUHFXUVRUDV SUHYLDPHQWH R[LGDGDV 'XUDQWH R SURFHVVR GH FDUERQL]DomR RV
SDUkPHWURV D VHUHP FRQVLGHUDGRV VmR HVWLUDPHQWR GR FDER WHPSHUDWXUD WHPSR GH
WUDWDPHQWR H DWPRVIHUD $ YDULDomR GHVWHV SDUkPHWURV WHP LQIOXrQFLD GLUHWD QDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPHFkQLFDVILQDLVGDILEUDGHFDUERQR>@
 1R SUHVHQWH WUDEDOKR GLIHUHQWHPHQWH GD PDLRULD GRV WUDEDOKRV FRQVWDQWHV QD
OLWHUDWXUD HVSHFLDOL]DGD >@ DV ILEUDV IRUDP FDUERQL]DGDV FRP R REMHWLYR GH
HVWXGDU D PHOKRU WHPSHUDWXUD GH FDUERQL]DomR SDUD XPD VXEVHTHQWH DWLYDomR LVWR
VLJQLILFDTXHHPQHQKXP PRPHQWRIRLREMHWLYDGRSURFHVVRVYLVDQGRDSURGXomRGH
ILEUDVSDUDDSOLFDo}HVHVWUXWXUDLV

3.2.1 ± Considerações sobre a carbonização da fibra PAN 
 2 SURFHVVR GH FDUERQL]DomR GD ILEUD 3$1 SRGH VHU GLYLGLGR HP GXDV HWDSDV
QRUPDOPHQWH FRQKHFLGDV FRPR FDUERQL]DomR H JUDILWL]DomR WHUPRV FRPR SUp



FDUERQL]DomRHFDUERQL]DomRWDPEpPVmRXVXDLV$FDUERQL]DomR VHFDUDFWHUL]DSRU
XPSURFHVVRGHSLUyOLVHRQGHRVYROiWHLVVmRUHWLUDGRVGDILEUDUHPDQHVFHQGRDSHQDV
DPDWUL]FDUERQRVD1HVWHSURFHVVRVmRHPSUHJDGDVWHPSHUDWXUDVHQWUHHƒ&
VREDWPRVIHUDLQHUWHJHUDOPHQWHDUJ{QLRRXQLWURJrQLRRQGHDPDVVDUHPDQHVFHQWH
QDIRUPDGHHVWUXWXUDFDUERQRVDpJHUDOPHQWHGHDSHQDVGDPDVVDLQLFLDO3DUWH
GD PDVVD SHUGLGD DSUHVHQWD FRPSRVLomR FRPR GLy[LGR GH FDUERQR KLGURFDUERQHWRV
OHYHV HQWUH RXWURV TXH VH DSUHVHQWDP QD IRUPD ItVLFD JDVRVD $OpP GHVWHV SDUWH
FRPSRVWD SRU KLGURFDUERQHWRV PDLV SHVDGRV VmR WDPEpP YRODWLOL]DGRV H HVWD VH
FRQGHQVDQDIRUPDGHDOFDWUmRTXDQGRVmRUHVIULDGRVDWHPSHUDWXUDVLQIHULRUHVDGD
VXDIRUPDomR
 $VHJXQGDHWDSDQDSURGXomRGHILEUDVGHFDUERQRVHFDUDFWHUL]DSHORHPSUHJR
GHWHPSHUDWXUDVHQWUHHƒ&HWHPFRPRREMHWLYRIRUQHFHUHQHUJLDSDUDTXH
KDMDXPDXPHQWRGHRUGHQDomRGDPDWUL]FDUERQRVD(VWDUHRUGHQDomRHVWUXWXUDOpD
UHVSRQViYHOSHORDXPHQWRQRVYDORUHVGDVSURSULHGDGHVPHFkQLFDVFRPRDUHVLVWrQFLD
DWUDomRHRPyGXORGHHODVWLFLGDGH>@
 'XUDQWH R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GD SDUWH H[SHULPHQWDO  DV ILEUDV 3$1 Wr[WLO
R[LGDGDVIRUDPWUDWDGDVWHUPLFDPHQWHDWpƒ&HPDWPRVIHUDGHDUJRQLR2HVWXGR
GD FDUERQL]DomR QD IDL[D GH WHPSHUDWXUD HQWUH  H ƒ& PRVWURXVH HVVHQFLDO
SDUDDSURGXomRGHILEUDVDVHUHPDWLYDGDVREMHWLYDQGRVHRSRQWRGHFDUERQL]DomR
TXHRIHUHFHDPDLRUSRURVLGDGHSRVVtYHO

3.2.2 ± Processo de carbonização da PAN têxtil

3DUD RV SURFHVVRV GH FDUERQL]DomR GD ILEUD 3$1 Wr[WLO R[LGDGD IRL XWLOL]DGR
XPIRUQRD[LDOIRUPDGRSRUXPFRUSRFLOtQGULFRTXHDEULJDHPVHXLQWHULRUXPWXER
GHTXDUW]RUHPRYtYHO(PFDGDH[WUHPLGDGHGRWXERH[LVWHXPDIODQJHTXHpIL[DGD
FRPXP³R´-ringHXPVLVWHPDGHURVFD(PXPDGDVIODQJHVWHPVHDHQWUDGDGHJiV
H XP RULItFLR TXH SHUPLWH LQWURGX]LU XP WHUPRSDU 7& SRVLFLRQDGR DR ODGR GD
DPRVWUD(VWH7&ID]RPRQLWRUDPHQWRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGDFkPDUDGHSURFHVVDPHQWR
LVWRpQRLQWHULRUGRWXERGHTXDUW]R1DRXWUDH[WUHPLGDGHGRIRUQRWHPVHLQVWDODGR



R WXER GH GHVFDUJD GH JDVHV GR SURFHVVR TXH DQWHV GH VHU ODQoDGD j DWPRVIHUD p
ERUEXOKDGRGHQWURGHXP³PLQL´ODYDGRUGHJDVHVFRQWHQGRXPDVROXomRGHVXOIDWR
GH FREUH TXH WHP D IXQomR GH UHWHU RV HIOXHQWHV GLVVROYLGRV QD IDVH JDVRVD HP
HVSHFLDOR+&1iFLGRFLDQtGULFR
$DPRVWUDGHILEUDDVHUFDUERQL]DGDpFRORFDGDGHQWURGRIRUQRHIL[DGDHP
XPSRUWDDPRVWUDHVSHFLDOPHQWHGHVHQKDGDSDUDWDOIXQomR2FRUSRGHSURYDpSUHVR
SRU XPD PROD TXH JDUDQWH D FRQGLomR GH SHUPDQHFHU WUDFLRQDGD GXUDQWH WRGR R
SURFHVVR GH FDUERQL]DomR 3DUD TXH D PROD QmR SHUFD VXD IXQomR GHYLGR DR
UHFR]LPHQWRWpUPLFRIRLLQVHULGRXPGLVFRGHDPLDQWRFHQWUDGRQDKDVWHVROLGiULDDR
SRUWDDPRVWUDV TXH WHP D IXQomR GH GHIOHWRU GH UDGLDomR (VWH GLVSRVLWLYR FULD XPD
]RQD GH EDL[D WHPSHUDWXUD 7 R& SULQFLSDOPHQWH SHOD UHIULJHUDomR IRUoDGD
SURGX]LGD SHOD HQWUDGD GR IOX[R GH JiV 2 IRUQR p FRQWURODGR SRU XP VLVWHPD
HOHWU{QLFR TXH IRUQHFH R FRQWUROH GDV UDPSDV H SDWDPDUHV GH DTXHFLPHQWR 2
HTXLSDPHQWR p FDSD] GH SURSRUFLRQDU UDPSDV GH DTXHFLPHQWR GH  D ƒ&PLQ $
WHPSHUDWXUDPi[LPDQRPLQDOGRIRUQRpGHƒ&HQWUHWDQWRDPi[LPDWHPSHUDWXUD
FRQVHJXLGDGHQWURGRWXERGHTXDUW]RIRLGHƒ&
$)LJXUDPRVWUDHVTXHPDWLFDPHQWHRVLVWHPDGHJDVHVHRIXQFLRQDPHQWRGR
IRUQR GH FDUERQL]DomR 1D )LJXUD  p DSUHVHQWDGR R HVTXHPD GHWDOKDGR GR
SRVLFLRQDPHQWRGRVHOHPHQWRVGRIRUQREHPFRPRGRSRUWDDPRVWUDV






Figura 6 ±'LDJUDPDVLPSOLILFDGRGRVLVWHPDGHFDUERQL]DomRHVHXVFRPSRQHQWHV




Figura 7 ±'HWDOKDPHQWRGRVFRPSRQHQWHVGRIRUQRHGRSRUWDDPRVWUDV

3.3 ± Ativação de fibras de carbono provenientes de PAN têxtil

2 SURFHVVR GH DWLYDomR GD ILEUD GH FDUERQR VHJXH R PHVPR SULQFtSLR GRV
SURFHVVRV XVDGRV SDUD DWLYDomR GH FDUYmR RX VHMD XPD FRPELQDomR GH DPELHQWH
R[LGDQWH H WHPSHUDWXUD GD RUGHP GH ƒ& $ YDULDomR QD IDL[D GH WHPSHUDWXUD GH
WUDEDOKR WHPSR GH WUDWDPHQWR H WLSR GH DPELHQWH R[LGDQWH LPSOLFD QR JUDX GH
DWLYDomRHHVWUXWXUDGHSRURV[27]

3.3.1 ± Processo de ativação da FC produzida com PAN têxtil
 2SUHVHQWHWUDEDOKRIRLGHVHQYROYLGRFRPEDVHQDDWLYDomRItVLFDXWLOL]DQGRVH
GLy[LGR GH FDUERQR FRPR JiV R[LGDQWH 2 IRUQR GHVFULWR FRPR LQVWUXPHQWR SDUD R
SURFHVVRGHFDUERQL]DomRGDVILEUDV3$1R[LGDGDVIRLWDPEpPXVDGRSDUDDDWLYDomR
WpUPLFR R[LGDWLYD 3DUD TXH LVVR IRVVH SRVVtYHO IRL FRQVWUXtGR XP VLVWHPD GH
DOLPHQWDomRFRPGRLVFDQDLVRSULPHLURSDUDJiVLQHUWHGHVWLQDGRDFDUERQL]DomRHR
VHJXQGR SDUD LQMHomR GH XP JiV R[LGDQWH SDUD D DWLYDomR $SyV D FDUERQL]DomR D
WHPSHUDWXUD IRL LPHGLDWDPHQWH HOHYDGD D SDWDPDUHV DGHTXDGRV H D DWLYDomR IRL
UHDOL]DQGRXWLOL]DQGRVHRJiVR[LGDQWH&2
$)LJXUDPRVWUDHVTXHPDWLFDPHQWHRVLVWHPDGHJDVHVHRIXQFLRQDPHQWRGR
IRUQR GH FDUERQL]DomR FRQMXJDGR FRP R VLVWHPD GH DWLYDomR 1D )LJXUD  p
DSUHVHQWDGDDIRWRGDPRQWDJHPH[SHULPHQWDOHDVSDUWHVFRQVLGHUDGDVLPSRUWDQWHV



 
Figura 8 ± )RUQRGHFDUERQL]DomRFRQMXJDGRFRPVLVWHPDGDDWLYDomR


Figura 9 ±0RQWDJHPH[SHULPHQWDOGRVLVWHPDFRPSRVWRSRUIRUQRGHFDUERQL]DomR
HDWLYDomR




3.4 ± Caracterização
2 SUHVHQWH WUDEDOKR GH GRXWRUDGR IRL UHDOL]DGR FRP R PRQLWRUDPHQWR GR
SURFHVVR HFDUDFWHUL]DomR GR PDWHULDO ILQDO $OJXPDV GDVWpFQLFDVGHFDUDFWHUL]DomR
HVWmRUHVXPLGDPHQWHGHVFULWDVQHVWHFDSLWXORSRUVHUHPWpFQLFDVSRXFRXVXDLVRXSRU
DSUHVHQWDUHPDOJXPDSDUWLFXODULGDGHUHOHYDQWH

3.4.1 - Titulação de Boehm
 $ WLWXODomR GH %RHKP p XPD WpFQLFD FRP D TXDO GHWHUPLQDVH D SUHVHQoD GH
JUXSRVIXQFLRQDLVQDVXSHUItFLHGHXPPDWHULDODWUDYpVGDVXDQHXWUDOL]DomRSRUXPD
VROXomR FRP DILQLGDGH D HVWH JUXSR IXQFLRQDO >@ &RPR H[HPSOR VDEHVH TXH
JUXSRV IXQFLRQDLV iFLGRV SRGHP VHU QHXWUDOL]DGRV FRP EDVH &RQKHFHQGR D
FRQFHQWUDomR LQLFLDO GHVWD EDVH SRGHVH FRP WLWXODomR GHWHUPLQDU TXDQWR HOD IRL
FRQVXPLGDHFRPLVVRRTXDQWRGHiFLGRHVWiSUHVHQWHQDVXSHUItFLHGRPDWHULDOHP
DQiOLVH2PpWRGRSHUPLWHLGHQWLILFDUDIDPtOLDGRVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDLVHTXDQWLILFiORV
1D7DEHODVmRDSUHVHQWDGDVDVVROXo}HVXVDGDVHRVJUXSRVIXQFLRQDLVFRPRVTXDLV
HVWDVDSUHVHQWDPDILQLGDGHVTXtPLFDV
 $PHWRGRORJLDGH%RHKPEDVHLDVHQRHQVDLRGHJGRPDWHULDODWLYDGRSDUD
 PO GH VROXomR D XPD FRQFHQWUDomR GH  PRODU H  K GH DJLWDomR >@ 6mR
XWLOL]DGDV  VROXo}HV GLVWLQWDV +&O ELFDUERQDWR GH  VyGLR FDUERQDWR GH VyGLR
HWy[LGRH1D2+RVTXDLVVmRWLWXODGRVDQWHVHGHSRLVGRHQVDLR$GLIHUHQoDHQWUHDV
WLWXODo}HVFRUUHVSRQGHDTXDQWLGDGHGHJUXSRVFRQVXPLGRV
 $ GHWHUPLQDomR GRV JUXSRV IXQFLRQDLV p XPD WpFQLFD TXH SRGH DMXGDU QR
HQWHQGLPHQWR GD IRUPDomR GD ILEUD DWLYDGD H GD VXD HVWUXWXUD SRURVD DR ORQJR GR
SURFHVVR (P UHVXPR WUDWDPHQWRV WpUPLFRV GLIHUHQWHV SURGX]HP ILEUDV GH FDUERQR
DWLYDGDVFRPFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVXSHUILFLDLVGLIHUHQWHV'HVWDPDQHLUDSRGHVHDGHTXDUR
SURFHVVRSDUDWHUXPDILEUDFRPFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSRODUHVRXDSRODUHVSRUH[HPSOR




Tabela 1 ± 5HODomR HQWUH JUXSR IXQFLRQDO QD VROXomR H QR PDWHULDO HP DQiOLVH SRU
WpFQLFDGHWLWXODomRGH%RHKP
Solução grupo funcional associado
+&O 5DGLFDLVEiVLFRV
(Wy[LGR FDUERQLOD
1D+&2 FDUER[LOLFD
1D&2 ODFWRQDHFDUER[LOLFD
1D2+ IHQROLFRODFWRQDHFDUER[LOLFD


3.4.2 - Determinação da Massa específica

'HILQHVHPDVVDHVSHFtILFDGHXPREMHWRDUHODomRHQWUHVXDPDVVDHYROXPH
HQWUHWDQWR HVVD PHGLGD SRGH WHU XPD GLVWRUomR RX QmR UHSUHVHQWDU FRP H[DWLGmR R
TXRFLHQWH GD PDVVD SRU YROXPH 4XDQGR D PDVVD HVSHFtILFD p GHWHUPLQDGD
UHODFLRQDQGRVHRYROXPHGRREMHWRHDVXDPDVVDGHVSUH]DQGRDH[LVWrQFLDGHSRURV
HUHHQWUkQFLDVQDVVXDVSDUHGHVRXGDH[LVWrQFLDGHHVSDoRVYD]LRVLQWHUQRVSRGHVH
GL]HU TXH D PHGLGD GD PDVVD HVSHFtILFD QmR p YHUGDGHLUD RX VHMD XPD PDVVD
HVSHFtILFD DSDUHQWH $WUDYpV GR YROXPH UHDO R TXDO p HQFRQWUDGR FRQVLGHUDQGRVH
WRGRV RV HVSDoRV YD]LRV LQWHUQRV H D UXJRVLGDGH GH VXSHUItFLH H VXD UHODomR FRP D
PDVVDGRPDWHULDOpSRVVtYHOGHWHUPLQDUDPDVVDHVSHFtILFDUHDO$LQWHUUHODomRHQWUH
RV FRQFHLWRV GH PDVVD HVSHFtILFD UHDO H DSDUHQWH IRUDP XWLOL]DGRV FRPR WpFQLFD GH
FDUDFWHUL]DomRLQLFLDOTXDQWRDH[LVWrQFLDRXQmRGHSRURVLGDGHQDILEUDFDUERQL]DGD
$GHWHUPLQDomRGDPDVVDHVSHFtILFDGHILQLGDFRPRDSDUHQWHIRLUHDOL]DGDSRU
XPPpWRGRGHQRPLQDGR³VLQNIORDW´GHVFULWRQDQRUPD$670'(VWDWpFQLFD
EDVHLDVH HP FRORFDU SHTXHQDV TXDQWLGDGHV GH DPRVWUD HP Sy   0HVK HP
VROXo}HVGHGLIHUHQWHVGHQVLGDGHVQRFDVRGHILEUDVGHFDUERQRXWLOL]DPVHVROXo}HV
GHGLEURPRHWDQRFRPWHWUDFORUHWRGHFDUERQRRXKH[DQR(PDPELHQWHFRQWURODGR
D  ƒ& D DPRVWUD p LQWURGX]LGD HP FXEHWDV H HP VHJXLGD UHFHEH D VROXomR FRP
GHQVLGDGH SUHYLDPHQWH FDOLEUDGD $V VROXo}HV GH GLIHUHQWHV GHQVLGDGHV VmR REWLGDV
SRUPHLRGDPLVWXUDDGHTXDGDGRVVROYHQWHVRUJkQLFRVFLWDGRV$SyVEUHYHDJLWDomR
D FXEHWD p SRVWD SDUD GHVFDQVDU SRU  KRUD DSyV HVVH WHPSR D DPRVWUD LPHUVD QD
VROXomR SRGH IOXWXDU DIXQGDU RX GLVSHUVDU QmR DIXQGD QHP IOXWXD $ PDVVD



HVSHFtILFDGDDPRVWUDVHUiDPHVPDGDGHQVLGDGHGDVROXomRTXDQGRDDPRVWUDHVWLYHU
GLVSHUVD 6HQGR D VROXomR XPD PLVWXUD GH VROYHQWHV RUJkQLFRV HOD QmR p FDSD] GH
SHQHWUDU QD SRURVLGDGH PDLV ILQD GD DPRVWUD GHVWD PDQHLUD FRQVLGHUDVH TXH HVWD
WpFQLFDIRUQHFHXPDPHGLGDGHPDVVDHVSHFtILFDDSDUHQWH
$ PDVVDHVSHFtILFDUHDOpREWLGDDWUDYpVGRXVRGHXPHTXLSDPHQWRFKDPDGR
SLFQRPHWUR GH KpOLR $WUDYpV GD H[SDQVmR GR JiV KpOLR HP FkPDUD H DQWHFkPDUDV
FDOLEUDGDVpSRVVtYHOGHWHUPLQDURYROXPHUHDOGRREMHWROHYDQGRHPFRQVLGHUDo}HV
RVHVSDoRVYD]LRVQHOHH[LVWHQWHWHQGRVHHPYLVWDTXHDGLPHQVmRPROHFXODUGRJiV
KpOLR p SHTXHQD R VXILFLHQWH SDUD DFHVVDU SUDWLFDPHQWH WRGD D HVWUXWXUD SRURVD GR
PDWHULDO
&RP R XVR FRPELQDGR GDV GXDV WpFQLFDV GLVWLQWDV GH GHWHUPLQDomR GH PDVVD
HVSHFtILFD GH XPD PHVPD DPRVWUD WRUQDVH SRVVtYHO GHWHFWDU D SUHVHQoD RX QmR GH
HVSDoRV YD]LRV QD HVWUXWXUD GR PDWHULDO SHOD VLPSOHV VXEWUDomR HQWUH RV YDORUHV
REWLGRV (VWD WpFQLFD GH GHWHUPLQDomR GH SRURVLGDGH SRGHVH WRUQDU XPD DQiOLVH
TXDQWLWDWLYD TXDQGR KRXYHU FRQGLo}HV GH UHDOL]DU FDOLEUDo}HV SHOD QRUPDOL]DomR
ULJRURVDGDTXDQWLGDGHGHDPRVWUDDVHUXWLOL]DGDHPDPERVRVPpWRGRV1RSUHVHQWH
WUDEDOKRDVFRPELQDomRGHVWDVWpFQLFDVGHGHWHUPLQDomRGH PDVVDHVSHFtILFDIRUDP
XVDGDV FRPR XP PHFDQLVPRV GH VLPSOHV GHWHFomR GH SRURVLGDGH 8PD FRPSOHWD
DQiOLVHGDSRURVLGDGHEHPFRPRVXDFODVVLILFDomRHGLVWULEXLomRIRUDPGHWHUPLQDGDV
DWUDYpV GR OHYDQWDPHQWR GH LVRWHUPDV JDVRVDVGH QLWURJrQLR Dƒ. 2V UHVXOWDGRV
GHVWDVDQiOLVHVHVWmRDSUHVHQWDGDVQRFDStWXORGHDQiOLVHGHUHVXOWDGRV

