Module-II

Approaches to
Disaster Risk
Reduction
DARAPU SRIKANTH SATISH KUMAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
GITAM (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
(ESTD. U/S 3 OF THE UGC ACT, 1956)
ACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH ‘A+’ GRADE
VISAKHAPATNAM-530 045, A.P., INDIA
TELEPHONE: 0891-2840260
EMAIL: HOD_CIVIL@GITAM.EDU
©
TOPICS
• Disaster Cycle, its Analysis, Phases
• Culture of Safety, Prevention, Mitigation
And Preparedness Community Based
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
• Structural – Non-structural Measures
• Roles And Responsibilities of Community,
Panchayat Raj Institutions/Urban Local
Bodies, States, Centre and Other Stake
Holders
 1 2

4 3

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Disaster Management Cycle
• Also known as ‘life cycle of
comprehensive emergency management’
• Helps frame issues related to disaster
preparedness as well as economic and
business recovery after a disaster
• Phases of Disaster – Four
1. Mitigation
2. Preparedness
3. Response
4. Recovery

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Phases of Disaster
Mitigation
• Pre-Disaster Prevention & Mitigation
Efforts
• Involves steps to reduce vulnerability
to impacts of disaster and to make
the community more resilient
• e.g. Revision of IS Code, Redefining
Zoning, Strengthening of Public
Infrastructures

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 • How a disaster might
impact the community?
• How Education, Outreach
and Training can build
capacity to respond?
• The disaster preparedness
activities guide: Business
Continuity & Emergency
Management Planning
Phases of Disaster –
Preparedness
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Phases of Disaster – Response
• Addresses immediate threats – saving lives,
providing vital support
• Immediate Response to Stakeholders
• Triage efforts assess – deal with the most
pressing emergency issues – lasts a month or
more
• Business re-entry into the economy
• Establish Business Recovery Center as the
response period progresses
• Reconstruction process of damaged
infrastructure, facilities, and areas
• The response phase may continue through
the sixth month – to bridge significant gaps in
organizational capacity, staff and resources.
Phases of Disaster –
Recovery
• Restoration of all aspects of the disaster’s
impact
• Post-Disaster Economic Recovery Plan
• Return of the local economy to some sense of
normalcy
• Short-term phase – 6 months to at least 1
year – delivering immediate services to
businesses
• Long-term phase – up to decades – addresses
permanent impacts of disasters thoughtful
strategic planning and action
• Reinvestment in economy – long-term
economic recovery
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 Disaster Risk Management
All activities, programmes and measures taken up
before, during and after a disaster to avoid a
disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses
1. Pre-disaster: Mitigation and preparedness
activities taken to reduce human and property
losses. e.g. Strengthening the existing weak
structures
2. During a disaster: Emergency Response
Activities. e.g. Blood donation, food and drinking
water supply
3. Post-disaster: Response and recovery activities -
to achieve early recovery and rehabilitation
ASAP.

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DRR – Disaster Risk Reduction

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Community Based Disaster
Management (CBDM)
• CBDM is a process in which risk communities
(i.e. people) are actively engaged in the
• Identification
• Analysis
• Treatment
• Monitoring
• Evaluation
of disaster risks
• People are at the heart of decision making and
implementation of disaster risk management
activities
• Also called as Community Based Disaster Risk
Reduction (CBDRR)
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, GIT, GITAM, VISAKHAPATNAM 12
CDBM is necessitated if
• readiness and capacity are insufficient
• vulnerabilities are too great
• the scale of hazard is too big

Objectives of CDBM
• To build a response mechanism to save life, livelihood,
livestock & assets with available resources
• To develop multi-pronged interventions to address the
root cause of vulnerability
• To hasten post-event recovery
• To build a self-reliant disaster proof community
 Characteristics of a
disaster resilient
community
• Faster recovery
• Capability to resume its
original form
• Ability to adjust easily to
changed situation.
• Cope up with the situation
without outside support

A community Based Disaster

Risk Reduction Plan (CBDRRP)
would support the community
in planning for being resilient.
14 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, GIT, GITAM, VISAKHAPATNAM
Mapping Vulnerability &
Risk Assessments
• Identification of Different
Hazards & its Impact-
Mapping
• Identification of Risk &
Weak areas - Mapping
• Identification of Risk
Groups – Mapping
Resource Inventory
• Safe Shelters / Houses –
Community as well as
privates
• Temporary Shelters –
Tarpaulins/ Tents/ Polythene
sheets
• Food – Dealers / Godowns
• Transportation – Vehicles,
Boats
• List of Volunteers / CBOs /
NGOs with Address exact
location
• Health Facilities etc.