3.4.3 - Determinação de teor de umidade 
3DUD D GHWHUPLQDomR GR WHRU GH XPLGDGH XWLOL]RXVH R PpWRGR GHVFULWR SRU
.LQRVKLWD >@ TXH VH EDVHLD HP XPD DPRVWUDJHP GH J GR PDWHULDO WUDWDGR HP
DPELHQWHFRQWURODGR
$PHWRGRORJLDGHGHWHUPLQDomRGDPDVVDGHiJXDFRQWLGDQDDPRVWUDSRGHVHU
GHVFULWDVXFLQWDPHQWHFRPRVHJXHXPJUDPDGHDPRVWUDpFRORFDGRHPXPFDGLQKR
GHYLGURRTXDOpLQVHULGRGHVWDPSDGRHPXPIRUQRGHFRQYHFomRDWHPSHUDWXUDGH



ƒ&$SyVKRUDRFDGLQKRpIHFKDGRDLQGDQRLQWHULRUGRIRUQRHFRORFDGRSDUD
HVIULDUHPGLVVHFDGRUHDRDWLQJLUDWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWHRFRQMXQWRpSHVDGR(VWH
SURFHGLPHQWR p UHSHWLGR DWpTXHD DPRVWUD REWHQKD PDVVD FRQVWDQWH LQGLFDQGR TXH
HVWi FRPSOHWDPHQWH LQVHQWD GH XPLGDGH $SyV D GHWHUPLQDomR GD PDVVD VHFD R
FDGLQKR p FRORFDGR DEHUWR HP XP DPELHQWH GH XPLGDGH FRQWURODGD VDWXUDGR
GHL[DQGRDHPHVSHUDSRUK$SyVDVXDQRYDSHVDJHPDYDULDomRGDVXDPDVVDp
PRQLWRUDGD HP LQWHUYDORV GH  PLQ DWp TXH VH REWHQKD PDVVD FRQVWDQWH  $
TXDQWLGDGHGHXPLGDGHpGHWHUPLQDGDSHODGLIHUHQoDGDPDVVDVHFDSHODPDVVD~PLGD
ILQDO
2 WHRU GH XPLGDGH GH XPD GHWHUPLQDGD DPRVWUD IRL HQFRQWUDGR SRU PHLR GD
PpGLD DULWPpWLFDGHFLQFR HQVDLRVXWLOL]DQGRVHSDUWHVGLVWLQWDVGHXP GHWHUPLQDGR
IHL[HGHILEUDVSURFXUDQGRGHVWDPDQHLUDWHUXPFDPSRDPRVWUDODEUDQJHQWH

3.4.4 - Determinação de perda de massa, burn off e encolhimento
3DUD D SURGXomR GH PDWHULDLV DWLYDGRV D SDUWLU GH IRQWHV D EDVH GH FDUERQR
FRPR PDGHLUD ILEUDV QDWXUDLV H VLQWpWLFDV VmR QRUPDOPHQWH HPSUHJDGRV GRLV
SURFHVVRVSLUyOLVHHDWLYDomR
$ SLUyOLVH p FDUDFWHUL]DGD SHOR SURFHVVR GH GHFRPSRVLomR WpUPLFD HP DOWDV
WHPSHUDWXUDVHDRILQDOGRSURFHVVRUHVWDDSHQDVDIUDomRGRPDWHULDOTXHQmRSRGH
VHU GHFRPSRVWD WHUPLFDPHQWH 3RU PHLR GD SHVDJHP GD DPRVWUD VHFD LVHQWD GH
XPLGDGHDQWHVHORJRDSyVRSURFHVVRSLUROtWLFRREWpPVHRSDUkPHWURGHSHUGDGH
PDVVD R TXDO PRVWUD D IUDomR TXH IRL YRODWLOL]DGD H LQGLFD D IUDomR GH FDUERQR
UHPDQHVFHQWH
2 SURFHVVR GH DWLYDomR ItVLFD DWUDYpV GD R[LGDomR WpUPLFD FRQVLVWH HP
VXEPHWHU D PDWUL] FDUERQRVD REWLGD QD SLUyOLVH D DOWDV WHPSHUDWXUDV HP XPD
DWPRVIHUD R[LGDQWH 1HVWH SURFHVVR RFRUUH D FRUURVmR LVRWUySLFD GD DPRVWUD SHOD
GHJUDGDomR GH WRGD D VXSHUItFLH H[SRVWD DOpP GD IRUPDomR GD SRURVLGDGH SRU
SURFHVVRVHOHWLYR'XUDQWHHVWHSURFHVVRRFRUUHXPDQRYDSHUGDGHPDVVDGDDPRVWUD
FRQKHFLGDFRPR³EXUQRII´



 2 HQFROKLPHQWR GDV ILEUDV SURFHVVDGDV IRL GHWHUPLQDGR PHGLQGRVH R
FRPSULPHQWRGDDPRVWUDDQWHVHGHSRLVLPHGLDWDPHQWHGRWUDWDPHQWRWpUPLFRDTXHD
DPRVWUD IRL VXEPHWLGD &RQVLGHURXVH FRPR YDORU PHGLGR D GLIHUHQoD HQWUH RV GRLV
YDORUHVGHFRPSULPHQWRVPHGLGRV

3.4.5 - Determinação de propriedades mecânicas
$ 'HWHUPLQDomR GRV YDORUHV GDV SURSULHGDGHV PHFkQLFDV PyGXOR GH
HODVWLFLGDGHHDWHQVmRGHUXSWXUDIRUDPREWLGRVDWUDYpVGHHTXLSDPHQWRHPSUHJDGRV
QD LQG~VWULD Wr[WLO )RUDP XWLOL]DGRV QRV HQVDLRV GH UHVLVWrQFLD PHFkQLFD XP
HTXLSDPHQWR )DIHJUDSK +5 VHULH  GD IDEULFDQWH 7H[WHFKQR SHUWHQFHQWH DR
ODERUDWyULR GH DQiOLVHV Wr[WHLV GD HPSUHVD Wr[WLO 5DGLFL )LEUDV HP 6mR -RVp GRV
&DPSRV
$V QRUPDV ,62  Carbon fiber ± determination of the tensile
properties of single filament specimensH$670'Standard test method
for tensile properties of single textile fibers IRUQHFHUDP D PHWRGRORJLD H RV
SDUkPHWURVSDUDRVHQVDLRVPHFkQLFRVXWLOL]DQGRVHPRQRILODPHQWRV

3.4.6 - Espectrometria de massa
$ HOLPLQDomR GRV YROiWHLV OHYHV GXUDQWH D IDVH GH SLUyOLVH IRL PRQLWRUDGD
DWUDYpVGHHVSHFWURPHWULDGHPDVVDRTXDOIRLOLJDGRGLUHWDPHQWHDVDtGDGHJDVHVGR
IRUQR 3DUD FDGD IDVH GH FDUERQL]DomR WrPVH GLVWLQWRV WLSRV GH YROiWHLV >@ RV
GDGRVREWLGRVSHODXWLOL]DomRGHVWDWpFQLFDHPFRQMXQWRFRPDGHWHUPLQDomRGDSHUGD
GHPDVVDPDVVDHVSHFtILFDXPLGDGHHHQFROKLPHQWRFRUURERUDPDFRPSUHHQVmRGDV
UHDo}HVSHUWLQHQWHVjFDUERQL]DomRTXHRFRUUHQDILEUDGH3$1R[LGDGD
 ,PSRUWDQWH VDOLHQWDU TXH R PRQLWRUDPHQWR GR SURFHVVR GH SLUyOLVH DWUDYpV GD
HVSHFWURPHWULDGHPDVVDDX[LOLDQDGHWHUPLQDomRGDGXUDomRGRSURFHVVRGHUHPRomR
GDIUDomRYRODWLOL]iYHOGDDPRVWUD





3.4.7 - Determinação de porosidade através da adsorção gasosa
 0DWHULDLV SRURVRV HP HVSHFLDO RV PDWHULDLV PLFURSRURVRV YHP DSUHVHQWDQGR
FUHVFHQWH LPSRUWkQFLD HP WHUPRV GH DSOLFDo}HV LQGXVWULDLV 'HQWUH D JDPD GH
PDWpULDLV SRURVRV GHVWDFDPVH RV FDUY}HV DWLYDGRV TXH GHYLGR D VXD H[WUDRUGLQiULD
YHUVDWLOLGDGHQDDWLYDomRHQRHPSUHJRSRGHPVHUFRQVLGHUDGRVRVPDWHULDLVDWLYDGRV
PDLV DPSODPHQWH XWLOL]DGRV HP WRGDKLVWyULD >@ $ FDUDFWHUL]DomRGH PDWHULDLV
SRURVRVGHPDWUL]FDUERQRVDRXQmRpWmRLPSRUWDQWHTXDQWRRSUySULRPDWHULDOSRLV
VXDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GLUHFLRQDP D DSOLFDo}HV HVSHFtILFDV 3DUD XPD FRUUHWD
FDUDFWHUL]DomRGHPDWHULDLVSRURVRVH[LVWHXPDJDPDGHWpFQLFDVDSOLFiYHLVGHDFRUGR
FRPRWLSRGHPDWHULDOHVXDSRURVLGDGHHQWUHHOHVSRGHVHFLWDUDDGVRUomRGHJDVHVH
YDSRUHV >@ DGVRUomR HP VROXomR >] FDORULPHWULD GH LPHUVmR >@
HVSDOKDPHQWRGHUDLRV;>@HSRURVRPHWULDGHPHUF~ULR>@
 &RPRDSUHVHQWDGRQRLWHPQDFDUDFWHUL]DomRGHPDWHULDLVPLFURSRURVRVDV
DGVRUo}HV JDVRVDV EDVHDGDV HP WpFQLFDV JUDYLPpWULFDV RX YROXPpWULFDV WHPVH
GHVWDFDGR FRPR DV PDLV DGHTXDGDV (QWUHWDQWR GHQWUH DV WpFQLFDV GHVHQYROYLGDV QR
GHFRUUHUGDKLVWyULDDVWpFQLFDVPDLVSRSXODUPHQWHHPSUHJDGDV VmRDVLVRWHUPDVGH
QLWURJrQLR D  . H GLy[LGR GH FDUERQR D  . VHQGR FRPXPHQWH XWLOL]DGDV H
DPSDUDGDV SRU GLYHUVRV HTXLSDPHQWRV H VLVWHPDV DXWRPiWLFRV TXH IDFLOLWDP D
UHDOL]DomRGROHYDQWDPHQWRGHVWDVLVRWHUPDV
 ,QLFLDOPHQWHDVDPRVWUDVGH$&)IRUDPSHVDGDVHFRORFDGDVSDUDGHVJDVHLILFDU
Dƒ&SRUKRUDVHPVLVWHPDGHYiFXRFRPSRVWRSRUERPEDWXUERPROHFXODUH
PHFkQLFD  $SyV D FRPSOHWD GHVJDVHLILFDomR DV ILEUDV GH FDUERQR DWLYDGR IRUDP
FDUDFWHUL]DGDV DWUDYpV GR OHYDQWDPHQWR GH LVRWHUPDV GH QLWURJrQLR D  . HP
HTXLSDPHQWR $6$3  GD 0LFURPHULWLFV 1DQF\ 8QLYHUVLWq ± )UDQoD 2
HTXLSDPHQWR IRL HVSHFLDOPHQWH SURJUDPDGR SDUD R OHYDQWDPHQWR GR PDLRU Q~PHUR
SRVVtYHOGHSRQWRVH[SHULPHQWDLVDSUHVV}HVLQIHULRUHVD33R2WUDWDPHQWRGRV
UHVXOWDGRVH[SHULPHQWDLVIRLIHLWRDSOLFDQGRVHRIRUPDOLVPRGR%(7SDUDXPDYLVmR
JHUDOGDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHWH[WXUDHRIRUPDOLVPRGR1/')7SDUDDGHWHUPLQDomRGR
SHUILOGHGLVWULEXLomRGHSRUR



 2V PHFDQLVPRV SHORV TXDLV DV PHGLGDV VmR GHWHUPLQDGDV SHOR DGVRUWRPHWUR
HQFRQWUDPVHGHVFULWDVQRLWHPGHVWHWUDEDOKR

4 ± Experimental
4.1 ± Produção de fibra PAN têxtil Oxidada
 6HJXQGR D OLWHUDWXUD HVWXGDGD >@ RV DXWRUHV VmR XQDQLPHV TXDQWR D
LQIOXrQFLD GDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GD ILEUD GH 3$1 R[LGDGD QDV GD ILEUD GH FDUERQR
DWLYDGD 2 WUDEDOKR PDLV UHOHYDQWH HQFRQWUDGR IRL GH :RUDVXZDQQDUDN H
FRODERUDGRUHV>@TXHDSUHVHQWDPXPHVWXGRGDLQIOXHQFLDGRSURFHVVRGHR[LGDomR
QDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GD ILEUD GH FDUERQR DWLYDGD %DVHDGR QR UHVXOWDGR GDV EXVFDV
UHWURVSHFWLYDV H OHYDQGRVH HP FRQVLGHUDomR DV FRQGLo}HV RSHUDFLRQDLV GD XQLGDGH
0XOWLYiFXR GH R[LGDomR GH ILEUD 3$1 Wr[WLO RSWRXVH SRU SURGX]LU GRLV WLSRV GH
ILEUDV 3$1 Wr[WLO R[LGDGD SDUD VHUYLU GH PDWpULDSULPD )LEUD 3$1 Wr[WLO SRXFR
R[LGDGDHPXLWRR[LGDGDFXMRVSDUkPHWURVGRVSURFHVVRVVmRDSUHVHQWDGRVQD7DEHOD
1D)LJXUDpDSUHVHQWDGRRDVSHFWRLQLFLDOHILQDOGDVILEUDV3$1SURFHVVDGDV


Tabela 2 ±3DUkPHWURVGHSURFHVVRGDSURGXomRGH)LEUDV3$1Wr[WLOR[LGDGD
 3UpR[LGDomRPLQ 2[LGDomRPLQ
)LEUDVSRXFR ƒ& ƒ&
R[LGDGDV09
2;3$1/

)LEUDVPXLWR ƒ& ƒ&
R[LGDGDV
092;3$1+







 
Figura 10 ±)LEUDV3$1DQWHVEUDQFDHDSyVSUHWDDHVWDELOL]DomRR[LGDomR

4.2 ± Produção de fibra de carbono a partir da PAN têxtil

 &RPR DSUHVHQWDGR QD UHYLVmR GD OLWHUDWXUD H[LVWHP GLYHUVRV WUDEDOKRV
FLHQWtILFRV TXH SURGX]HP ILEUDV GH FDUERQR FRP YLVWDV j DWLYDomR SRVWHULRU HP
WHPSHUDWXUDVHQWUHHƒ&3RUpPOHYDQGRVHHPFRQVLGHUDomRRIDWRGHTXH
DILEUD3$1Wr[WLOGD5DGLFL)LEUDVpXPDPDWpULDSULPDTXHQXQFDIRLXVDGDFRPR
SRQWR GH SDUWLGD SDUD D SURGXomR GH ILEUDV GH FDUERQR DWLYDGDV WDPSRXFR TXH R
HVWXGR GD VXD FRQYHUVmR HP DSHQDV ILEUD GH FDUERQR p WDPEpP DLQGD LQFLSLHQWH H
HVFDVVR >@ XP HVWXGR FRPSOHPHQWDU H GHWDOKDGR GH FDUERQL]DomR GD ILEUD 3$1
Wr[WLOR[LGDGDWRUQRXVHQHFHVViULR

4.2.1 ± Estudo de carbonização
$VILEUDVGH3$1R[LGDGDVIRUDPVHSDUDGDVHPIHL[HVGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
FPHJ(PFDGDH[WUHPLGDGHIRLGDGRXPQyTXH IRLSUHVRHPXPJDQFKRGHILR
.DQWKDO IRL HVFROKLGR HVWH PDWpULDO GHYLGR D HOH VXSRUWDU D WHPSHUDWXUD GH
FDUERQL]DomRVHPSHUGHUVXDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPHFkQLFDV2SRUWDDPRVWUDPRVWUDGR
QD )LJXUD  SRVVXL XPD PROD TXH HVWi GLUHWDPHQWH OLJDGD D DPRVWUD $ PROD




WUDFLRQDDILEUDFRP1IRUoDVXILFLHQWHSDUDPDQWHUDVILEUDVWUDFLRQDGDVGXUDQWHD
FDUERQL]DomR 1HVWH SURFHVVR DV ILEUDV HQFROKHP FHUFD GH  HP UHODomR DR VHX
FRPSULPHQWRRULJLQDO/RJRFDVRQmRKDMDXPWUDFLRQDPHQWRDGHTXDGRGDILEUDDV
PROpFXODV GH SROLDFULORQLWULOD R[LGDGDV SHUGHULDP VHX DOLQKDPHQWR R TXH UHVXOWDULD
HPXPDILEUDIUiJLOPHFDQLFDPHQWH3RURXWURODGRH[FHVVRGHWUDomRID]FRPTXHD
ILEUDVHURPSDGXUDQWHDFDUERQL]DomRLPSOLFDQGRHPSHUGDGRHQVDLR2VSDUkPHWURV
GHTXDQWLGDGHGHDPRVWUDHPUHODomRjWUDomRPtQLPDQHFHVViULD SDUDTXHKRXYHVVH
XPDFDUERQL]DomRHILFLHQWHIRUDPREWLGDVH[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH

Figura 11 ±3RUWDDPRVWUDSDUDDFDUERQL]DomRGDILEUD3$1HVWDELOL]DGDR[LGDGD

 5HVVDOWDVHTXHRIRFRGRWUDEDOKRQmRIRLDSURGXomRGHILEUDVGHFDUERQRFRP
UHOHYDQWHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDPHFkQLFDYLVWRTXHRSUHFXUVRUXVDGRQmRpRDGHTXDGRSDUD
HVWDILQDOLGDGH3RUWDQWRWRGRRHVWXGRGHWUDomRGDILEUDWHYHFRPRREMHWLYRDSHQDV
PDQWHU LQWHJULGDGH ItVLFD H FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV PHFkQLFDV PtQLPDV j ILEUD GH FDUERQR
SURGX]LGD
 &RPDSUHSDUDomRGRSRUWDDPRVWUDFRQFOXtGDRPHVPRIRLLQVHULGRGHQWURGR
WXERGHTXDUW]RHHVWHFRORFDGRGHQWURGRIRUQR3DUDJDUDQWLUXPDDWPRVIHUDLQHUWH
IRL IRUoDGD D FLUFXODomR GH DUJ{QLR QR LQWHULRU GR WXER GH TXDUW]R VHQGR D SUHVVmR
GHQWURGRWXEROHYHPHQWHPDLRUTXHDDWPRVIpULFD(VWDFRQGLomRIRLDVVHJXUDGDSRU
PHLRGHXPERUEXOKDGRUTXHDOpPGHFULDUFRQGLo}HVGHSUHVVmRSRVLWLYDQRLQWHULRU
GRIRUQRIRLWDPEpPXVDGRFRPRODYDGRUGHJiV2ERUEXOKDGRU IRLSRVLFLRQDGRQD
VDtGDGHJDVHVGRWXERGHTXDUW]RFRPRPRVWUDGRQD)LJXUDH



 $WUDYpV GH DQiOLVH FRP HVSHFWU{PHWUR GH PDVVD GHWHUPLQRXVH TXH DSyV 
PLQXWRVGHFLUFXODomRGHDUJ{QLRQmRKDYLDPDLVDUHSULQFLSDOPHQWHR[LJrQLRGHQWUR
GRWXER(VWDFRQGLomRGHDXVrQFLDGHDUpFUtWLFDQRSURFHVVRGHSLUyOLVHSRLVXPD
TXDQWLGDGHUHVLGXDOGHR[LJrQLROHYDDRURPSLPHQWRGRFRUSRGHSURYDVSRUSURFHVVR
GHR[LGDomR$VURWDVGHFDUERQL]DomRHVFROKLGDVSDUDRWUDEDOKRIRUDP
WD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRGHƒ&PLQWD[DPtQLPDSHUPLVVtYHOSDUDRFRQWURODGRUGR
IRUQR
WD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRGHƒ&PLQ
WD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRGHƒ&PLQ
FKRTXHWpUPLFRFRPWD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRHVWLPDGDHPƒ&PLQ
2FKRTXHWpUPLFRIRLREWLGRFRPRVHJXLQWHSURFHGLPHQWRRWXERGHTXDUW]R
IRLSUpPRQWDGRFRPDDPRVWUDGHILEUDGH3$1R[LGDGDLQMHomRGHJiV$UHWRGDVDV
GHPDLVFRQGLo}HVQHFHVViULDVSDUDRSURFHVVRGHFDUERQL]DomR2IRUQR IRLOLJDGRH
FRQWURODGRGHIRUPDLQGHSHQGHQWHGRWXERFRQWHQGRDPRVWUDDWpDWLQJLUDWHPSHUDWXUD
GH SURFHVVR 4XDQGR D FRQGLomR GH FDUERQL]DomR p DWLQJLGD R IRUQR IRL DEHUWR H R
WXERFRORFDGRQRVHXLQWHULRUSDUDHPVHJXLGDSURFHGHURIHFKDPHQWRGRIRUQR(VWH
SURFHGLPHQWRpSRVVtYHOSRUVHWUDWDUGHXPRIRUQRD[LDOHELSDUWLGRDUWLFXODGRRTXH
SURSRUFLRQDXPDFRQGLomRH[WUHPDGRSURFHVVR
 $ IDL[D GH WHPSHUDWXUDV GH FDUERQL]DomR HVWXGDGD IRL GH ƒ& D ƒ&
OLPLWH GR IRUQR HP SDWDPDUHV GH  HP ƒ& 2 WHPSR GH SURFHVVR FRQVLGHUDGR
SDUD D FDUERQL]DomR IRL GH  PLQXWRV QD WHPSHUDWXUD GH SDWDPDU HVVH WHPSR IRL
GHWHUPLQDGR SHOD DQiOLVH GD HYROXomR GRV YROiWHLV DWUDYpV GD WpFQLFD GH
HVSHFWURPHWULDGHPDVVD
 2 REMHWLYR SULQFLSDO GHVWD PHWRGRORJLD SDUD R HVWXGR GD FDUERQL]DomR IRL
YDULDU D WHPSHUDWXUD GH FDUERQL]DomR EHP FRPR D WD[D GH DTXHFLPHQWR SDUD D
SURGXomR GH ILEUDV GH FDUERQR H GHWHUPLQDU DV FRQGLo}HV HP TXH DV ILEUDV
FDUERQL]DGDVDSUHVHQWHPXPD PDLRUVXVFHSWLELOLGDGHSDUDXP SRVWHULRUSURFHVVRGH
DWLYDomR7RGRRSURFHVVRIRLDFRPSDQKDGRSRUXPHVSHFWU{PHWURGHPDVVDDFRSODGR




DRIRUQRFRPRREMHWLYRGHDQDOLVDUDFRPSRVLomRTXtPLFDGRV JDVHVYRODWLOL]DGRV
GXUDQWHWRGRRSURFHVVR

4.3 ± Ativação da fibra de carbono
 3DUDHVWHWUDEDOKRIRLHVFROKLGDDWpFQLFDGHDWLYDomRWHUPRR[LGDWLYDDWLYDomR
ItVLFD(VWHSURFHVVRpXPDWpFQLFDPXLWRFRQKHFLGDSDUDDDWLYDomRGHFDUY}HVQHVWH
WUDEDOKR IRL HPSUHJDGR SRU VHU XPD WpFQLFD GH IiFLO H[HFXomR H SRU IRUQHFHU
SDUkPHWURV FRPSDUDWLYRV DRV RXWURV WLSRV GH PDWHULDLV DWLYDGRV SRU SURFHVVRV
VLPLODUHV
&RPR GHVFULWR QR LWHP  H DSUHVHQWDGR QDV )LJXUDV  H  R IRUQR GH
FDUERQL]DomR p GRWDGR GH XP VLVWHPD RQGH SRGH VHU IHLWD D VXEVWLWXLomR GR JiV
LQMHWDGR3DUDDFDUERQL]DomRRJiVGHSURFHVVRHVFROKLGRIRLDUJ{QLRSRUpPQRILQDO
GHVWD HWDSD D WHPSHUDWXUD p HOHYDGD SDUD ƒ& D ƒ&PLQ H R JiV VXEVWLWXtGR
SRU&2VFFP2WHPSRGHDWLYDomRIRLGHWHUPLQDGRSHODFDSDFLGDGHGDILEUD
VREWHQVmRUHVLVWLUDRDPELHQWHR[LGDWLYR7HPSRVVXSHULRUHVDPLQSURYRFDYDP
R URPSLPHQWR GD ILEUD RX D SHUGD WRWDO GH VXDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV PHFkQLFDV &RP D
LQWHQomRGHJDUDQWLUDPtQLPDLQWHJULGDGHPHFkQLFDRWHPSRGHPLQIRLHVFROKLGR
SDUDDDWLYDomR2VSDUkPHWURVDTXLGHVFULWRVIRUDPDSOLFDGRVSDUDWRGRVRVHQVDLRV
GHDWLYDomR

4.3.1 Determinação do tempo de ativação

 2HVWXGRGRWHPSRGHDWLYDomRWHYHFRPRREMHWLYRSULQFLSDODGHWHUPLQDomRGR
WHPSR Pi[LPR SRVVtYHO GH DWLYDomR WHUPRR[LGDWLYD PDQWHQGR DLQGD D LQWHJULGDGH
ItVLFDGDILEUD
$DYDOLDomRLQLFLDOGDVILEUDVGHFDUERQRDWLYDGDVIRLIHLWDSHODTXDQWLGDGHGH
XPLGDGHDGVRUYLGDGDDWPRVIHUDHSHODSHUGDGHPDVVDQDDWLYDomRRburn off&RPR
DDWLYDomRIRLIHLWDLPHGLDWDPHQWHDSyVDFDUERQL]DomRDDPRVWUDHQFRQWUDYDVHVRE
WHQVmRGXUDQWHWRGRRSURFHVVRRIDWRUWHPSRQHFHVViULRSDUDSURGX]LUDUXSWXUDGD




ILEUD IRL FRQVLGHUDGR FRPR VHQGR R WHPSR Pi[LPR GH PDQXWHQomR GD LQWHJULGDGH
ItVLFDGDILEUDVREFRQGLomRGHDWLYDomR
1D )LJXUD  H  VmR DSUHVHQWDGRV UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH D HYROXomR GD
TXDQWLGDGHGHXPLGDGHDGVRUYLGDHRburn offGDILEUDGXUDQWHDDWLYDomRHPIXQomR
GRWHPSRGHSURFHVVR$V)LJXUDVUHSUHVHQWDPDFDUERQL]DomRGHILEUDV0923$1
+HPWD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRGDFDUERQL]DomRGHƒ&PLQ
(PXPDSULPHLUDDQiOLVHREVHUYDVHTXHSDUDWHPSRVGHSURFHVVRLQIHULRUHVD
PLQXWRVDVILEUDVDWLYDGDVDSUHVHQWDPPHQRUHVYDORUHVGHburn offDWpRVPLQ
SDUHFH KDYHU XPD UHVLVWrQFLD GD ILEUD D R[LGDomR WpUPLFD (VWH IDWR VXJHUH D
H[LVWrQFLD GH XPD FDPDGD SURWHWRUD SURYDYHOPHQWH IRUPDGD SRU XPD HVWUXWXUD
FKDPDGD GH sikin-core >@ SRLV QmR KDYHQGR QHQKXPD UHVLVWrQFLD D R[LGDomR
WpUPLFDDHYROXomRQRJUiILFRGDV)LJXUDVHWHQGHULDPD XPDUHWD$OpPGRV
 PLQXWRV DV ILEUDV GH FDUERQR SURGX]LGDV SRU FKRTXH WpUPLFR WHQGHP D SHUGHU
PDVVDGHIRUPDDFHQWXDGDHDOpPGRVPLQXWRVDILEUDWHUPLQDSRUURPSHUVREDomR
GDWHQVmRDSOLFDGDSHODPROD
4XDQWR j DGVRUomR GH XPLGDGH YHU LWHP  D ILEUD 0923$1+
FDUERQL]DGD D ƒ&PLQ DSUHVHQWD XPD HYROXomR DVVHPHOKDGD DR JUiILFR GR burn
off.3DUDWHPSRVGHDWLYDomRDWpPLQDVILEUDVHQVDLDGDVQmRDSUHVHQWDPJDQKRGH
PDVVD GH iJXD DOpP GRV  (QWUHWDQGR DFLPD GRV  PLQ GH SURFHVVR D PDVVD
UHODWLYDGHiJXDDGVRUYLGDFKHJDDDOFDQoDURTXHSRGHVHULQWHUSUHWDGDFRPR
UHSUHVHQWDQWHGHXPYDORUVLJQLILFDWLYRGHSRURVLGDGHSUHVHQWHQRPDWHULDO
&RPSRUWDPHQWRVVHPHOKDQWHVQDHYROXomRGRburn offHQDTXDQWLGDGHGHiJXD
DGVRUYLGD IRUDP HQFRQWUDGRV SDUD WRGDV DV DPRVWUDV SURGX]LGDV H RV JUiILFRV
UHIHUHQWHVDRUHVWDQWHGDVDPRVWUDVVmRDSUHVHQWDGDVQR$1(;2
4XDQWR j UHVLVWrQFLD PHFkQLFD DV ILEUDV DWLYDGDV FRP WHPSR GH DWp PLQ
PDQWpP VXD LQWHJULGDGH PHFkQLFD QD DYDOLDomR IHLWD SRU VLPSOHV PDQXVHLR )LEUDV
DWLYDGDV SRU WHPSRV VXSHULRUHV D  PLQ SHUGHP VXDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV PHFkQLFDV
EiVLFDVRXVHMDDRWDWRGDPmRHVLPSOHVPDQXVHLRWHQGHPDWUDQVIRUPDUVHHPSy




QmRSRVVXLQGRUHVLVWrQFLDPHFkQLFD VXILFLHQWH SDUD UHDOL]DomRGHHQVDLRV(VWHIDWR
OHYRXjIL[DomRGRWHPSRGHDWLYDomRHPPLQ








XPLGDGH












       

7HPSRGHDWLYDoϡRPLQ


Figura 12±9DULDomRGDDGVRUomRGHXPLGDGHHPIXQomRGRWHPSRGHDWLYDomRSDUD
ILEUDVFDUERQL]DGDVHPWD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRGHƒ&PLP

 45

40
 35

 30
Burn off (%)

25

20

 15

10

5

 0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Tempo de ativação (min)


Figura 13 ± 9DULDomR GR burn off HP IXQomR GR WHPSR GH DWLYDomR SDUD ILEUDV
FDUERQL]DGDVHPWD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRGHƒ&PLP




4.4 ± Aplicação da AFC
3DUD D FRQVWDWDomR GD DSOLFDELOLGDGH GDVILEUDV GH FDUERQR DWLYDGDV REWLGDV D
SDUWLUGDILEUDGH3$1Wr[WLOIRUDPHODERUDGRVHQVDLRVGHDGVRUomROtTXLGD%DVHDGR
QR WUDEDOKR GH .RMLPD H FRODERUDGRUHV >@ FULRXVH XPD PHWRGRORJLD YLVDQGR D
DYDOLDomR GD FDSDFLGDGH GH UHPRomR GH SROXHQWHV HP XP DPELHQWH DTXiWLFR SHOD
ILEUD GH FDUERQR DWLYDGD SURGX]LGD QR FRQWH[WR GR SUHVHQWH WUDEDOKR 2 REMHWLYR
SULQFLSDO IRL D FRQILUPDomR GD VXD DSOLFDELOLGDGH FRPR PDWHULDO DGVRUWLYR HP
DPELHQWHV FRQWDPLQDGRV FRPR FRUSRV G¶iJXD 3ULQFLSDOPHQWH RV TXH VRIUHUDP D
GHJUDGDomR SHOD PmR KXPDQD H HQFRQWUDPVH HP SURFHVVR GH HXWURILVDomR R TXDO
SRGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGRRSURFHVVRGHPRUWHGHXPFRUSRG¶iJXD
&RPHVWDILQDOLGDGHXPDTXiULRFRPFDSDFLGDGHGHOLWURVIRLGHYLGDPHQWH
OLPSR H KLJLHQL]DGR DWUDYpV GH SURFHGLPHQWRV LQHUHQWHV H FRPXQV D WUDWRV FRP
DTXiULR /RJR DSyV R SURFHGLPHQWR GH OLPSH]D IRL DEDVWHFLGR FRP iJXD PLQHUDO H
FRORFDGR SHL[HV UHVLVWHQWHV D JUDQGHV YDULDo}HV GH DPELHQWH QR FDVR GD IDPtOLD GD
FDUSD$PRQWDJHPHPDQXWHQomRGRDTXiULRIRLRULHQWDGDSRUXPHVSHFLDOLVWDHP
DTXDULVPR )RUDP XWLOL]DGRV WRGRV RV HTXLSDPHQWRV QHFHVViULRV SDUD R ERP
IXQFLRQDPHQWR GR DTXiULR WDLV FRPR ERPEDV GH FLUFXODomR WHUP{PHWUR H
DTXHFHGRU 7DPEpP IRL XVDGR XP DOLPHQWDGRU DXWRPiWLFR SDUD GRVDU GLDULDPHQWH
TXDQWLGDGHVH[DWDVGHDOLPHQWR8PWLPHUIRLDFRSODGRDXPDOkPSDGDGHLOXPLQDomR
GR DTXiULR D ILP GH SURSRUFLRQDU WHPSRV H[DWRV GH LOXPLQDomR GLiULD 2 REMHWLYR
GHVWH FRQWUROH p D QmR YDULDomR QD H[SRVLomR GH OX] R TXH SRGH LQIOXHQFLDU QR
FUHVFLPHQWR GH DOJDV 2 IDWRU HYDSRUDomR GD iJXD WDPEpP IRL FRQVLGHUDGR H
UHSRVLomR GH  OLWURV GH iJXD VHPDQDO IRL SURYLGHQFLDGR XWLOL]DQGRVH SDUD HVWD
DomRDiJXDGHLRQL]DGDSDUDTXHVHUYLVVHDSHQDVFRPRGLOXHQWH PDQWHQGRHVWiYHOR
YROXPHGRDTXiULR
 2DTXiULRIRLPRQWDGRFRPDLQWHQomRGHVLPXODUXPDPELHQWHDTXiWLFRUHDO$
FRORFDomRGRVSHL[HVIRLFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRRPDUFRSDUDRLQLFLRGRH[SHULPHQWRHR
DTXiULR SDVVRX D VHU PRQLWRUDGR TXDQWR D HYROXomR GH EDVHV QLWURJHQDGDV QLWUDWR
QLWULWR DP{QLD IRVIRUDGD IRVIDWR WXUELGH] H FRU DSDUHQWH (VWH PRQLWRUDPHQWR



RFRUUHX DWp TXH KRXYHVVH XP HTXLOtEULR QDV FRQFHQWUDo}HV GRV FRPSRQHQWHV
PRQLWRUDGRV IDWR TXH RFRUUHX DSyV  GLDV ,PSRUWDQWH VDOLHQWDU TXH QmR KRXYH
DGLomR GH FRPSRQHQWH QR DTXiULR VHQGR DV EDVHV QLWURJHQDGDV H IRVIRUDGDV
SURYHQLHQWHVGDGLQkPLFDRUJkQLFDGHVWHVLVWHPDIHFKDGR
 4XDQGR D VDWXUDomR GRV SROXHQWHV PRQLWRUDGRV IRL DOFDQoDGD FRORFRXVH XP
IHL[HGHILEUDGHFDUERQRFRPFRPSULPHQWRGHFPSHVDQGRJVREUHQDGDQWHj
iJXD GR DTXiULR H QRYDPHQWH IRL IHLWR R DFRPSDQKDPHQWR GD HYROXomR GRV
SDUkPHWURVFLWDGRV6LPXOWDQHDPHQWHFRUUHXXPDSURYDHPEUDQFRFRPXPDVROXomR
VLQWpWLFD GH QLWUDWR QLWULWR DP{QLD H IRVIDWR FRQWHQGR ILEUD GH FDUERQR QD PHVPD
SURSRUomRPYTXHKDYLDVLGRFRORFDGDQRDTXiULR$HVFROKDGDTXDQWLGDGHGHJ
GHILEUDSDUDOGHiJXDIRLIHLWDEDVHDQGRVHHPVROXo}HVFRPHUFLDLVSDUDDTXiULR
DV TXDLV XVDP FDUYmR DWLYDGR $ SURYD HP EUDQFR VHUYLX SDUD FRPSURYDomR GR
FRPSRUWDPHQWRGDILEUDQRVGRLVDPELHQWHV
 )RL IHLWR R PRQLWRUDPHQWR GDV iJXDV GR DTXiULR DWp TXH IRVVH SRVVtYHO
DFRPSDQKDUXPFLFORFRPSOHWRGHDGVRUomRRTXHRFRUUHXHPGLDV$DYDOLDomR
GDVFRQFHQWUDo}HVGHQLWUDWRQLWULWRIRVIDWRDP{QLDWXUELGH]HFRUDSDUHQWHIRLIHLWD
HPXPHVSHFWURIRW{PHWURGDPDUFD+$&+XWLOL]DQGRVHDPHWRGRORJLDHUHDJHQWHV
VXJHULGRVSHORHandbookYHUVmR+DFKGRHTXLSDPHQWR
 $SyVXPFLFORFRPSOHWRGHH[SHULPHQWRWRGRVLVWHPDYROWRXDGHVFDQVDUHVHU
PRQLWRUDGR DWp TXH DV FRQFHQWUDo}HV GRV SROXHQWHV HVWXGDGRV YROWDVVHP D VXD
FRQGLomR GH VDWXUDomR R TXH SURPRYH D VLWXDomR LGHDO SDUD TXH XP QRYR
H[SHULPHQWR IRVVH FRQGX]LGR 1D )LJXUD  H  VmR DSUHVHQWDGDV LPDJHQV GR
DTXiULRFRPDILEUDGHFDUERQRVREUHQDGDQWH




Figura 14 ±$TXiULRFRPILEUDGHFDUERQRVREUHQDGDQWH

Figura 15 ±9LVWDJHUDOGRDTXiULRFRPDILEUDGHFDUERQRVREUHQDGDQWH




5 ± Resultados e discussões
 3DUWLQGRVHGHGXDVPDWpULDVSULPDVGLVWLQWDVILEUDV3$1Wr[WLOFRPEDL[RJUDX
GHR[LGDomR092;3$1/HFRPDOWRJUDXGHR[LGDomR092;3$1+IRUDP
SURFHVVDGDVHFDUDFWHUL]DGDVWLSRVGHILEUDGHFDUERQRSDUDFDGDILEUD3$1Wr[WLO
R[LGDGDGHSDUWLGD7RWDOL]DUDPVHPDLVGHHQVDLRVDSHQDVSDUDDSUHSDUDomRGH
ILEUDV GH FDUERQR H VXD DWLYDomR &RPR PXLWRV UHVXOWDGRV REWLGRV VmR DQiORJRV
RSWRXVH SRU GLVFRUUHU D DQiOLVH GRV UHVXOWDGRV SDUD XP ~QLFR WLSR GH ILEUD
FDUERQL]DGD H DWLYDGD D TXH IRL FRQVLGHUDGD XPD GDV PHOKRUHV ILEUDV DWLYDGDV RX
VHMD DV ILEUDV FDUERQL]DGDV SRU FKRTXH WpUPLFR SURYHQLHQWHV GH ILEUDV 3$1 Wr[WLO
FRP DOWR JUDX GH R[LGDomR  7RGDV DV DQiOLVHV H JUiILFRV FRUUHVSRQGHQWHV jV RXWUDV
DPRVWUDVSURGX]LGRVVmRDSUHVHQWDGRVQRWH[WRTXDQGRFRQYHQLHQWHHQRVDQH[RV