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Mitigation strategy
Risk Reduction
• Safe shelter/ elevated land / insurance
• Retrofitting the traditional structure
• Alternate cropping pattern/short duration
crop/grain or seed bank
• Accurate and timely warning
• Identification and registration of risk groups
• Integrating Development programme to reduce
vulnerability
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 • Emergency fund
generated from the
community by
individual
contribution
• Community
Funds/Grain banks
• Use for preparedness
activities and
Emergency Fund emergency
consumptions
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STRUCTURAL – NON-
STRUCTURAL MEASURES
Structure
• All the parts of the building that carry its weight are
called as Structure.
• e.g. Columns, Beams, Slab, foundation etc.

Non-Structure
• All the remaining parts of the building other than
structure are known as Non-Structure.
e.g. False Ceiling, Partition Walls, Appliances

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Non-Structural Elements

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Structural – Non-structural Measures
• DRR requires a combination of both the
structural and non-structural measures

Structural measures
• Improve construction practice
• Retrofit critical structures and lifelines

Non-structural measures
• Improve response capacity
• Improve post-disaster assessment and
communication capacity
• Communicate risk and mitigation
measures to various stakeholders DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, GIT, GITAM, VISAKHAPATNAM 21
Construction practice
• Engineered Constructions
• Designed and constructed with the
assistance of qualified engineers
• Design to comply with relevant BIS codes

• Non-Engineered Constructions
• Constructed without the assistance of
qualified engineers
• Most constructions use light-weight roofs
• Poor seismic resistance expected

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 Vulnerability Reduction
• Engineering intervention in buildings and
structures
• Restrictions on land-use to minimize exposure of
the society to disaster
• Land use restrictions, in the town and country
planning laws or master plan rules.
• Earthquake resistance provisions in Municipal bye
laws: Standards are not mandatory and do not
form part of the byelaws of the Local Bodies.
• Past earthquakes in Uttarkashi (1991), Latur-
Osmanabad (1993), Jabalpur (1997) Chamoli
(1999), Kachchh (2001) and Kashmir (2005)
have clearly shown lack of implementation of
these Codes and Guidelines. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, GIT, GITAM, VISAKHAPATNAM 23
 Most appropriate institutes for
involving people in disaster
preparedness – Panchayati Raj
bodies – have a role in all the
phases

Roles and Responsibilities of Community,

Panchayat Raj Institutions/Urban Local
Bodies, States, Centre and Other Stake
Holders
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 • Convene meetings to
ensure timely warning
• Update information on civic
amenities/population, etc.
• Select safe locations for
people and livestock
• Arrangements to evacuate
the elderly, the disabled,
children and women
• Medical and sanitation
facilities at relief camps
• Disconnecting power lines
Gram Panchayat or during high winds/gales;
storing food grain, drinking
Village level water, etc.

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 • Supervise preparedness of Gram
Panchayats (GP)
• Consolidate village-level
information on items listed under
GP
• Assessing preparedness of:
primary health centers/evacuation
arrangements, etc.
• Engineering staff at the
Block/Mandal level should repair
drainage/canal/roads, etc.
• Contact ex-army/security forces
personal/volunteers to organize
task force for assistance
• Procure and keep ready rescue
material, including boats
Block/Mandal Panchayat • Function as link between district
and village-level counter-disaster
activities.
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 • The District Collector/CEO should convene a meeting of all
District Heads of sectoral departments and ZP members
before the start of likely cyclone periods (May to June & Oct.
to Nov.)
• Initiate all concerned departments to take up necessary
repair and maintenance and related works for preparedness
• Organize ‘Task Forces’ at district, block and village levels
Zilla • Identify NGOs useful in providing assistance during disasters
Panchayat • Check inventories of items required at short notice for rescue
and relief operations
or • At first warning, call meeting of Crisis Management Group
District level (CMG) and alert blocks/villages
• All CMG members should be asked to keep their personnel in
full preparedness
• District Collector should be made the CMG Leader and
establish a control room managed by senior officers round
the clock during the crisis (Jain & Polman, 2003).