5.1 ± PAN oxidada
 7RPDQGRFRPREDVHXPDHVFDODGHR[LGDomRGHDRQGHUHSUHVHQWDXPD
ILEUDR[LGDGDIUDFDPHQWHHXPDILEUDIRUWHPHQWHR[LGDGDIRUDPHVFROKLGDVGXDV
DPRVWUDV GH ILEUDV TXH UHSUHVHQWDVVHP RV H[WUHPRV GHVWD HVFDOD DV TXDLV IRUDP
LGHQWLILFDGDV FRPR 092;3$1/  H 092;3$1+ TXH UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
UHSUHVHQWDVVHPILEUDVFRPEDL[DHDOWRJUDXGHR[LGDomR
 2 JUDX GH R[LGDomR GD ILEUD p GHWHUPLQDGR SHOD TXDQWLGDGH GH OLJDo}HV
FUX]DGDV IRUPDGDV HQWUH DV FDGHLDV SROLPpULFDV H R JUDX GH FLFOL]DomR GR SROtPHUR
DSyVRWUDWDPHQWRWpUPLFR>@$GLVWLQomRHQWUHXPDILEUDGHEDL[RHDOWRJUDXGH
R[LGDomRSRGHVHUIHLWDGHIRUPDVLPSOLILFDGDDWUDYpVGHXPWHVWHGHFKDPD)LEUDV
FRPDOWRJUDXGHR[LGDomRWrPSURSULHGDGHVDQWLFKDPDVDSRQWRGHQmRSURSDJDUHP
D FKDPD QmR JHUDU IXPDoD RX IXOLJHP TXDQGR HP FRQWDWR GLUHWR FRP FKDPD
FRPEXVWmRGH*/3QDSUHVHQoDGHDU)LEUDVFRPEDL[RJUDXGHR[LGDomRTXDQGR
HPFRQWDWRGLUHWRFRPFKDPDSRGHSURSDJiODJHUDUIXPDoDHIXOLJHP$SHVDUGH
QmR VHUHP FRPEXUHQWHV DV ILEUDV FRP EDL[R JUDX GH R[LGDomR VmR FRQVLGHUDGDV
PDWHULDLVFRPEDL[DVTXDOLGDGHVDQWLFKDPDV




 3DUDDSURGXomRGDILEUD3$1R[LGDGDFRPPHOKRUXQLIRUPLGDGHGHR[LGDomR
IRLHVFROKLGDDURWDFRPSRVWDSRUSUpR[LGDomRHR[LGDomRVHQGRTXHDHVWDELOL]DomR
WRWDOGDILEUD3$1RFRUUHHPWHPSHUDWXUDVDWpƒ&$SUpR[LGDomRRFRUUHHPXPD
WHPSHUDWXUD LQIHULRU j GD R[LGDomR FRP D IXQomR GH HOLPLQDU YROiWHLV GD ILEUD H
SURSRUFLRQDU R LQLFLR GR SURFHVVR GH IRUPDomR GH OLJDo}HV FUX]DGDV $ R[LGDomR p
IHLWD HP WHPSHUDWXUDV VXSHULRUHV H WHP FRPR REMHWLYR DXPHQWDU R SURFHVVR GH
OLJDo}HV FUX]DGDV H SURSRUFLRQDU D FLFOL]DomR GDV FDGHLDV GH QLWULOD (VWD URWD FRP
GXDV WHPSHUDWXUDV PRVWURXVH FDSD] GH SURGX]LU PDWHULDO FRP PDLRU HVWDELOLGDGH H
KRPRJHQHLGDGH3DUDD092;3$1/DVFRQGLo}HVGHSUpR[LGDomRR[LGDomRIRUDP
GHILQLGDVH[SHULPHQWDOPHQWHGRLVSDWDPDUHVGHWHPSHUDWXUDƒ&Hƒ&3DUDD
092;3$1+DVWHPSHUDWXUDVGHSUpR[LGDomRHR[LGDomRIRUDPIL[DGDVHPƒ&
Hƒ&UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH3DUDDPEDVDVDPRVWUDVRWHPSRGHUHVLGrQFLDWRWDOSDUD
XPSHUtRGRFRPSOHWRGHSUpR[LGDomRR[LGDomRIRLGHPLQ$7DEHODDSUHVHQWD
DVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGDVDPRVWUDVSURGX]LGDVHPFRPSDUDomRjVGD 3$12;SURGX]LGD
SHOD HPSUHVD PXOWLQDFLRQDO 6*/ &DUERQ $V GLIHUHQoDV GDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV H GR
FRPSRUWDPHQWR REVHUYDGRV HQWUH DV $PRVWUDV  H  DSDUHQWHPHQWH VXWLV VmR
VXILFLHQWHV SDUD LQGX]LU VLJQLILFDWLYDV GLIHUHQoDV QD FLQpWLFD GH SURGXomR GD $&)V
LQFOXVLYHSURSRUFLRQDUFRPRUHVXOWDGRPDWHULDLVILQDLVGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGLVWLQWDV
Tabela 3 ±&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGDVILEUDV3$1R[LGDGDV
3URSULHGDGHV 092;3$1/ 092;3$1+ 3$12;Š/%&66&
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0yGXORGHHODVWLFLGDGH03D   
7HQVmRGHUXSWXUD03D   
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7HVWHGHFKDPD   
3URSDJDFKDPD QmR QmR QmR
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)XPDoD VLP QmR QmR




5.2 ± Produção de fibras de carbono
5.2.1 ± Aspectos macroscópicos
2 SURFHVVR GH FDUERQL]DomR IRL UHDOL]DGR GH DFRUGR FRP D PHWRGRORJLD
GHVFULWDQRLWHP$PRQLWRUDomRYLVXDOGRSURFHVVRLQGLFDTXHLQGHSHQGHQWHGD
URWD GH DTXHFLPHQWR HVFROKLGD HP WHPSHUDWXUDV DFLPD GH ƒ& SHUFHEHVH D
RFRUUrQFLD GH LQWHQVD YRODWLOL]DomR WUDGX]LGD QD IRUPDomR GH IXPDoD GH FRU
DFLQ]HQWDGD 1RWDVH WDPEpP TXH SDUD WD[DV PHQRUHV GH DTXHFLPHQWR D IXPDoD p
PHQRV GHQVD H p SURGX]LGD HP PHQRU TXDQWLGDGH TXH SDUD DTXHFLPHQWRV PDLV
UiSLGRV
$SyV D FDUERQL]DomR DV DPRVWUDV IRUDP UHWLUDGDV GR IRUQR H DYDOLDGDV
YLVXDOPHQWH $V ILEUDV WUDWDGDV FRP WD[DV PHQRUHV GH DTXHFLPHQWR DSUHVHQWDP
VXSHUItFLH PDLV EULOKDQWH TXH D GDV ILEUDV FDUERQL]DGDV HP FRQGLomR GH FKRTXH
WpUPLFR(VWDGLIHUHQoDQRDVSHFWRUHIHUHQWHDREULOKRpXPDWULEXWRGDFDSDFLGDGHGH
UHIOH[mR GH OX] SHOD VXSHUItFLH GR PDWHULDO H WHP UHODomR FRP D UXJRVLGDGH H
SRURVLGDGHGDVXSHUItFLHGDILEUD
&RPUHODomRjFDUDFWHUtVWLFDPHFkQLFDDSyVFDGDHQVDLRGHFDUERQL]DomRDILEUD
REWLGDpWUDFLRQDGDPDQXDOPHQWH(VWHHQVDLRUXGLPHQWDULQGLFD GHIRUPDUiSLGDVH
QRSURFHVVRKRXYHRXQmRDR[LGDomRDFLGHQWDOHQWUDGDRXSHUPDQrQFLDLQGHVHMDGDH
HVS~ULDGHDUQRLQWHULRUGRIRUQRGHFDUERQL]DomRGDDPRVWUD(PWRGRVRVHQVDLRV
GH FDUERQL]DomR UHDOL]DGRV QmR IRL SRVVtYHO YHULILFDU GLIHUHQoDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV QDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPHFkQLFDVHQWUHDVILEUDV$OpPGLVVRIRLSRVVtYHOREVHUYDUTXHWRGDV
DV ILEUDV FDUERQL]DGDV DSUHVHQWDP UHVLVWrQFLD DR HVIRUoR PHFkQLFR PDQXDO
FRQVLGHUDGRDGHTXDGR
4XDQWRjDQiOLVHGRHQFROKLPHQWRGDILEUDpLPSRUWDQWHVDOLHQWDUTXHDPRODD
TXDO PDQWpP D ILEUD WUDFLRQDGD p LQLFLDOPHQWH HVWLUDGD SDUD FRQIHULU XPD IRUoD GH
WUDomRLQLFLDOGH1QDDPRVWUD$SyVDILQDOL]DomRGRSURFHVVRGHFDUERQL]DomRD
WHPSHUDWXUDV PDLV HOHYDGDV DFLPD GH ƒ& YHULILFRXVH SHOD FRQGLomR GH
HVWLUDPHQWRGDPRODTXHDWUDomRILQDODSOLFDGDDHODDWLQJHYDORUGDRUGHPGH1
3DUD GHWHUPLQDomR GRV YDORUHV GH IRUoD DSOLFDGD IRL IHLWR XPD DQiOLVH SUpYLD GH



FDOLEUDomR GR GHVORFDPHQWR GD H[WUHPLGDGH GD PROD HP IXQomR GD IRUoD SHVR
DSOLFDGD D HOD (VWD FDOLEUDomR IRL IHLWD OHYDQGRVH HP FRQVLGHUDomR R IDWRU
WHPSHUDWXUDGHWUDEDOKRGDPRODLVWRpDFDOLEUDomRIRLIHLWDH[SHULPHQWDOPHQWHHP
FRQGLo}HV GH WHPSHUDWXUD GH WUDWDPHQWR WpUPLFR GHVHMDGR (PERUD HVVH GDGR GH
WUDomR QmR WHQKD QHVWD HWDSD GR WUDEDOKR QHQKXP YDORU VLJQLILFDWLYR VREUH DV
SURSULHGDGHV PHFkQLFDV GD ILEUD VDOLHQWDVH TXH VHUi XPD YDULiYHO GH FRQWUROH
LPSRUWDQWH TXDQGR R REMHWLYR GR WUDEDOKR IRU GHVORFDGR SDUD D REWHQomR GH ILEUDV
FRP PHOKRUHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV PHFkQLFDV $OpP GLVVR R IDWR GD PDQXWHQomR GD
LQWHJULGDGHItVLFDGDILEUDGXUDQWHRWUDWDPHQWRQDFRQGLomRGHIRUoDGHHVWLUDPHQWR
DSOLFDGD IRL FRQVLGHUDGR FRPR XP PHLR GH PRQLWRUDPHQWR GD FDUERQL]DomR EHP
VXFHGLGD LVWR p FRP LVHQomR GH IDWRUHV H[WHUQRV FRPR D SUHVHQoD GH R[LJrQLR QD
DWPRVIHUDGRWUDWDPHQWRSRLVDR[LGDomRWUDULDFRPRFRQVHTXrQFLDRURPSLPHQWRGDV
ILEUDVGXUDQWHRSURFHVVR

5.2.1.1 ± Perda de massa
'H DFRUGR FRP RV GDGRV DSUHVHQWDGRV SRU 0RUJDQ >@ p HVSHUDGR TXH R
SURFHVVRGHSLUyOLVHFDUERQL]DomRGHXPDILEUD3$1R[LGDGDSURYRTXHXPD SHUGD
GH PDVVD DR UHGRU GH  (VWD SHUGD p UHIHUHQWH D YRODWLOL]DomR GRV FRPSRQHQWHV
TXtPLFRV DW{PLFRV H PROHFXODUHV TXH QmR SDUWLFLSDP HIHWLYDPHQWH QD IRUPDomR GD
UHGH GH FDGHLDV FDUE{QLFDV GD HVWUXWXUD GD ILEUD GH FDUERQR $V UHDo}HV HQYROYLGDV
VmR HQGRWpUPLFDV H D FLQpWLFD GH RFRUUrQFLD p LQIOXHQFLDGD SHOD YHORFLGDGH GH
DTXHFLPHQWR  $ YDULDomR GD SHUGD GH PDVVD HP IXQomR GH GLIHUHQWHV WD[DV GH
DTXHFLPHQWRpDSUHVHQWDGDQRJUiILFRGD)LJXUD SDUDSURFHVVRVDSDUWLUGHILEUDV
3$1FRPEDL[RJUDXGHR[LGDomR092;3$1/HQD )LJXUD  pDSUHVHQWDGDD
SHUGD GH PDVVD SDUD SURFHVVRV HQYROYHQGR ILEUDV 3$1 FRP DOWR JUDX GH R[LGDomR
092;3$1+ $WUDYpV GD REVHUYDomR GRV JUiILFRV YHULILFDVH TXH FDGD WLSR GH
ILEUD3$1R[LGDGDDSUHVHQWDXPFRPSRUWDPHQWRGLVWLQWRGHFDUERQL]DomR$SHVDUGH
DV PDVVDV SHUGLGDV HVWDUHP GHQWUR GR HVSHUDGR SDUD RV GRLV FDVRV DV ILEUDV
SURGX]LGDV D SDUWLU GH 092;3$1/ DSUHVHQWD PDLRU SHUGD GH PDVVD TXDQGR



FDUERQL]DGDDƒ&PLQ$VDPRVWUDVFDUERQL]DGDVDSDUWLUGH092;3$1+WLYHUDP
VXDPDLRUSHUGDGHPDVVDQRSURFHVVRGH PDLRUYHORFLGDGHGHDTXHFLPHQWRLVWRp
SRUFKRTXHWpUPLFRFKHJDQGRDXPDSHUGDGHHPPDVVD

0
5°C/min
 10° C/min
10
30° C/min
choque


Perda de massa (%)

20

30


40

 50

60
 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Temperatura (°C)


Figura 16 ±SHUGDGHPDVVDSDUDILEUDFDUERQL]DGDDSDUWLUGH092;3$1/



0
5° C/min
 10°C/min
30°C/min
10
choque


Perda de massa (%)

20

30


40

 50

60

 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Temperatura (°C)

Figura 17 ±SHUGDGHPDVVDSDUDILEUDFDUERQL]DGDDSDUWLUGH092;3$1+




5.2.1.2 ± Encolhimento
 $DYDOLDomRGRHQFROKLPHQWRGDILEUD3$1R[LGDGDGXUDQWHDFDUERQL]DomRID]
SDUWH GH XPD JDPD GH HQVDLRV FRP R REMHWLYR GH DX[LOLDU R HQWHQGLPHQWR GR
FRPSRUWDPHQWRGDILEUDGXUDQWHDSLUyOLVH
 $V )LJXUDV  H  DSUHVHQWDP RV YDORUHV GH HQFROKLPHQWR GDV ILEUDV HP
IXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGHFDUERQL]DomR SDUDDVGLIHUHQWHVWD[DV GHDTXHFLPHQWR1D
)LJXUD  VmR DSUHVHQWDGDV DV FXUYDV FRUUHVSRQGHQWHV jV FDUERQL]Do}HV GH 09
2;3$1/ 'H IRUPD DQiORJD D )LJXUD  DSUHVHQWD DV FXUYDV UHODFLRQDGDV DR
HQFROKLPHQWRGH092;3$1+GXUDQWHDFDUERQL]DomR
 $V PHGLGDV GH HQFROKLPHQWR IRUDP IHLWDV GLUHWDPHQWH GHQWUR GR IRUQR SRU
PHLR GH XP GLVSRVLWLYR SUHVR D PROD TXH SRU VXD YH] HVWD SUHVR D DPRVWUD 2
GLVSRVLWLYRFRQVLVWHHPXPDEDVHPyYHOTXHVHGHVORFDVREUHXPDUpJXDJUDGXDGDHP
PLOtPHWURV 1R GHFRUUHU GR HQVDLR R DTXHFLPHQWR GD ILEUD R[LGDGD SURGX]LX R
GHVORFDPHQWR GD PROD R TXDO SURSRUFLRQRX XP GHVORFDPHQWR GR SRQWHLUR VREUH D
UpJXDJUDGXDGDIRUQHFHQGRDVVLPDPHGLGDGRHQFROKLPHQWRGDDPRVWUDRTXDO IRL
YLVLYHODWUDYpVGDSDUHGHGHTXDUW]RGRWXGR3RUPHLRGHVWDPRQWDJHPIRLSRVVtYHO
YHULILFDURHQFROKLPHQWRGDDPRVWUDHPFDGDHQVDLRIHLWRSURSRUFLRQDQGRPDLVGH
PHGLGDVQRFiOFXORGDPpGLDTXHUHJLVWUDXP~QLFRSRQWRQRJUiILFR)LJXUDH
 'HXPDIRUPDPDFURVFySLFDRFRPSRUWDPHQWRTXDQWRjVUHWUDo}HVREVHUYDGDV
QRVJUiILFRVGD)LJXUDTXDQWRGD)LJXUDDSUHVHQWDVHVHPHOKDQWH3DUDDVDOWDV
WD[DV GH DTXHFLPHQWR LVWR p SDUD FKRTXH WpUPLFR H ƒ&PLQ RV YDORUHV GH
HQFROKLPHQWR VmR VLPLODUHV SRUpP SDUD YHORFLGDGHV PHQRUHV GH DTXHFLPHQWR D
SRUFHQWDJHPGHHQFROKLPHQWRYDULDVLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWHHGHIRUPDLQYHUVD3DUDILEUDV
092;3$1/ D UHWUDomR FRP R DTXHFLPHQWR QD FRQGLomR GH ƒ&PLQ p 
LQIHULRU TXDQGR FRPSDUDGD FRP DV ILEUDV 092;3$1+ 2 FRPSRUWDPHQWR
FRQWUiULR RFRUUH TXDQGR REVHUYDGD D FXUYD SDUD D WD[D GH ƒ&PLQ RQGH D
FDUERQL]DomRGHILEUDV092;3$1/SURGX]HPXPDUHWUDomRVXSHULRUTXDQGR
FRPSDUDGDFRPDVGDVILEUDV092;3$1+




 2VGDGRVDSUHVHQWDGRVPRVWUDPDLGpLDGHTXHSDUDFDGDWD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWR
H[LVWH XPD FLQpWLFD GH FDUERQL]DomR GLVWLQWD PDV XP SHUILO GH HQFROKLPHQWR
SUHYLVtYHO SDUD DV DPRVWUDV HVWXGDGDV )LJXUDV  H  2 IDWR PDLV LPSRUWDQWH
FRQVWDWDGR p TXH R  JUDX GH HQFROKLPHQWR p XPD IXQomR LQGHSHQGHQWH GR JUDX GH
R[LGDomRHGDFLQpWLFDGHFDUERQL]DomR,VVRWUiVFRPRFRQVHTrQFLDDSRVVLELOLGDGH
GH FRQIRUPDU $&)V GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV FRPSOHWDPHQWH GLVWLQWDV SDUWLQGRVH GH XPD
~QLFDPDWpULDSULPD


18

 5°C/min
10° C/min
16
30° C/min
 choque
14
Encolhimento (%)

12

10

4
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Temperatura (°C)

Figura 18 ± HYROXomR GR HQFROKLPHQWR HP IXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD GH FDUERQL]DomR
SDUDILEUDVSURGX]LGDVDSDUWLUGH092;3$1/

















 18
5°C/min
10° C/min
16
30° C/min
 14
choque
Encolhimento (%)

12

10

 8

 4
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Temperatura (°C)


Figura 19 ± HYROXomR GR HQFROKLPHQWR HP IXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD GH FDUERQL]DomR
SDUDILEUDVSURGX]LGDVDSDUWLUGH092;3$1+

5.2.1.3 ± Teor de umidade

2WHRUGHXPLGDGHGDVDPRVWUDVIRLGHWHUPLQDGRGHDFRUGRFRPDPHWRGRORJLD
GHVFULWD QR LWHP  $ YDULDomR GD TXDQWLGDGH GH XPLGDGH DGVRUYLGD IRL XVDGD
FRPR XPD DOWHUQDWLYD SDUD XPD DYDOLDomR LQLFLDO TXDQWR D SUHVHQoD GH SRURVLGDGH
UHOHYDQWH QD ILEUD (QWHQGHVH TXH TXDQWR PDLRU D iUHD GD VXSHUItFLH GD ILEUD GH
FDUERQRPDLRUDDGVRUomRGHiJXD
$V )LJXUDV  H  DSUHVHQWDP RV YDORUHV GH XPLGDGH HP SRUFHQWDJHP GD
PDVVD GD DPRVWUD VHFD HP IXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD GH FDUERQL]DomR $ )LJXUD 
FRUUHVSRQGH jV DPRVWUDV GDV FDUERQL]Do}HV IHLWDV FRP DV ILEUDV 092;3$1/
HQTXDQWR D )LJXUD  DSUHVHQWD D HYROXomR GH XPLGDGH HQFRQWUDGD QDV ILEUDV
FDUERQL]DGDVDSDUWLUGHILEUDV092;3$1+$REVHUYDomRGRVSRQWRVGHPi[LPR
GRVYDORUHVSHUFHQWXDLVGHPDVVDGHiJXDDGVRUYLGDHPDPEDVDV)LJXUDVH
SRGHP VHU DWULEXtGDV j H[LVWrQFLD GH FRQGLo}HV GH FDUERQL]DomR TXH SURGX]DP
YDORUHVPi[LPRVGHiUHDHSRURVLGDGHQDILEUDGHDFRUGRFRPRSUHVVXSRVWRLQLFLDO



GHTXHRVSRURVSURGX]LGRVVmRWRGRVVtWLRVUHODFLRQDGRVDDGVRUomRGHiJXD9DORUHV
SHUFHQWXDLVGHDGVRUomRGHiJXDUHODFLRQDGRVDWHPSHUDWXUDGHSURFHVVRGHƒ&
SDUDDPEDVDV)LJXUDVDSUHVHQWDPRVPHQRUHVSHUFHQWXDLVGHXPLGDGHOHYDQGRDR
HQWHQGLPHQWR TXH D TXDQWLGDGH GH SRURV SUHVHQWHV QHVWD ILEUD p PXLWR SHTXHQD HP
UHODomRDGDVRXWUDV3RURXWURODGRRVYDORUHVPi[LPRVHVWmRFRQFHQWUDGRVHPXPD
PHVPD IDL[D GH WHPSHUDWXUD  D ƒ& SDUD DPERV RV WLSRV GH DPRVWUDV GH
ILEUDV LQGLFDQGR D H[LVWrQFLD GH VLPLODULGDGH FRPSRUWDPHQWDO TXDQWR j SRURVLGDGH
LQGX]LGD QD FDUERQL]DomR GDV ILEUDV LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH GR JUDX GH R[LGDomR GR
PDWHULDOGHSDUWLGD&RPSDUDQGRGHIRUPDJOREDODVFXUYDVDSUHVHQWDGDVQDV)LJXUDV
HRVYDORUHVSHUFHQWXDLVGHDGVRUomRGHiJXDSDUDDVILEUDVSURGX]LGDVDSDUWLU
GHILEUDV092;3$1/VmRVLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWHLQIHULRUHVHPUHODomRDVSURGX]LGDVD
SDUWLUGHILEUDV092;3$1+

5°C/ min
12
10°C/min
30°C/min
10 choque

8
Umidade (%)

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Temperatura (°C)

Figura 20 ± HYROXomR GD XPLGDGH HP IXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD GH FDUERQL]DomR SDUD
ILEUDVSURGX]LGDVDSDUWLUGH092;3$1/




Figura 21 ± HYROXomR GD XPLGDGH HP IXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD GH FDUERQL]DomR SDUD
ILEUDVSURGX]LGDVDSDUWLUGH092;3$1+

5.2.1.4 - Evolução da massa específica nas fibras de carbono (CF)

 $V GHWHUPLQDo}HV GD PDVVD HVSHFtILFD GDV ILEUDV IRUDP IHLWDV SRU GXDV
PHWRGRORJLDVGLVWLQWDVSink-floatHXOWUDSLFQRPHWULDGH+HOLRFRPRGHVFULWDVQRLWHP

 2XVRGDVGXDVWpFQLFDVSDUDGHWHUPLQDomRGDPDVVDHVSHFtILFDVHPRVWURXXP
LQWHUHVVDQWH LQVWUXPHQWR SDUD D DYDOLDomR GD H[LVWrQFLD RX QmR GH SRURVLGDGH QD
DPRVWUD$WpFQLFDGH³VLQNBIORDW´HVWiEDVHDGDQDGHWHUPLQDomRGDPDVVDHVSHFtILFD
DWUDYpVGRXVRGHXPD PLVWXUDGHVROYHQWHVRUJkQLFRDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHVVDVROXomR
WDLV FRPR WDPDQKR GDV PROpFXODV H D WHQVmR GH FRHVmR HQWUH HODV LPSHGHP TXH R
OLTXLGR SHQHWUH QD SRURVLGDGH PDLV ILQD $ WpFQLFD GH XOWUDSLFQRPHWULD GH KpOLR
WUDEDOKD FRP PROpFXODV JDVRVDV GH GLPHQVmR PXLWR LQIHULRU jV PROpFXODV GRV
VROYHQWHV RUJkQLFRV 'HVWD PDQHLD R KpOLR SRGH SHQHWUDU QRV SRURV GR PDWHULDO H
GHWHUPLQDU FRP PDLRU DFXUiFLD R YROXPH GD DPRVWUD GHVFRQWDGRV RV YROXPHV


RFXSDGRV SRU SUDWLFDPHQWH WRGRV RV WLSRV GH SRURV ( SRU LVVR GHILQLXVH R YDORU
PHGLGRSRUHVWDWpFQLFDFRPRVHQGRDPDVVDHVSHFtILFDUHDO
 2YDORUGDPDVVDHVSHFtILFDSDUDDVGXDVWpFQLFDVDSUHVHQWDGDVVHUiLGrQWLFR
SDUD XPD DPRVWUD VHP SRURVLGDGH GHWHFWiYHO 4XDQWR PDLRU D SRURVLGDGH DFHVVtYHO
DSHQDV DR JiV WDQWR PDLRU VHUi D GLIHUHQoD HQWUH RV YDORUHV QD PDVVD HVSHFtILFD
REWLGRVSHODVGXDVWpFQLFDVGLVWLQWDV
 $)LJXUDDSUHVHQWDRJUiILFRFRPSRVWRSHODVFXUYDVGDPDVVDHVSHFtILFDGH
sink-floatHXOWUDSLFQRPHWULDGHJiVKpOLRSDUDDPRVWUDVGHILEUDVGHFDUERQRWUDWDGD
GHDƒ&SURGX]LGDVDSDUWLUGH092;3$1+HWD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRGH
ƒ&PLQ2EVHUYDVHTXHSDUDRVSDWDPDUHVGHWHPSHUDWXUDGHHƒ&RV
YDORUHV GD PDVVD HVSHFtILFD REWLGRV SHORV GRLV PpWRGRV DSUHVHQWDGRV VmR
SUDWLFDPHQWH LGrQWLFRV 5HODFLRQDQGR HVWHV SRQWRV FRP DV PLFURJUDILDV GDV )LJXUDV
HGRLWHPVXEVHTHQWHSRGHVHLQIHULUDSUHVHQoDGHSRXTXtVVLPDRXQHQKXPD
SRURVLGDGHGHWHFWiYHOSHORPpWRGRGHXOWUDSLFQRPHWULDGH+H
 $V GLIHUHQoDV REVHUYDGDV HQWUH DV GXDV FXUYDV GD ILJXUD  SRGHP VHU
H[SOLFDGDVFRPRVHQGRGHFRUUHQWHVGDGLILFXOGDGHGHSHQHWUDomRGHOtTXLGRXWLOL]DGR
QRsink-float QRVSRURVHQDVLUUHJXODULGDGHVVXSHUILFLDLVGDILEUD, HPUHODomRDRJiV
KpOLR XWLOL]DGR QR RXWUR PpWRGR $ PHWRGRORJLD SRU LQWURGXomR GH KpOLR IRUQHFH D
GHQVLGDGHDFXUDGDGDIUDomRVyOLGDGDDPRVWUDHHPFRQVHTXrQFLDDVGLIHUHQoDVHQWUH
DV FXUYDV GD )LJXUD  SRGH VHU LQIHULGDV DRV SRURV SUHVHQWHV QDV DPRVWUDV QmR
DFHVVDGRV SRU OtTXLGR $ SUHVHQoD GH SRURVLGDGH QD ILEUD SRGH VHU YHULILFDGD QD
PLFURJUDILDDSUHVHQWDGDQDV)LJXUDVH(VWDLQWHUSUHWDomRLQGLFDTXHXPDPDLRU
TXDQWLGDGH GH YD]LRV GHYH HVWDU SUHVHQWH QDV DPRVWUDV WUDWDGDV D ƒ& SDUD R
WUDWDPHQWRQDFRQGLomRGHFKRTXHWpUPLFR
 $ FRQGLomR TXH HP WHVH SURGX] PDLRUHV GHIHLWRV VXSHUILFLDLV IRL D HVFROKLGD
SDUDUHDOL]DomRGHFDUERQL]DomRGHDPRVWUDVFRPVXEVHTXHQWHVXEPLVVmRDRSURFHVVR
GH DWLYDomR 1R $1(;2  HVWmR GLVSRVWDV WRGDV DV DQiOLVH UHIHUHQWH DRV RXWURV
WUDWDPHQWRVWpUPLFRVHVHXVSRQWRVGHPi[LPDGLIHUHQoDHQWUHDVFXUYDVGHsink-float




H SLFQRPHWULD GH KpOLR 9HULILFDVH TXH SDUD FDGD YHORFLGDGH GH DTXHFLPHQWR QD
FDUERQL]DomRUHIOHWHXPDWHPSHUDWXUDyWLPDSDUDXPDVXEVHTHQWHDWLYDomR


Figura 22 -0DVVDHVSHFtILFDSRUVLQNIORDWHXOWUDSLFQRPHWULDGH+HOLRSDUDILEUDV
WUDWDGDVHPFRQGLomRGHFKRTXHWpUPLFR


5.2.2 ± Aspectos microscópicos

$PLFURVFRSLDHOHWU{QLFDGHYDUUHGXUDIRLXVDGDSDUDDYDOLDUDVGLIHUHQoDVQD
PRUIRORJLD GD VXSHUItFLH GD ILEUD GH FDUERQR REWLGD HP WUDWDPHQWRV WpUPLFRV
GLVWLQWRV )RUDP DYDOLDGRV WRGRV RV SDWDPDUHV GH WUDWDPHQWR WpUPLFR HP WRGDV DV
DPRVWUDVRTXHJHURXXPiOEXPGHLPDJHQV3DUDXPFODURHQWHQGLPHQWRDGLVFXVVmR
VREUH RV DVSHFWRV PLFURVFySLFRV HVWmR DSUHVHQWDGDV DV PLFURJUDILDV GDV ILEUDV
WUDWDGDV D WD[D GH DTXHFLPHQWR GH ƒ&PLQ FRQGLomR GH FKRTXH WpUPLFR 1HVWD
WD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRDVPXGDQoDVVXSHUILFLDLVVmRVLJQLILFDWLYDVHSRUWDQWRGHIiFLO
REVHUYDomR 1R $1(;2  HQFRQWUDVH D VHTXrQFLD FRPSOHWD GH PLFURJUDILDV SDUD
WUDWDPHQWRVGHDƒ&WRPDGRVGHHPƒ&SDUDWD[DVGHDTXHFLPHQWRGH
Hƒ&PLQ




 0LFURJUDILDV GH XPD ILEUD 7RUD\FD 7 )LJXUD  p DSUHVHQWDGD SDUD
FRPSDUDomRHQWUHDVVXSHUItFLHVVHQGRDILEUDFRPHUFLDODSHQDVXPDUHIHUrQFLDSDUD
DQiOLVHPRUIROyJLFDGDILEUDSURGX]LGDSHORSUHVHQWHWUDEDOKR








Figura 23 ±0LFURJUDILDGDILEUDGHFDUERQRFRPHUFLDO7RUD\FD7

5.2.2.1 - Carbonização a 600°C

 1D)LJXUDpDSUHVHQWDGDDPLFURJUDILDGDILEUDWUDWDGDVDR&XWLOL]DQGR
VH WD[DV GH DTXHFLPHQWR GH ƒ&PLQ $ PLFURJUDILD DSUHVHQWD VXSHUItFLH tQWHJUD
FRPILVVXUDVORQJLWXGLQDLVLQHUHQWHVDRSURFHVVRGHIDEULFDomRGDILEUD1mRpYLVtYHO
D SUHVHQoD GH GDQRV TXH HP SULQFtSLR SRVVDP FRPSURPHWHU D HVWUXWXUD GD ILEUD
3RGHVH DILUPDU TXH D PLFURJUDILD UHIHUHQWH DR LQLFLR GR SURFHVVR DSUHVHQWD
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVYLVXDLVVHPHOKDQWHVHFRPSDUiYHLVD7RUD\FD7)LJXUD3RGH
VH WDPEpP UHODFLRQDU D PRUIRORJLD REVHUYDGD SRU 0(9 LVHQWD GH SRURV QD VXD
VXSHUItFLH SDUD HVWD DPRVWUD FRPR VHQGR UHVSRQViYHO SHOD JHUDomR GH GDGRV
FRLQFLGHQWHVGHGHQVLGDGHVGHWHUPLQDGRVSRUGRLVPpWRGRVGLVWLQWRVDSUHVHQWDGRVQD
)LJXUD



 
Figura 24 ±0LFURJUDILDGDILEUDREWLGDDƒ&WD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRGHƒ&PLQ

5.2.2.2 ± Carbonização a 950°C

 $ILEUDWUDWDGDQHVVDWHPSHUDWXUDDSUHVHQWRXXPDGLIHUHQoDVLJQLILFDWLYD
QDDYDOLDomRGDPDVVDHVSHFtILFDSRUsink-floatHXOWUDSLFQRPHWULDGH+pOLRFRQIRUPH
SRGH VHU YHULILFDGD QD )LJXUD  1D )LJXUD  QD )LJXUD  FRP XPD PDLRU
PDJQLILFDomR p DSUHVHQWDGD D LPDJHP GD VXSHUItFLH GD ILEUD RQGH UHYHODVH XPD
HVWUXWXUDGHSRURVPXLWREHPGHILQLGRVHGLVWULEXtGRV 
 $DQiOLVHJOREDOGDVREVHUYDo}HVIHLWDVSRUPLFURVFRSLDHOHWU{QLFDGHYDUUHGXUD
GDV ILEUDV WUDWDGDV HP GLIHUHQWHV WHPSHUDWXUDV  D XPD WD[D GH DTXHFLPHQWR GH 
ƒ&PLQ PRVWUD TXH D UXJRVLGDGH GD VXSHUItFLH HYROXL HP IXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD GH
WUDWDPHQWRQROLPLDUGRV








 











Figura 25 ±0LFURJUDILDGDILEUDWUDWDGDDƒ&HPFRQGLomRGHFKRTXHWpUPLFR














Figura 26 ± 0LFURJUDILDVFRPPDLRUGHWDOKHGDVXSHUItFLHILEUDWUDWDGDDƒ&HP
FRQGLomRGHFKRTXHWpUPLFR




SDUkPHWURV GR SURFHVVR GH FDUERQL]DomR HVWXGDGR (VVD FRQGLomR IRL WDPEpP
REVHUYDGDSDUDWRGDVDVRXWUDVWD[DVGHDTXHFLPHQWRHVWXGDGDV PRVWUDQGRTXHHVWH
HIHLWRpLQGHSHQGHQWHGDYHORFLGDGHGHDTXHFLPHQWRHVFROKLGDDSUHVHQWDQGRSRUpP
GLIHUHQoDV QD LQWHQVLGDGH GDV LUUHJXODULGDGHV VXSHUILFLDLV GH DFRUGR FRP D WD[D GH
DTXHFLPHQWRXVDGDYHU$1(;2

5.2.2.3 - Carbonização a 1100°C
1D )LJXUD  p DSUHVHQWDGD D PLFURJUDILD GD ILEUD GH FDUERQR REWLGD FRP R
SDWDPDU GH WHPSHUDWXUD D ƒ& $ DQiOLVH GDV LPDJHQV OHYRX j GHWHUPLQDomR GD
FRUGDPpGLDGDVHomRWUDQVYHUVDOGHVWDVILEUDVHP—P
 $ DQiOLVH GHVWD PLFURJUDILD HP FRPSDUDomR FRP D GD ILJXUD  SHUPLWH
YHULILFDUTXHH[LVWHQtWLGDVHPHOKDQoDGDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDPRUIROyJLFDVXSHUILFLDOHQWUH
DVGXDVILEUDVDSURGX]LGDVSHORWUDEDOKRHDFRPHUFLDO7RUD\FD7
3DUD D WD[D GH DTXHFLPHQWR HVFROKLGD FRP RV UHVXOWDGRV DSUHVHQWDGRV QHVWH
FDSLWXOR YHULILFDVH TXH D HYROXomR QD UXJRVLGDGH VXSHUILFLDO GD ILEUD RFRUUH DWp D
WHPSHUDWXUDGHƒ&DSyVHVVHSRQWRDPHVPDGLPLQXLGHPDQHLUDDSURGX]LUXPD
PRUIRORJLDVXSHUILFLDOPDLVXQLIRUPH(VVDREVHUYDomROHYDDVXJHULUTXHFDVRDILEUD
IRVVHWUDWDGDDWHPSHUDWXUDVVXSHULRUHVSRGHULDYLUDDSUHVHQWDUXPDVXSHUItFLHPHQRV
LUUHJXODUSULQFLSDOPHQWHGHYLGRDXPDPDLRURUGHQDomRGRVSODQRVEDVDLVJUDILWLFRV
QDILEUD>@(VWDYDULDomRQDPRUIRORJLDGDVXSHUItFLHHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGH
SURFHVVR VXJHUH TXH H[LVWH XPD WHPSHUDWXUD TXH IDYRUHFH XPD PDLRU GHVRUGHQDomR
GDVXSHUItFLHGDILEUDRQGHXPVXEVHTHQWHSURFHVVRGHDWLYDomRVHULDPDLVHIHWLYRQD
UHODomRWHPSRGHDWLYDomRJUDXGHDWLYDomR



















Figura 27 ±0LFURJUDILDVGDVILEUDVREWLGDVDƒ&SDUDWD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRGH
ƒ&PLQ

5.2.3 - Evolução das características mecânicas da fibra durante a
carbonização
'XUDQWH R SURFHVVR GH FDUERQL]DomR D HQHUJLD WpUPLFD IRUQHFLGD j ILEUD ID]
FRPTXHRFRUUDJDVHLILFDomRGHXPDIUDomRGDFDGHLDSROLPpULFD&RQFRPLWDQWHPHQWH
RFRUUH  XP SURFHVVR GH UHHVWUXWXUDomR PROHFXODU  TXH SURPRYH D WUDQVIRUPDomR GH
XPDILEUDSROLPpULFDHPXPDRXWUDFRQVWLWXtGDHVVHQFLDOPHQWHGHFDGHLDGHFDUERQRV
LQWHUOLJDGRV (VWD QRYD ILEUD DSUHVHQWD RUGHQDomR FULVWDORJUiILFD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GH
HVWUXWXUDFDUERQRVDWXUERVWUiWLFDRULHQWDGDSUHIHUHQFLDOPHQWH QDGLUHomRGRHL[RGD
ILEUD 8P GRV HIHLWRV GHVWH SURFHVVR p R DXPHQWR GR PyGXOR GH HODVWLFLGDGH H GD
WHQVmR GH UXSWXUD HP WUDomR GD ILEUD HP FRQWUDSDUWLGD D XPD GLPLQXLomR QD
FDSDFLGDGHGHDORQJDPHQWR
 1D)LJXUDpDSUHVHQWDGRRJUiILFRGDYDULDomRGRDORQJDPHQWRGDILEUDHP
IXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGHWUDWDPHQWReEHPHYLGHQWHQDFXUYDTXHDFDSDFLGDGHGD



ILEUDHPVHDORQJDUYDLGLPLQXLQGRDWpƒ&QDTXDOHQFRQWUD RVHXPHQRUYDORU
1D )LJXUD  R PyGXOR GH HODVWLFLGDGH H D WHQVmR GH UXSWXUD VmR DSUHVHQWDGRV HP
IXQomRGDHYROXomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDGHFDUERQL]DomReHVSHUDGRTXHFRPRDXPHQWR
GDWHPSHUDWXUDGHWUDWDPHQWRRVYDORUHVUHIHUHQWHVjUHVLVWrQFLDPHFkQLFDVDXPHQWHP
(VWH FRPSRUWDPHQWR p SUDWLFDPHQWH OLQHDU QR LQWHUYDOR GH WHPSHUDWXUD HVWXGDGR
(QWUHWDQWR QD WHPSHUDWXUD GH  ƒ& H VRPHQWH QHVWD WHPSHUDWXUD RFRUUH XPD
GLPLQXLomRQRVYDORUHVGHVVDVSURSULHGDGHVPHFkQLFDV
 2VGDGRVGHPLFURJUDILDHGHGHQVLGDGHVLWHQVHFRUUHODFLRQDGRV
FRPRVGHSURSULHGDGHVPHFkQLFDVSHUPLWHVXSRUTXHDXPDWD[DGHƒ&PLQDV
ILEUDVGHFDUERQRDSDUWLUGD092;3$1+DSUHVHQWDDƒ&XPHYHQWRTXHOHYD
DDXPHQWRVLJQLILFDWLYRGHSRURVVXSHUILFLDLVTXHOHYDDRFRUUrQFLDGHGLPLQXLomRGDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPHFkQLFDV
 (VWH FRPSRUWDPHQWR GH HYROXomR PHFkQLFD RFRUUHX SDUD WRGRV RV HQVDLRV GH
FDUERQL]DomR UHDOL]DGRV QHVWH HVWXGR LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH GD PDWpULDSULPD RX GD
WD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRHPSUHJDGD

2.50

2.25

2.00
Alongamento (%)

1.75

1.50

1.25

1.00
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Temperatura (°C)

Figura 28 ±(YROXomRGRDORQJDPHQWRHPIXQomRGDWHPSHUDWXUDQDFDUERQL]DomRGH
ILEUDV3$1FRPDOWDR[LGDomRHPWD[DGHDTXHFLPHQWRGHƒ&PLQ





50
 700

 650

40 600
Módulo de eslasticidade (GPa)


Tnesão de ruptura (MPa)

550

30
500

450
20
 400

350
10
300

250
0
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Temperatura (°C)

Figura 29 - (YROXomR GDV SURSULHGDGHV PHFkQLFD HP IXQomR GD WHPSHUDWXUD GH
FDUERQL]DomR GH ILEUDV 3$1 FRP DOWD R[LGDomR HP WD[D GH DTXHFLPHQWR GH
ƒ&PLQ

5.2.4 -Espectrometria de massa

 6HJXQGR 0RUJDQ >@ GXUDQWH D SLUyOLVH VmR OLEHUDGRV YROiWHLV OHYHV FRPR
++2+&11+&2&2H&+DOpPGHKLGURFDUERQHWRVSHVDGRVHPIRUPDGH
DOFDWUmR H IXOLJHP 2 PRQLWRUDPHQWR GD HYROXomR GH YROiWHLV GXUDQWH D IDVH GH
SLUyOLVHDWUDYpVGHHVSHFWURVFRSLDGHPDVVDOLPLWRXVHjVIUDo}HVPDLVOHYHVGHYLGRD
OLPLWDo}HVGRHTXLSDPHQWRHPSUHJDGR&RQWXGRRUHVXOWDGRGDVDQiOLVHVGRVYROiWHLV
OHYHVVHPRVWURXUHOHYDQWHH~WLOSDUDXPDPHOKRUFRPSUHHQVmRGDFLQpWLFDGHUHDo}HV
HQYROYLGDVQDSLUyOLVHGDILEUD
 $HVWUXWXUDGD3$1R[LGDGDpIRUPDGDEDVLFDPHQWHSRU&+2H1$)LJXUD
 PRVWUD XP PRGHOR SURSRVWR SRU 0XUGLH >@ GD VHTrQFLD GH WUDQVIRUPDo}HV
TXtPLFDV GHVGH D ILEUD Wr[WLO DWp D IRUPDomR GD ILEUD GH FDUERQR RQGH p SRVVtYHO
YHULILFDUDSDUWLFLSDomRGHFDGDHOHPHQWRFLWDGRGXUDQWHWRGRSURFHVVR
 $ FRQVWDWDomR GD RFRUUrQFLD GH UHDo}HV TXtPLFDV H R HQWHQGLPHQWR GRV
PHFDQLVPRV HQYROYLGRV QRV SURFHVVRV WpUPLFRV SHUPLWHP HP WHVH HVWDEHOHFHU RV



SDUkPHWURV GH SURFHVVR TXH FRQWURODP D IRUPDomR GH SRURVLGDGH H R VHX WDPDQKR
DVVLPFRPRDGHILQLomRGDIXQomRGHGLVWULEXLomRGHSRURVPD[LPL]DQGRDHILFLrQFLD
GDDWLYDomRHDLQWHJULGDGHPHFkQLFDGDILEUDDWLYDGD
 1DV7DEHODVHVmRDSUHVHQWDGRVTXDGURVUHVXPRGDSUHVHQoDGRVYROiWHLV
DFLPDFLWDGRVQRLQWHULRUGDFkPDUDGHFDUERQL]DomRHDVFRUUHVSRQGHQWHVIDL[DVGH
WHPSHUDWXUDV GH RFRUUrQFLD $ VLQDOL]DomR SRU FRUHV FRUUHVSRQGH D WD[D GH
DTXHFLPHQWRHPSUHJDGDUHODFLRQDGDFRPDSRVLomRWHPSHUDWXUDHPTXHRYROiWLOp
GHWHFWDGRHQWUHWDQWRDGHWHFomRGDSUHVHQoDGRYROiWLOHVSHFtILFRpDSHQDVGHIRUPD
TXDOLWDWLYDVLQDOL]DQGRVXDRFRUUrQFLDRXQmRLVWRpQmRKiJUDGDomRGDLQWHQVLGDGH
GH RFRUUrQFLD $V FXUYDV FRPSOHWDV SURYHQLHQWHV GDV DQiOLVHV GH HVSHFWURPHWULD GH
PDVVDHVWmRGLVSRVWDVQR$1(;2$7DEHODpIRUPDGDSHORVGDGRVREWLGRVGD
FDUERQL]DomRGDILEUD3$1FRP092;3$1/(QTXDQWRTXHD7DEHODDSUHVHQWD
RVGDGRVRULXQGRVGDFDUERQL]DomRGDILEUD3$1FRP092;3$1+



Figura 30 ± ,OXVWUDomR HVTXHPiWLFD GDV UHDo}HV HQYROYLGDV QD FRPSOHWD
WUDQVIRUPDomRGDILEUD3$1HPILEUDGHFDUERQR>@
 




 $WUDYpV GD DQDOLVH YLVXDO GXUDQWH D FDUERQL]DomR p SRVVtYHO SHUFHEHU TXH
GXUDQWHRSURFHVVRXWLOL]DQGRVHILEUDV092;3$1+DIXPDoDIRUPDGDGHQWURGR
WXERGHTXDUW]RpPDLVHVFXUDTXDQGRFRPSDUDGDFRPDSURGX]LGDSHODFDUERQL]DomR
GD092;3$1/8PDDQiOLVHYLVXDOGRVGDGRVQDVGXDVWDEHODVPRVWUDTXHH[LVWH
XPD PDLRU SUHVHQoD GH YROiWHLV OHYHV GXUDQWH D FDUERQL]DomR GDV ILEUDV GH 09
2;3$1+GRTXHGDVILEUDVGH092;3$1/6DEHQGRVHTXHQRVGRLVFDVRVD
SHUGD GH PDVVD p DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH GH  SRGHVH DILUPDU TXH ILEUDV 09
2;3$1/SURGX]HPXPDIUDomRGHYROiWHLVPDLRUGXUDQWHDFDUERQL]DomRTXDQGR
FRPSDUDGDFRPRPHVPRSURFHVVRHQYROYHQGR092;3$1+
 $OpP GDV DQiOLVHV GRV YROiWHLV D HVSHFWURPHWULD GH PDVVD SRVVLELOLWRX D
GHWHUPLQDomRGRWHPSRGHSURFHVVRGHFDUERQL]DomRLVWRpGDGXUDomRGRSDWDPDU
GH WUDWDPHQWR WpUPLFR D WHPSHUDWXUD Pi[LPD &RQVLGHURXVH XPD ILEUD
DGHTXDGDPHQWHSLUROL]DGDFDUERQL]DGDDSDUWLUGR PRPHQWRHPTXHQmRKDYLDPDLV
GHWHFomRGHYROiWHLVOHYHVQRLQWHULRUGRIRUQRGHFDUERQL]DomRIDWRYHULILFDGRDSyV
PLQXWRVGHSURFHVVR&RPRRREMHWLYRSULQFLSDOGRWUDEDOKRIRLSURGX]LUILEUDVGH
FDUERQR DWLYDGDV D PDWpULDSULPD SDUD D DWLYDomR RX VHMD D ILEUD GH FDUERQR
QHFHVVLWDYD DSHQDV VHU FRPSOHWDPHQWH SLUROLVDGD 7HPSRV H[FHGHQWHV D  PLQ GH
FDUERQL]DomR Vy WHULDP DSOLFDELOLGDGH VH R REMHWLYR SULQFLSDO IRVVH D SURGXomR GH
ILEUDVGHFDUERQRGHVWLQDGDVDDSOLFDo}HVHVWUXWXUDLV













Tabela 4 ±0DSDGHIRUPDomRGHYROiWHLVOHYHVGXUDQWHDFDUERQL]DomRGHILEUDVGH
092;3$1/HPIXQomRGDUDPSDGHDTXHFLPHQWRŶƒ&PLQŶƒ&PLQŶ
±ƒ&PLQŶ&KRTXH
 +2 + &+ 1+ +&1 &2 &2
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Tabela 5 ± 0DSD GH IRUPDomR GH YROiWHLV OHYHV GXUDQWH D FDUERQL]DomR GH ILEUDV
092;3$1+ R[LGDomR HP IXQomR GD UDPSD GH DTXHFLPHQWR  Ŷ  ƒ&PLQ Ŷ 
ƒ&PLQŶ±ƒ&PLQŶ&KRTXH
 +2 + &+ 1+ +&1 &2 &2
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    Ŷ   
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5.2.5 ± Determinação da textura superficial por CO2
 $V WpFQLFDV GH DQiOLVHV DSUHVHQWDGDV QRV WySLFRV DQWHULRUHV IRUQHFHP
LQIRUPDo}HVUHOHYDQWHVVREUHDPRUIRORJLDGDVXSHUItFLHGDVILEUDVFDUERQL]DGDVHP
GLIHUHQWHVWHPSHUDWXUDV)RLSRVVtYHOYHULILFDUTXHQRLQtFLRƒ&HQRILQDO
ƒ&DILEUDDSUHVHQWDXPDVXSHUItFLHOLVDFRPSRXFDRXQHQKXPD SRURVLGDGH6HQGR
TXH HVWD REVHUYDomR SRGH VHU DSOLFDGD SDUD WRGDV DV DPRVWUDV FDUERQL]DGDV QHVVH
HVWXGR (QWUHWDQWR SDUD FDGD WLSR GH ILEUD 3$1 R[LGDGD H SDUD FDGD WD[D GH
DTXHFLPHQWR XWLOL]DGD IRL SRVVtYHO GHWHFWDU XPD WHPSHUDWXUD RQGH D ILEUD p PDLV
SRURVDHPHFDQLFDPHQWHIUDJLOL]DGD
 $V DQiOLVHV GH DGVRUVmR JDVRVD SRU &2 WHP R REMHWLYR GH TXDQWLILFDU D
SRURVLGDGHSUHVHQWHQDILEUDFDUERQL]DGDHYDOLGDUWRGDVDVFRQFOXV}HVHVWDEHOHFLGDV
DWUDYpVGHRXWURVPpWRGRVGHDQiOLVHDSOLFDGRV1mRREVWDQWHPRVWUDDLPSRUWkQFLD
GDV DQiOLVHV GH XPLGDGH H PDVVD HVSHFtILFD sink-float H SLFQRPHWULD GH JiV KpOLR
FRPR SURFHGLPHQWRV FDSD]HV GH VHUHP XVDGRV SDUD LQGLFDU R SRQWR GH PDLRU
SRURVLGDGH QD ILEUD FDUERQL]DGD H GHVWD IRUPD R FRUUHWR GLUHFLRQDPHQWR GRV
SDUkPHWURV GH SURFHVVR QD SURGXomR GH ILEUDV GH FDUERQR D VHUHP DWLYDGDV $V
DQiOLVHVSRU LVRWHUPDVJDVRVDVGH &2 D . IRUQHFHP GDGRV FRPSOHWRVVREUH D
FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GD SRURVLGDGH SRUpP VmR WpFQLFDV GH FDUDFWHUL]DomR GHPRUDGDV H GH
SUHSDUDomRFRPSOH[DSRGHQGRGHPRUDUGLDVDWpDREWHQomRGHUHVXOWDGRVQmRVHQGR
SRUWDQWRXPDWpFQLFDDSOLFiYHOFRPREDOL]DGRUDGHSURFHVVRSURGXWLYR
 2 HVWXGR GD WH[WXUD VXSHUILFLDO GH XP PDWHULDO SRGH VHU IHLWR SRU LVRWHUPDV
JDVRVDVGH1D.H&2D.ƒ&3DUDDVDQiOLVHVDSUHVHQWDGDVQHVWHWySLFR
RSWRXVHSHODVLVRWHUPDVGH&2SRUTXHQmRKRXYHSRVVLELOLGDGHGHGHWHUPLQDomRGH
iUHDHYROXPHGHSRURVDWUDYpVGRXVRGR1(VWHIDWRHVWiDWUHODGRDRWDPDQKRGRV
SRURVSUHVHQWHVQDVXSHUItFLHDSUHVHQWDUHPGLkPHWURVPpGLRVPHQRUHVTXHQP2V
JUiILFRVGHGLVWULEXLomRGHSRURVSDUDWRGDVDVDPRVWUDVHVWXGDGDVHVWmRGLVSRVWDVQR
$1(;2
 $V 7DEHODV  H  PRVWUDP RV YDORUHV GH WHPSHUDWXUD GH FDUERQL]DomR
HQYROYHQGR WRGDV DV DPRVWUDV FRP UHVSHFWLYDV WD[DV GH DTXHFLPHQWR &DGD



WHPSHUDWXUD FRUUHVSRQGH DR SRQWR GH Pi[LPD SUHVHQoD GH SRURVLGDGH GHWHUPLQDGD
SHODV WpFQLFDV DQWHULRUPHQWH DSUHVHQWDGDV $ HVWHV SRQWRV HVWmR UHODFLRQDGRV D iUHD
WRWDO 7DEHOD  H R YROXPH WRWDO GH SRURV 7DEHOD  'HQWUH DV PHWRGRORJLDV
GLVSRQtYHLVRSWRXVHSHORXVRGHXPPpWRGRTXHSURSRUFLRQDVVHGDGRVFRPSDUiYHLVD
UHVXOWDGRV FRQVWDQWHV GD OLWHUDWXUD HVSHFLDOL]DGD VREUH HVWXGRV GH PLFURSRURVLGDGH
'HVWDIRUPDRSWRXVHSHODXWLOL]DomRGRPpWRGRGHDQiOLVHSRUIRUPDOLVPRSURSRVWR
SRU 'XELQLQ5DGXVKNHYLFK '+ > @ DPSODPHQWH GLIXQGLGR HP DQiOLVH GH
PLFURSRURVLGDGH
 1DV)LJXUDVHVmRDSUHVHQWDGDVDVLVRWHUPDVJDVRVDVGH&2Dƒ&SDUD
DV ILEUDV GH 3$1 Wr[WLO R[LGDGDV 092;3$1/ H 092;3$1+ DSHQDV
FDUERQL]DGDVDGLIHUHQWHVWHPSHUDWXUDVFRPRLQWXLWRGHSURGX]LUSRURVLGDGHGXUDQWH
RSURFHVVRGHFDUERQL]DomR7DEHODH

Tabela 6 ± ÈUHD GH VXSHUItFLH SDUD D WHPSHUDWXUD GH FDUERQL]DomR QD TXDO IRL
HQFRQWUDGDPDLRUGLIHUHQoDQDPDVVDHVSHFtILFDHQWUHVLQNIORDWHSLFQRPHWULDGHJiV
KpOLRSDUDGLIHUHQWHVWD[DVGHDTXHFLPHQWR
taxa MV-OPAN-L MV-OPAN-H
°C/min Temperatura de Carbonização (°C) Temperatura de Carbonização (°C)
600 850 900 950 1000 1100 600 850 900 950 1000 1100
5 QG     QG QG     QG
10 QG     QG QG     QG
30 QG     QG QG     QG
100 QG     QG QG     QG
Área em m2/g
Método de determinação por Dubinin-Radushkevich >@
QG±QmRGHWHUPLQiYHOiUHD!PJ

Tabela 7 ± 9ROXPH GH SRURV SDUD WHPSHUDWXUD GH FDUERQL]DomR QD TXDO IRL
HQFRQWUDGDPDLRUGLIHUHQoDQDPDVVDHVSHFtILFDHQWUHVLQNIORDWHSLFQRPHWULDGHJiV
KpOLRSDUDGLIHUHQWHVWD[DVGHDTXHFLPHQWR
taxa MV-OPAN-L MV-OPAN-H
°C/min Temperatura de Carbonização (°C) Temperatura de Carbonização (°C)
600 850 900 950 1000 1100 600 850 900 950 1000 1100
5 QG     QG QG     QG
10 QG     QG QG     QG
30 QG     QG QG     QG
100 QG     QG QG     QG
3
Volume de poro cm /g
Método de determinação por Dubinin-Radushkevich >@
QG±QmRGHWHUPLQiYHO






 60 5 ° C/min - 950 ° C
10 °C/min - 1000 °C
30 ° C/min - 950 ° C
 50 100 ° C/min - 850 ° C
Quantidade adsorvida (cm /g)


3

40

 30

 20


10


0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
 Pressão relativa (P/Po)

Figura 31 ±,VRWHUPDVJDVRVDVGH&2SDUDILEUDV0923$1/FDUERQL]DGDHPVHX
SRQWRGHPi[LPDSRURVLGDGHSDUDGLYHUVDVWD[DVGHDTXHFLPHQWR

60 5 °C/min - 950 °C
10 °C/min - 900 °C
30 °C/min - 900 °C
50 100 ° C/min - 950 ° C
Quantidade adsorvida (cm /g)
3

40

30

20

10

0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030

Pressão relativa (P/Po)

Figura 32 ±,VRWHUPDVJDVRVDVGH&2SDUDILEUDV0923$1+FDUERQL]DGDHPVHX
SRQWRGHPi[LPDSRURVLGDGHSDUDGLYHUVDVWD[DVGHDTXHFLPHQWR




5.3 ± Produção de fibras de carbono ativada
 3DUWLQGRGDPHWRGRORJLDGHVFULWDQRLWHPRSURFHGLPHQWRGHDWLYDomRIRL
VHPSUHUHDOL]DGRWRPDQGRVHFRPRPDWpULDSULPDDILEUDGHFDUERQRSURGX]LGDFRP
PDLRU GHQVLGDGH GH SRURV UHODWLYD D FDGD WD[D GH DTXHFLPHQWR H PDWpULDSULPD GH
SDUWLGD FRPR DSUHVHQWDGR QRV VXELWHQV GR LWHP  (VWD HVFROKD IRL IHLWD WHQGRVH
FRPR EDVH D SRVVLELOLGDGH GR SURFHVVR GH DWLYDomR VHU FRPSOHPHQWDU DR GH
FDUERQL]DomRHFRPLVVRPD[LPL]DURHIHLWRGHFULDomRGHSRURVDWLYRVQDVXSHUItFLH
GDILEUDGHFDUERQR

5.3.1 ± Ativação termo oxidativa
 &RQIRUPH GHVFULWR QR LWHP  D DWLYDomR WHUPR R[LGDWLYD IRL UHDOL]DGD
LPHGLDWDPHQWHDSyVRSURFHVVRGHFDUERQL]DomRVHPTXHKRXYHVVHLQWHUYDORHQWUHRV
SURFHVVRV(VWHSURFHGLPHQWRIRLIL[DGRFRPRREMHWLYRGHHYLWDUjH[SRVLomRGDILEUD
D DWPRVIHUD FRQVHTXHQWHPHQWH D DGVRUomR GH XPLGDGH (VWD DGVRUomR GH iJXD QRV
VtWLRVGHILEUDVFDUERQL]DGDVSRGHPSURGX]LUGDQRVItVLFRVDGLFLRQDLVGXUDQWHRQRYR
DTXHFLPHQWRDTXHRPDWHULDOpVXEPHWLGRSDUDDUHDOL]DomRGRSURFHVVRGHDWLYDomR
WHUPRR[LGDWLYD 'HVWD IRUPD WRGDV DV ILEUDV TXH IRUDP DWLYDGDV WHUPLFDPHQWH
HVWDYDPVREDPHVPDWHQVmRTXHIRLXVDGDGXUDQWHRSURFHVVRGHFDUERQL]DomR
 $VFRQGLo}HVGHJiVYD]mRWHPSHUDWXUDWHPSRHVFROKLGDVSDUDDDWLYDomRIRUDP
&2VFFPƒ&PLQ (VWHV SDUkPHWURV IRUDP DGRWDGRV SRU QmR UHSUHVHQWDU
XPD DWLYDomR DJUHVVLYD 7HVWHV FRP D PHVPD WHPSHUDWXUD XVDQGR YDSRU G¶iJXD H
PLVWXUDVGHR[LJrQLRDUJ{QLRIRUDPUHDOL]DGRVVHPVXFHVVRSRLVHPSRXFRVPLQXWRV
GH SURFHVVR D ILEUD HVWDYD FRPSOHWDPHQWH GHWHULRUDGD LVWR p DV VXDV SURSULHGDGHV
PHFkQLFDVHUDPWRWDOPHQWHFRPSURPHWLGDV

5.3.2 - Isotermas de N2
 $QiOLVHV GH WH[WXUD GD VXSHUItFLH GD ILEUD GH FDUERQR DWLYDGD SRU 1 IRUDP
IHLWDV SDUD WRGDV DV DPRVWUDV HVWXGDGDV QHVVH WUDEDOKR 7RGDV DV ILEUDV




LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH GD FRQGLomR GD R[LGDomR GD 3$1 LQLFLDO RX GDV WD[DV GH
DTXHFLPHQWR HPSUHJDGD QD FDUERQL]DomR DSUHVHQWDUDP LVRWHUPDV GR 7LSR , >@
FDUDFWHUL]DGDV SHOR DOFDQFH GH XP SDWDPDU HP FRQGLo}HV GH 33R   (VVD
FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GD FXUYD LQGLFD TXH D QDWXUH]D GD SRURVLGDGH GD ILEUD GH FDUERQR
HVWXGDGDpFRPSRVWDHVVHQFLDOPHQWHSRUPLFURSRURV$V)LJXUDVHPRVWUDPDV
LVRWHUPDVSDUDDVILEUDVGHFDUERQRDWLYDGDVSURGX]LGDVDSDUWLUGHILEUD0923$1
/ H 0923$1+ HP VHXV UHVSHFWLYRV SDUkPHWURV GH FDUERQL]DomR H DWLYDomR HP
DWPRVIHUDGH&2VFFPDƒ&SRUPLQXWRV
 1DV 7DEHODV  H  VmR PRVWUDGRV RV SDUkPHWURV GH WH[WXUD TXH SXGHUDP VHU
GHGX]LGRVDSDUWLUGDVLVRWHUPDVGH1 D.$7DEHODpIRUPDGDSHORVUHVXOWDGRV
GDVILEUDV DWLYDGDVDSDUWLUGH 3$1 Wr[WLOR[LGDGDV HFDUERQL]DGDVHP WHPSHUDWXUDV
SUHYLDPHQWH GHWHUPLQDGDV FRPR yWLPDV SDUD D Pi[LPD SRURVLGDGH GD ILEUD
FDUERQL]DGDHPVXDVUHVSHFWLYDVWD[DVGHDTXHFLPHQWRVLWHP







4XDQWLGDGHDGVRUYLGD FP J





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3UHVVϡRUHODWLYD33R

Figura 33 ± ,VRWHUPDV JDVRVDV GH 1 SDUD ILEUDV DWLYDGDV &2ƒ& PLQ D
SDUWLU0923$1/FDUERQL]DGDHPVHXSRQWRGHPi[LPDSRURVLGDGHUHVSHFWLYDWD[D
GHDTXHFLPHQWR




 


4XDQWLGDGHDGVRUYLGDFP J



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Figura 34 ± ,VRWHUPDV JDVRVDV GH 1 SDUD ILEUDV DWLYDGDV &2ƒ& PLQ D
SDUWLU0923$1+FDUERQL]DGDHPVHXSRQWRGHPi[LPDSRURVLGDGHUHVSHFWLYDWD[D
GHDTXHFLPHQWR
 2V GDGRV DSUHVHQWDGRV QDV 7DEHODV  H  HVWmR GLYLGLGRV HP GXDV SDUWHV
$QiOLVHDWUDYpVGRIRUPDOLVPRGR%(7H1/')7$DQiOLVHSRU%(7WHPRREMHWLYR
GHSURSRUFLRQDUXPDYLVmRJHUDOGDFRQGLomRGHVXSHUItFLHGDDPRVWUDIRUQHFHQGRXP
D iUHD WRWDO YROXPH WRWDO GH SRURV H PpGLD GR WDPDQKR GH SRURV VHQGR TXH HVWHV
GDGRV GHVFUHYHP DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV JOREDLV GD WH[WXUD GD $&)  3RU VXD YH] D
PHWRGRORJLDGR1/')7Non LocalDensity Functional Theory>@pXVDGDSDUDD
GHWHUPLQDomRPDLVDFXUDGDHSUHFLVDGDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVItVLFDVFRPRDiUHDRYROXPH
HRGLkPHWURDSHQDVGRVPLFURSRURV$DQiOLVHFRPSDUDWLYDHQWUHRVGDGRVGLVSRVWRV
QDV7DEHODVHSHUPLWHREVHUYDUTXHRVYDORUHVGDVFROXQDVGR9H9')7HVWmR
PXLWRSUy[LPRVPDVTXHDSUHVHQWDPFHUWDVGLVFUHSkQFLDV$VGLIHUHQoDVREVHUYDGDV
SRGHPVHUDWULEXtGDVjLQFDSDFLGDGHGRIRUPDOLVPR%(7HPGHWHUPLQDUFRPSUHFLVmR
HVWUXWXUDV PXLWR ILQDV QDQRSRURVDV FRQIRUPH DSUHVHQWDGR QR LWHP  (VWD
REVHUYDomRpQRHQWDQWRXPUHVXOWDGRHVSHUDGRSRLVDDQiOLVHGDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDJHUDO
GDVFXUYDVGDVLVRWHUPDV)LJXUDHTXHDSUHVHQWDPVDWXUDo}HVSDUDYDORUHVGH
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PDQWLGD GXUDQWH K VRE DJLWDomR HP EDQKR LVRVWiWLFR D ƒ& H R SK IL[DGR HP 
PHVPDVFRQGLo}HVGRDTXiULR$SyVKGHDJLWDomRDVVROXo}HVIRUDPILOWUDGDVH
VXDVFRQFHQWUDo}HVIRUDPGHWHUPLQDGDVDWUDYpVGHHVSHFWURIRW{PHWURGDPDUFD+DFK
XWLOL]DQGRVH D PHWRGRORJLD VXJHULGD SHOR Hand book GH DQiOLVHV GD +DFK YHUVmR
+DFK

 1D )LJXUD  VmR DSUHVHQWDGDV DV LVRWHUPDV GH DGVRUomR GH DP{QLD QLWULWR
QLWUDWR H IRVIDWR 3DUD WRGRV RV HQVDLRV D $&) SURGX]LGD D SDUWLU GH 3$1 Wr[WLO
SURPRYHX D UHPRomR GRV FRQWDPLQDQWHV GH IRUPD H[SUHVVLYD 3DUD VROXo}HV GH
QLWUDWRQLWULWRHIRVIDWRDVILEUDVDSUHVHQWDUDPFDSDFLGDGHGHUHPRomRDFLPDGRV
PJJ OrVH TXDQWLGDGH DGVRUYLGD SRU TXDQWLGDGH GH DGVRUEHQWH Mi SDUD DP{QLD D
DPRVWUDGHILEUDDWLYDGDDSUHVHQWRXFDSDFLGDGHGHUHPRomRGHPJJ







  

 
Figura 39 ± ,VRWHUPDV GH DGVRUomR OLTXLGD D ƒ& HP SK  GH $&) SURGX]LGDV D
SDUWLUGD0923$1+SDUDVROXo}HVGHQLWUDWRQLWULWRIRVIDWRHDP{QLD

 

 &RPSDUDQGR RV UHVXOWDGRV REWLGRV GH DGVRUomR GH EDVHV QLWURJHQDGDV H

IRVIRUDGD HP $&) FRP D OLWHUDWXUD >@ REVHUYDVH XPD JUDQGH YDQWDJHP GDV
ILEUDVSURGX]LGDVHPUHODomRDRVFDUY}HVDWLYDGRVJUDQXODUHVTXHHPWHVHVmRFDSD]HV
GHUHPRYHUQmRPDLVGRTXHPJJGHQLWUDWRVRXQLWULWRV2VPHVPRVWUDEDOKRV>
@ DSUHVHQWDP GDGRV VREUH R XVR GH DOXQLQRVLOLFDWRV QD UHPRomR GH EDVHV
QLWURJHQDGDVHIRVIRUDGDVHPPHLRDTXRVRRTXDOSRGHDOFDQoDUPJJ(QWUHWDQWR
SRVVXHPXPFXVWRGHDYH]HVPDLRUTXHFDUY}HVDWLYDGRV

5.4.2 ± Ensaio de adsorção no aquário
2EVHUYDQGR D PHWRGRORJLD GR LWHP  SURFHGHUDPVH RV HQVDLRV MXQWR DR
DTXiULR FRP R SURSyVLWR GH DYDOLDU D FDSDFLGDGH GD $&) SURGX]LGD FRP R XVR GH

ILEUD 3$1 Wr[WLO HP PDQWHU OLPSR XP DTXiULR FRP YLGD DTXiWLFD UHDO 8P
FRPSDUDWLYRGRXVR$&)FRPXPDVROXomRFRPHUFLDOXWLOL]DQGRFDUYmRDWLYDGR&$
IRLWUDoDGR
 &RQWHQGR YLGD PDULQKD H WRGR R QHFHVViULR SDUD R VXSRUWH GHVWH DPELHQWH
DTXiWLFR R DTXiULR SHUPDQHFHX HP UHSRXVR SRU  GLDV VHQGR PRQLWRUDGR HP
LQWHUYDORV GH  GLDV $SyV HVWH SHUtRGR R DTXiULR DSUHVHQWRX HVWDELOLGDGH QD
FRQFHQWUDomRGDVEDVHVQLWURJHQDGDVHIRVIRUDGDVSUHVHQWHVQDiJXD&RPRGHVFULWR
QD PHWRGRORJLD D SDUHGH GR DTXiULR UHSOHWD GH DOJDV IRL OLPSD H WRGR VLVWHPD
PRQLWRUDGRSRUPDLVGLDVSDUDJDUDQWLUTXHDUHPRomRGDVDOJDVQmRLULDLQWHUIHULU
QRHTXLOtEULRGDVFRQFHQWUDo}HVGDVEDVHVQLWURJHQDGDVHIRVIRUDGDVH[LVWHQWHV8PD
IROKD EUDQFD IRL FRORFDGD QR DTXiULR SDUD VHU XP DQWHSDUR GH FRQWUROH YLVXDO QR
FUHVFLPHQWRGHDOJDVHQD)LJXUDpDSUHVHQWDGDDPRQWDJHPGRH[SHULPHQWR
 $SyVDFRORFDomRGDILEUDGHFDUERQRDWLYDGDRVGLDVVXEVHTHQWHVIRUDP
PRQLWRUDGRV TXDQWR D YDULDomR GDV FRQFHQWUDo}HV GDV EDVHV QLWURJHQDGDV H
IRVIRUDGDVWDPEpPIRLPRQLWRUDGDDFRUDSDUHQWH$SyVGLDVDILEUDIRLUHWLUDGDH
RDTXiULRFRQWHQGRiJXDSHL[HVHWRGDVDVFRQGLo}HVGHVXSRUWHDYLGDDTXiWLFDIRL
GHL[DGRHPGHVFDQVR




 Controle

20g ACF 

Figura 40 ±0RQWDJHPH[SHULPHQWDOGDILEUDGHFDUERQRDSHQDVLPHUVDHGRFRQWUROH
QRVHQVDLRGHDGVRUomR


5.4.2.1 ± Monitoramento do crescimento de algas

 2 PRQLWRUDPHQWR GR FUHVFLPHQWR GH DOJDV IRL IHLWR FRP XP DQWHSDUR EUDQFR
FDSD] GH VDOLHQWDU DV DOJDV H[LVWHQWHV FUHVFLGDV QR YLGUR &RPR GHVFULWR QR LWHP
DQWHULRUDSyVDOLPSH]DGRDTXiULRIRUDPPRQLWRUDGRVGLDVQDSUHVHQoDGDILEUD
DWLYDGD H  VHP D SUHVHQoD GD ILEUD 2V UHVXOWDGRV REWLGRV QHVWH HQVDLR HVWmR
DSUHVHQWDGRVQD)LJXUD
 2EVHUYDVH FODUDPHQWH TXH QD SUHVHQoD GH ILEUDV GH FDUERQR GXUDQWH RV 
GLDVGHHQVDLRKiXPDLQLELomRGRFUHVFLPHQWRGHDOJDVDRSDVVRTXHTXDQGRQmRKi
SUHVHQoDGHILEUDDWLYDGDDTXDQWLGDGHGHDOJDVSURGX]LGDVpPXLWRPDLRU(VWHHQVDLR
SHUPLWHLQIHULUTXHDSUHVHQoDGHILEUDVGHFDUERQRLQLEHDSUROLIHUDomRGHDOJDVQR
DTXiULR





Figura 41 ±(YROXomRGRFUHVFLPHQWRGHDOJDVQRDTXiULRFRPHVHP$&)

5.4.2.2 ± Remoção de bases nitrogenadas e fosforadas

 $SyV D FRORFDomR GH $&) QR DTXiULR SDUD RV VXEVHTHQWHV  GLDV IRUDP
PRQLWRUDGDV DV FRQFHQWUDo}HV GH EDVHV QLWURJHQDGDV H IRVIRUDGDV SUHVHQWHV QR
DTXiULR FRQIRUPH PHWRGRORJLD i DSUHVHQWDGD LWHP  $ )LJXUD  DSUHVHQWD D
YDULDomR GDV FRQFHQWUDo}HV GH QLWULWR QLWUDWR DP{QLD H IRVIDWR PHGLGDV HP
LQWHUYDORVGHK9HULILFDVHTXHSDUDFDGDJUiILFRKiXPDSRVLomR]HURQRHL[R
GRVdiasHVVHSRQWRLQGLFDDVSULPHLUDVKRUDVDSyVDLQWURGXomRGHIHL[HGH
JUDPDVGHILEUDVGHFDUERQRDWLYDGDVTXHEUDQGRVHRHVWDGRGHHTXLOtEULRHPTXHR
VLVWHPDVHHQFRQWUDYD
 $QWHV GH DSUHVHQWDU XPD DQiOLVH GRV UHVXOWDGRV GD UHPRomR GRV SROXHQWHV GD
iJXD GR DTXiULR p LPSRUWDQWH HVFODUHFHU TXH D UHVROXomR GR &21$0$ &RQVHOKR
1DFLRQDO GH 0HLR $PELHQWH HVWDEHOHFH QRV OLPLWHV SDUD D SRWDELOLGDGH D
FRQFHQWUDomR GH PJO GHQLWULWR  PJO GHQLWUDWR PJOGH DP{QLD H
PJOGHIRVIDWRXPDEUHYHREVHUYDomRQRVGDGRVpSRVVtYHOYHULILFDUTXHDTXDOLGDGH
LQLFLDO GHVWHV HOHPHQWRV QD iJXD GR DTXiULR  HQFRQWUDVH GLVWDQWH GRV SDGU}HV GH
SRWDELOLGDGH




 0.5 22
20
0.4 18
16
Amônia NH 3 (mg/l)

Nitrito NO 2 (mg/l)
0.3 14
12
0.2 10
8
6
0.1
4
2
0.0
0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Tempo (dias)
 Tempo (dias)

230 7.0

220
6.5

Fosfato P 2O5 (mg/l)

210
Nitrato NO 3 (mg/l)

200 6.0

190
5.5
180
5.0
170

160 4.5
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Tempo (dias) Tempo (dias)
 
Figura 42 ± 9DULDomRGDVFRQFHQWUDo}HVGHQLWUDWRQLWULWRIRVIDWRHDP{QLDQDiJXD
GR DTXiULR DSyV D LQWURGXomR GH  J GH ILEUD GH FDUERQR HP IRUPD GH IHL[H
VREUHQDGDQWH

 $V FXUYDV GD )LJXUD  PRVWUDP TXH Ki HIHWLYD UHPRomR GRV FRPSRVWRV
QLWURJHQDGRVHIRVIRUDGRFRPRUHVXOWDGRGDDomRGHIHL[HGH$&)VREUHQDGDQWH2V
FRPSRVWRV GH DP{QLD H GH QLWULWR IRUDP  UHPRYLGRV DWp R ƒ H ƒ GLD
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH2VFRPSRVWRVGHQLWUDWRHGHIRVIDWRDSUHVHQWDUDPUHGXomRGH
H  UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH DWp R ƒ GLD GH HQVDLR (VWHV UHVXOWDGRV H[SOLFDP D
GLPLQXLomRGDWD[DGHFUHVFLPHQWRGHDOJDVHPDTXiULRFRQWHQGR$&)VREUHQDGDQWH
FRPR VHQGR FRQVHTXrQFLD GD GLPLQXLomR QR WHRU GH QXWULHQWH SDUD HVWH RUJDQLVPR
DTXiWLFR
 $SyVRƒGLDGHDQiOLVHDVFRQFHQWUDo}HVGDVEDVHVQLWURJHQDGDVHIRVIRUDGDV
YROWDP D DXPHQWDU LVVR RFRUUH GHYLGR SURYDYHOPHQWH DR IDWR GD RFRUUrQFLD GH




VDWXUDomR GRV VtWLRV DGVRUYHGRUHV GD ILEUD GH FDUERQR DWLYDGD FRQWUD D FRQWtQXD
SURGXomRGRVFRPSRQHQWHVSROXHQWHVSHODGLQkPLFDELROyJLFDQDWXUDOGRDTXiULR

5.4.2.3 ± Comparação com carvão ativado granular
 $ ILP GH FRPSDUDU GRLV VLVWHPDV GH SXULILFDomR GH iJXD R FOiVVLFR FDUYmR
DWLYDGRFRPHUFLDOHRVLVWHPDGHILEUDVGHFDUERQRDWLYDGRVREUHQDGDQWHHQVDLRVFRP
FDUYmRDWLYDGRJUDQXODUIRUDPUHDOL]DGRV
 2FDUYmRDWLYDGRXVDGRSDUDHVWHHQVDLRpSURYHQLHQWHGHVLVWHPDVFRPHUFLDOGH
ILOWUDomRGHiJXDGHDTXiULRDGTXLULGRHPFDVDVGHDTXDULVPR2VLVWHPDpFRPSRVWR
GHXPDFKLFDQDFRPXPDERPEDGHUHFDOTXHHXPILOWURFRPJGHFDUYmRDWLYDGR
 1D 7DEHOD  HVWmR GLVSRVWDV DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV WH[WXUDLV GR FDUYmR DWLYDGR
SURYHQLHQWH GR GLVSRVLWLYR FRPHUFLDO SDUD D OLPSH]D GH iJXD GH DTXiULR 2V GDGRV
IRUDP REWLGRV SHODV PHVPDV WpFQLFDV XWLOL]DGDV SDUD D FDUDFWHUL]DomR GD $&) (P
FRPSDUDomRFRPRVGDGRVGD$&)GLVSRVWRVQD7DEHODHRFDUYmRDWLYDGRSRVVXL
XPDiUHDGHVXSHUItFLHHOHYDGDSRUpPRWDPDQKRPpGLRGHSRURVpSHORPHQRVWUrV
YH]HV PDLRU TXH R GH SRURV HQFRQWUDGRV QD $&) 8PD JUDQGH SDUWH GR YROXPH GH
SRURVGHVWHFDUYmRHQFRQWUDVHQDIDL[DGLPHQVLRQDOGHPLFURSRURVRTXHFODVVLILFDR
FRPRXPFDUYmRGHERDTXDOLGDGH1D)LJXUDpDSUHVHQWDGDDLVRWHUPDGRFDUYmR
DWLYDGRGHWHUPLQDGRSRUHQVDLRVFRP1DWHPSHUDWXUDGH.$FRPSDUDomRHQWUH
R 3'6 GR FDUYmR DWLYDGR FRP R GR $&) SURGX]LGR D SDUWLU GH 0923$1+
FDUERQL]DGR D ƒ&PLQ R PHVPR XWLOL]DGR QRV HQVDLRV FRP R DTXiULR p
DSUHVHQWDGRQD)LJXUD
 1DFRPSDUDomRHQWUHR36'GRVGRLVPDWHULDLVDWLYDGRV)LJXUDYHULILFDVH
TXHRVGRLVPDWHULDLVSRVVXHPSRURVQDRUGHPGHQPGHGLkPHWURSRUpPQRFDUYmR
DWLYDGRVREUHVVDLDPHVRSRURVLGDGHHQTXDQWRTXHSDUDDILEUDGHFDUERQRDWLYDGDD
PLFURSRVRVLGDGHpSUHGRPLQDQWH





400

 350

Quantidade adsorvida (cm /g) 300

Adsorção
3

 Desorção
250

200

150

100

50

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Pressão relativa (P/Po)

Figura 43 ± ,VRWHUPDGHQLWURJrQLRD.GHFDUYmRDWLYDGRJUDQXODU


0.6
AC
ACF*
0.5

0.4
dV (cm /g)
3

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Diâmetro de poro (nm)

Figura 44 'LVWULEXLomRGRWDPDQKRGHSRURREWLGRSRU1/')7SDUD$&FRPHUFLDO
XWLOL]DGD




Tabela 11±&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHWH[WXUDGRFDUYmRDWLYDGRGHVLVWHPDGHILOWUDJHPGH
DTXiULR

 $QiOLVHJHUDO $QiOLVHGHPLFURSRURVLGDGH
 6%(7 9 'DYH 6')7 9')7 '')7
     
 P J  PO QP P J  FP J  QP
J
&DUYmR      
6%(7DUHDGHVXSHUItFLHSHORPpWRGR%(7PXOWLSRQWRV
9YROXPHWRWDOGHSyURHVWLPDGRHP33R 
'DYHGLDPHWURPpGLRGHSRUR96%(7
69'')7±iUHDGHVXSHUItFLHYROXPHHGLkPHWURYDORUGHSLFRE\'HQVLW\)XQFWLRQDO7KHRU\IRU
PLFURSRUHDQDO\VLV


1° 15°

Figura 45 ±(QVDLRFRPFDUYmRDWLYDGRHVTXHUGDRSULPHLURGLDGHHQVDLRHDGLUHLWD
GLDVDSyV

 2VHQVDLRVFRPRFDUYmRDWLYDGRVHJXLUDPDPHVPDPHWRGRORJLDDSOLFDGDSDUD
RVHQVDLRVFRPILEUDVGHFDUERQRDWLYDGR1D)LJXUDpDSUHVHQWDGRRDVSHFWRGD
iJXD GR DTXiULR DQWHV GR LQLFLR GR HQVDLR FRP FDUYmR DWLYDGR H DRV  GLDV 8P
SDUDOHORFRPD$&)IRLWUDoDGRSDUDDGHWHUPLQDomRGDFRUDSDUHQWHHHVWDVFXUYDV
VmRDSUHVHQWDGDVQD)LJXUD
 $FRUDSDUHQWHpUHVXOWDGRGDLQWHUDomRGHVyOLGRVGLVVROYLGRVQDiJXDFRPD
OX]LQFLGHQWH1RHQVDLRDSUHVHQWDGRQD)LJXUDREVHUYDVHTXHDSyVGLDVDiJXD
GHL[DGHWHUXPDVSHFWRDPDUHODGRSDUDXPHVWDGRGHWRWDOFULVWDOLQLGDGH2VFDUY}HV



DWLYDGRV SRVVXHP HVVD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GH UHPRomR GH FRU GD iJXD GHYLGR DV VXD
FDUDFWHUtVWLFD PHVRSRURVD HQTXDQWR D $&) QmR WHP FDSDFLGDGH GH UHPRYHU D FRU
GHYLGR D VHXV SRURV SRVVXtUHP XPD HVWUXWXUD PHQRU TXH D HQWLGDGH SURGXWRUD GD
FRORUDomRGDiJXD
 1D)LJXUDpDSUHVHQWDGDDYDULDomRGDFRUGXUDQWHGLDVGHHQVDLRVSDUDD
$&)HRFDUYmRDWLYDGR$HILFLrQFLDGRFDUYmRDWLYDGRpQRWyULDID]HQGRFRPTXHD
iJXDHVWHMDQRHVWDGRGHFRU]HURDSyVRƒGLDGHHQVDLRSRURXWURD$&)TXDVHQmR
DSUHVHQWRXFDSDFLGDGHGHUHPRomRGHFRU


105
AC
ACF
90
Cor aparente (u.i.)

75

60

45

30

15

0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Tempo (dias)

Figura 46 ± 9DULDomRGDFRUDSDUHQWHSDUDHQVDLRVFRPFDUYmRDWLYDGR$&HILEUDV
GHFDUERQRDWLYDGR$&)


 1D)LJXUDpDSUHVHQWDGDXPDFRPSDUDomRHQWUHRVHQVDLRVGH$&)H$&QD
UHPRomR GH EDVHV QLWURJHQDGDV H IRVIRUDGD SUHVHQWHV QR DTXiULR 1R SULPHLUR
PRPHQWR REVHUYDVH TXH R SRQWR GH SDUWLGD SDUD RV HQVDLRV FRP $&) H $&
DSUHVHQWDP FRQFHQWUDo}HV GLIHUHQWHV GH SROXHQWHV TXtPLFRV LVVR RFRUUH GHYLGR DRV
HQVDLRV WHUHP VLGR IHLWRV HP WHPSRV FRPSOHWDPHQWH GLIHUHQWHV UHSUHVHQWDQGR
PRPHQWRVGLVWLQWRVGDGLQkPLFDELROyJLFDGRDTXiULR3RUpPHVWHIDWRQmRUHSUHVHQWD
XPD YDULiYHO D SRQWR GH PRGLILFDU DV FDSDFLGDGHV DGVRUSWLYDV GD $&) H GR $& D
VHUHPFRPSDUDGDV$QWHVGHRFRUUHURLQLFLRGRHQVDLRGHDGVRUomRFRPD$&XPD



SHTXHQDDPRVWUDGHiJXDGRDTXiULRIRLUHWLUDGDHHQVDLRVFRP$&)IRUDPUHDOL]DGRV
H FRPSDUDGRV FRP HQVDLRV DQWHULRUHV $V SURSRUo}HV GH UHPRomR GRV SROXHQWHV VH
PDQWLYHUDPYDOLGDQGRDVFRQGLo}HVLQLFLDLVSDUDRVHQVDLRV


0.5 22
ACF ACF
20
AC AC
0.4 18
16
Amônia NH 3 (mg/l)

Nitrito NO 2 (mg/l)
0.3 14
12
10
0.2
8
6
0.1
4
2
0.0
0

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Tempo (dias)
Tempo (dias)
 
230 8.0
AC
ACF
220 7.5
ACF
Fosfato P 2O 5 (mg/l)

210 7.0 AC
Nitrato NO 3 (mg/l)

200 6.5

190 6.0

180 5.5

170 5.0

160 4.5
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Tempo (dias)
 Tempo (dias)

Figura 47 - 9DULDomR GH QLWUDWR QLWULWR DP{QLD H IRVIDWR SDUD HQVDLRV FRP FDUYmR
DWLYDGR$&HILEUDVGHFDUERQRDWLYDGR$&)


 2EVHUYDVH QD )LJXUD  TXH D FDSDFLGDGH GD $& DSHVDU GH VHU XP FDUYmR
DWLYDGRGHERDTXDOLGDGHHPUHPRYHURVSROXHQWHVQLWURJHQDGRVHIRVIRUDGRpWtPLGD
TXDQGRFRPSDUDGDFRPDGD$&)$UHGXomRQDFRQFHQWUDomRGHQLWULWRFRPRXVR
GH$&SRGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGD]HURDRSDVVRTXHD$&)SURGX]LXUHPRomRWRWDODWpRƒ
GLD $ PHVPD DQDORJLD IHLWD SDUD D UHPRomR GR QLWULWR SRGH VHU DSOLFDGD TXDQWR D
UHPRomRGHDP{QLD3DUDRVFRPSRVWRVQLWUDWRHIRVIDWRpREVHUYDGDXPDUHGXomRQDV
FRQFHQWUDo}HVGHIRUPDFRQWLQXDDWpRƒGLDTXDQGRRDTXiULRpWUDWDGRFRP$&)




HQWUHWDQWRTXDQGRWUDWDGRFRP$&DUHGXomRpREVHUYDGDDSHQDVQRVSULPHLURVGLDV
DSyVDTXDODVFRQFHQWUDo}HVGHQLWUDWRHIRVIDWRUHWRUQDPjVFRQGLo}HVLQLFLDLV
 $V ILEUDV GH FDUERQR DWLYDGDV H RV FDUY}HV DWLYDGRV HPERUD SRVVDP VHU
FRQVLGHUDGDV HVWUXWXUDOPHQWH H ILVLFDPHQWH GLIHUHQWHV WrP FRPR EDVH D PHVPD
PDWUL]FDUERQRVDeSRUWDQWRGHVHVXSRUTXHH[FHWRDVIRUPDVItVLFDVDVXDTXtPLFD
GHVXSHUItFLHWHQKDPDVPHVPDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVLVWRpDPEDVSRVVXHPFDUiWHUEiVLFR
(P XPD DQDORJLD VLPSOHV R $& GLIHUH GD $&) SHOR VHX IRUPDWR ItVLFR H SHOD
HVWUXWXUDGHSRURTXHDSUHVHQWDP$VLVRWHUPDVTXHGHVFUHYHPDSRURVLGDGHGH$&)V
ILJXUD  H  DSUHVHQWDP FODUDPHQWH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH PDWHULDLV PLFURSRURVRV
LVHQWRV GH PHVRSRURV $ LVRWHUPD DSUHVHQWDGD SDUD R $& PRVWUD XPD OLQKD
SUDWLFDPHQWH QD YHUWLFDO FRPR QD $&) VHJXLGR GH XPD FXUYD VXDYH H XPD OLQKD
DVFHQGHQWHDOHPGLVVRDSUHVHQWDWDPEpPXPDSHTXHQDKLVWHUHVHSURYDQGRTXHR$&
pFRPSRVWRGHPHVRSRURVGHSHTXHQDVGLPHQV}HVDOpPGRVPLFURSRURV
 &RPRDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDTXtPLFDGD$&)H$&VmRVLPLODUHVHSRVVXHPiUHDGD
VXSHUItFLHFRPSDUiYHOSRGHVHLQIHULUTXHDVGLIHUHQoDVREVHUYDGDVQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFD
GH DGVRUomR GH EDVHV QLWURJHQDGD H IRVIRUDGD HP PHLR DTXRVR HVWmR DWUHODGDV D
HVWUXWXUDHRWDPDQKRItVLFRGHSRUR
$ FRPSDUDomR GH UHVXOWDGRV HQWUH R $& H R $&) VXJHUH TXH HOHV VmR PDWHULDLV
FRPSOHPHQWDUHV SDUD R WUDWDPHQWR GH iJXD (QTXDQWR D $&) UHPRYH RV
FRQWDPLQDQWHV GH GLPHQV}HV PROHFXODUHV D $& UHPRYH FRQWDPLQDQWHV GH RUGHP
FRORLGDO8PSRWHQFLDOSURGXWRSDUDRWUDWDPHQWRGHiJXDPDLVFRPSOHWRpRXVRGH
ILOWURV FRPELQDGRV GH FDUYmR DWLYDGR H ILEUD GH FDUERQR DWLYDGR $ $&) SRU VHU
ILODPHQWDU SRGH VHU WUDEDOKDGD FRP R REMHWLYR GH VHUYLU FRPR HVWUXWXUD GH VXSRUWH
SDUDRVFDUY}HVDWLYRV





6 ± Conclusão
 (VWHWUDEDOKRGHUHSUHVHQWDDSULPHLUDSURGXomRGHILEUDV GHFDUERQRDWLYDGDV
HQYROYHQGR PDWpULDSULPD H WHFQRORJLD  QDFLRQDLV )RUDP HVWXGDGRV RV
SDUkPHWURV HQYROYLGRV GHVGH D SURGXomR GD PiWULDSULPD 3$1 Wr[WLO R[LGDGD D
FDUERQL]DomRGHILEUDV3$1Wr[WHLVR[LGDGDVHILQDOPHQWHDDWLYDomRGHVWDILEUD1mR
REVWDQWH XP HVWXGR GH DSOLFDELOLGDGH GD $&) FRPR PDWHULDO FDSD] GH DGVRUYHU
SROXHQWHV GH GLItFLO UHPRomR EDVHV QLWURJHQDGDV H IRVIRUDGDV HP PHLR DTXRVR IRL
GHVHQYROYLGR
 7RPDQGR FRPR EDVH RV FDUY}HV DWLYDGRV H ILEUDV GH FDUERQR DWLYDGDV D
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7 ± Refêrencias Bibliográficas
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[33] -RKQVRQ '- Carbon Fibers: Manufacture, Properties, Structure and

applications(G+DUU\0DUVK/RQGUHV

[34]  'HO¶DUFR $3- Análise e desenvolvimento do processo de obtenção de

fibras de carbono a partir da estabilização oxidativa de poliacrilonitríla 
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8PLGDGH[7HPSRGHDWLYDomRBurn Off[7HPSRGHDWLYDomR


0923$1/ƒ&PLQ
 30 50


45

25 40

35
 20 30
umidade (%)

Burn off (%)

25
 15 20

15

 10 10

 5 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 20 30 40 50 60
Tempo de ativação (min) Tempo de ativação (min)

8PLGDGH[7HPSRGHDWLYDomRBurn Off[7HPSRGHDWLYDomR

0923$1+ƒ&PLQ
 30 50


45

25 40

35
 20 30
umidade (%)

Burn off (%)

25
 15 20

15

 10 10

 5 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 20 30 40 50 60
Tempo de ativação (min) Tempo de ativação (min)

8PLGDGH[7HPSRGHDWLYDomRBurn Off[7HPSRGHDWLYDomR

0923$1/ƒ&PLQ
 30

 25

 20
umidade (%)

 15

 10

 5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Tempo de ativação (min)


8PLGDGH[7HPSRGHDWLYDomRBurn Off[7HPSRGHDWLYDomR


0923$1+ƒ&PLQ
 30 50


45

25 40

35
 20 30
umidade (%)

Burn off (%)

25

 15 20

15

 10 10

 5 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 20 30 40 50 60

Tempo de ativação (min) Tempo de ativação (min)


8PLGDGH[7HPSRGHDWLYDomRBurn Off[7HPSRGHDWLYDomR

0923$1/ƒ&PLQ
 30 50


45

25 40

35
 20 30
umidade (%)

Burn off (%)

25

 15 20

15

 10 10

 5 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 20 30 40 50 60

Tempo de ativação (min) Tempo de ativação (min)


8PLGDGH[7HPSRGHDWLYDomRBurn Off[7HPSRGHDWLYDomR

0923$1+ƒ&PLQ
 30 50


45

25 40

35
 20 30
umidade (%)

Burn off (%)

25

 15 20

15

 10 10

 5 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 20 30 40 50 60

Tempo de ativação (min) Tempo de ativação (min)


8PLGDGH[7HPSRGHDWLYDomRBurn Off[7HPSRGHDWLYDomR




ANEXO 2 ± Massa específica
&XUYDGDPDVVDHVSHFtILFDsink-floatHSLFQRPHWULDGHKHOLRSDUDILEUDV0923$1
+ H 0923$1/ &DUERQL]DGDV  D WHPSHUDWXUDV GH  D  ƒ& SDUD WD[D GH
DTXHFLPHQWRGHHƒ&PLQ'DGRVFRPSOHPHQWDUHVGRLWHP

0923$1/HPƒ&PLQ0923$1+HPƒ&PLQ

2.0 2.00
Sink-float(1) sink-float
Helio 1.95 Helio

1.9 1.90

1.85
Densidade (g/cm )
Densidade (g/cm )

3
3

1.8 1.80

1.75

1.7 1.70

1.65

1.6 1.60

1.55

1.5 1.50
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)

0923$1/HPƒ&PLQ0923$1+HPƒ&PLQ

2.0 2.0
sink-float sink-float
Helio Helio
1.9 1.9
Densidade (g/cm )

Densidade (g/cm )
3

1.8 1.8

1.7 1.7

1.6 1.6

1.5 1.5
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)

0923$1/HPƒ&PLQ0923$1+HPƒ&PLQ




 1.9 2.1
Sink-float Sink-float
Helio Helio
2.0
1.8

)
Densidade (g/cm )

3
3

1.9

Densidade (g/cm
1.7

1.8
1.6

1.7

1.5

1.6
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)

0923$1/HPƒ&PLQ0923$1+HPƒ&PLQ




ANEXO 3 ± Micrografias

)LEUDVGH0923$1+FDUERQL]DGDVHPWHPSHUDWXUDVGHDƒ&SDUDXPD
WD[DGHƒ&PLQ'DGRVFRPSOHPHQWDUHVD)LJXUDHDRLWHP


ƒ&


ƒ&


ƒ&








ƒ&


ƒ&




 
ƒ&

ƒ&

ƒ&




ƒ&





ƒ&




ANEXO 4 ± espectrometria de massa

'DGRVFRPSOHPHQWDUHVDRLWHPHDV7DEHODVH&XUYDVGHHVSHFWURPHWULDGH
PDVVDSDUD0923$1/H0923$1+FDUERQL]DGDVDHƒ&PLQ


0923$1/ƒ&PLQ0923$1+ƒ&PLQ
 
30 30 H2O
H2O CO
CO CO2
25 25
CO2

20 20

Intensidade (u.a.)
Intensidade (u.a.)

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)

30 30 H2
H2 CH4
CH4 HCN
25 25
HCN

20 20
Intensidade (u.a.)
Intensidade (u.a.)

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)

30 30 CH4
CH4 NH3
NH3 HCN
25 25
HCN

20 20
Intensidade (u.a.)

Intensidade (u.a.)

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)





0923$1/ƒ&PLQ0923$1+ƒ&PLQ

 
30 30
H2O H2O
CO CO
25 CO2 25 CO2

20 20

Intensidade (u.a.)
Intensidade (u.a.)

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Temperatura Temperatura (°C)

30 30
H2 H2
CH4 CH4
25 25 HCN
HCN

20 20
Intensidade (u.a.)
Intensidade (u.a.)

15 15

10 10

5
5

0
0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Temperatura Temperatura (°C)

30 30
CH4
CH4
NH3
NH3
25 25 HCN
HCN

20 20
Intensidade (u.a.)
Intensidade (u.a.)

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Temperatura Temperatura (°C)




0923$1/ƒ&PLQ0923$1+ƒ&PLQ

 
30 H2O 30 H2O
CO CO
CO2 25 CO2
25

20 20

Intensidade (u.a.)
Intensidade (u.a.)

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)

30 H2 30 H2
CH4 CH4
25 HCN 25 HCN

20 20
Intensidade (u.a.)
Intensidade (u.a.)

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)

30 CH4 30 CH4
NH3 NH3
25 HCN 25 HCN

20 20
Intensidade (u.a.)
Intensidade (u.a.)

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)




0923$1/ƒ&PLQ0923$1+ƒ&PLQ

 
30 30 H2O
H2
CO
CO
CO2
25 CO2 25

20 20
Intensidade (u.a.)

Intensidade (u.a)
15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)

30 30 H2
H2
CH4
CH4
HCN
25 HCN 25

20 20
Intensidade (u.a.)

Intensidade (u.a)

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)

30 CH4 30 CH4

NH3 NH3
25 HCN 25
HCN

20 20
Intensidade (u.a.)

Intensidade (u.a)

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperatura (°C) Temperatura (°C)




ANEXO 5 ± Isotermas CO2

'DGRVFRPSOHPHQWDUHVDRLWHP6mRDSUHVHQWDGDVDVLVRWHUPDVGH&2 D.
HDGLVWULEXLomRGHSRURSRU')7SDUDDVDPRVWUDVGH0923$1/H0923$1+
DSHQDV FDUERQL]DGDV HP GLIHUHQWHV UDPSDV GH DTXHFLPHQWR $ WHPSHUDWXUD GH
SDWDPDU IRL HVFROKLGD HP IXQomR GD PDLRU SUHVHQoD GH SRURVLGDGH GHWHTXLWDGD SRU
HQVDLRVGHPDVVDHVSHFtILFDHXPLGDGH


0923$1/FDUERQL]DGDDƒ&PLQ±ƒ&

60 1.1

1.0

50 0.9
Quantidade adsorvida (cm /g)
3

0.8
40
0.7
dV (cm /g)
0.6
30
3

0.5

0.4
20
0.3

0.2
10
0.1

0 0.0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Pressão relativa (P/Po) Diâmetro do poro (nm)

,VRWHUPD&2'LVWULEXLomRGHSRUR



0923$1+FDUERQL]DGDDƒ&PLQ±ƒ&

60 1.1

1.0

50 0.9
Quantidade adsorvida (cm /g)
3

0.8
40
0.7
dV (cm /g)

0.6
3

30
0.5

0.4
20
0.3

0.2
10
0.1

0 0.0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Pressão relativa (P/Po) Diâmetro do poro (nm)

,VRWHUPD&2'LVWULEXLomRGHSRUR




0923$1/FDUERQL]DGDDƒ&PLQ±ƒ&

 60 1.1

 50
1.0


0.9
Quantidade adsorvida (cm /g)
3

0.8

 40
0.7

dV (cm /g)
0.6
30

3

0.5

0.4


20
0.3

 10
0.2

0.1
 0 0.0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Pressão relativa (P/Po) Diâmetro do poro (nm)

,VRWHUPD&2'LVWULEXLomRGHSRUR

0923$1+FDUERQL]DGDDƒ&PLQ±ƒ&

60  1.1

50
 1.0

0.9


Quantidade adsorvida (cm /g)
3

0.8
40
 0.7
dV (cm /g)

 0.6
3

30
0.5

20
 0.4

 0.3


0.2
10
0.1

0
 0.0


0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Pressão relativa (P/Po) Diâmetro do poro (nm)


,VRWHUPD&2'LVWULEXLomRGHSRUR

0923$1/FDUERQL]DGDDƒ&PLQ±ƒ&



60 1.1

1.0

 50 0.9
Quantidade adsorvida (cm /g)


3

0.8
40
0.7

dV (cm /g)

0.6

 30
3

0.5

 20
0.4

0.3
 10
0.2

 0.1

 0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

 Pressão relativa (P/Po) Diâmetro do poro (nm)


,VRWHUPD&2'LVWULEXLomRGHSRUR




0923$1+FDUERQL]DGDDƒ&PLQ±ƒ&



60 1.1

1.0


50 0.9
Quantidade adsorvida (cm /g)


3

0.8
40

 0.7

dV (cm /g)
0.6


30

3
0.5


20
0.4


0.3

0.2
10
 0.1

0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Pressão relativa (P/Po)  Diâmetro do poro (nm)

,VRWHUPD&2'LVWULEXLomRGHSRUR

0923$1/FDUERQL]DGDDƒ&PLQ±ƒ&



60 1.1

1.0


50 0.9
Quantidade adsorvida (cm /g)


3

0.8
40

 0.7
dV (cm /g)

0.6


30
3

0.5


20
0.4


0.3

0.2
10
 0.1

0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Pressão relativa (P/Po)  Diâmetro do poro (nm)

,VRWHUPD&2'LVWULEXLomRGHSRUR

0923$1+FDUERQL]DGDDƒ&PLQ±ƒ&


1.1

60

1.0


50 0.9
Quantidade adsorvida (cm /g)

 0.8
3

40 0.7

dV (cm /g)

0.6


3

30
0.5


20
0.4

0.3
 0.2
10
 0.1

0

0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Pressão relativa (P/Po)  Diâmetro do poro (nm)

,VRWHUPD&2'LVWULEXLomRGHSRUR



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