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 PANCHAYAT ROLE IN RESCUE
AND RELIEF BEFORE AND DURING
NATURAL DISASTER IMPACT

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Gram Panchayat or Village level
• Set up temporary shelters/relief camps after initial
warning/store food and water for people/livestock
• Evacuation of people and livestock should start
immediately after final warning
• Keep rescue volunteers and task forces ready
• District/block medical/relief teams may be asked to
take position at strategic points and coordinate with
village volunteers/task forces
• Organize veterinary aid teams for taking care of
livestock and removal of carcasses
• Disposal of dead bodies and prevention of the
spread of epidemics
• Assessing loss of life, livestock and damage to
farming, property, etc.

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 Identify vulnerable areas and send task
Identify forces/volunteers to supervise safety measures

Evacuate people from these areas and help GPs in

Evacuate organizing relief camps

Arrange for emergency communication through police

Arrange wireless/ham radio, etc.

Block/Mandal
Arrange supply of food and other items to relief camps
Arrange in adequate quantities

Panchayat Supervise Supervise rescue and relief activities with district-level

officers

Inform CMG if help is needed from police and defense

Inform forces

Assist Assist armed forces in rescue and relief operations

Supervise rescue and relief and coordinate with

Supervise various agencies including NGOs.
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VISAKHAPATNAM 30
Zilla Panchayat or District level
• Monitor the situation, identify blocks and villages
most likely to be affected and issue warnings
• Activate control room and keep a full watch on the
situation
• Arrange emergency communication with the help of
police wireless/ham radio, etc.
• Put CMG on the job of assisting block and village
Panchayats with counter-disaster steps
• Arrange transport for evacuation of people and
livestock
• Arrange for temporary shelters/relief camps
• Seek assistance of the armed forces if necessary
• Monitor rescue and relief operations at village and
block levels
• Assist lower Panchayats in mobilizing task
forces/volunteers/ NGOs for rescue and relief
(Reports, The Panchayati Raj model in India, 2003).
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 ROLE OF PANCHAYAT IN
RECONSTRUCTION AND LONG-
TERM MITIGATION PLANNING

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 • Assist in identifying victims for compensation, and then in its
distribution
• Formulate reconstruction plans for houses, community
buildings, roads, etc. within GP jurisdiction with the assistance
of technical departments at block and district levels.
• Enforce minimum specifications for safe construction.
Gram • Help district and block level organizations in arranging
awareness camps for management and mitigation of disasters
Panchayat or and ensure participation of the villagers.

Village level • Organize village-level task force/volunteers and train them in

counter-disaster measures.
• Assist in supervising and monitoring reconstruction and
development projects.
• Encourage local people to insure assets/livestock, which should
be mandatory for those who can afford. Seek government help
for those who are too poor to afford insurance (Reports, the
Panchayati Raj model in India, 2003).
 • Assist in rehabilitation, repair and reconstruction
• Assist gram Panchayats in identifying victims for
payment of compensation and in its distribution
• Prepare village and block-level mitigation plans;
consolidate/integrate these with the block plan
Block/Mandal • Enforce minimum
construction
safety specifications for

Panchayat • Assist in long-term mitigation planning and its

integration with block/district development
plans
• Supervise and monitor reconstruction and long-
term mitigation projects implemented by GPs
and Block Panchayats.
 • Planning and implementation of
rehabilitation, repair and reconstruction
• Compensation for loss of life, property, etc.
• Hazard and vulnerability mapping
Zilla Panchayat • Anti-disaster measures to be integrated in
or District level all development projects
• Special funding to use disaster-resistant
construction technologies in vulnerable
areas (Reports, The Panchayati Raj model
in India, 2003)
References
• http://notes.iasscore.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/DISASTER-MANAGEMENT-CYCLE-1.pdf (pg 30-34)

• http://restoreyoureconomy.org/disaster-overview/phases-of-disaster/

• https://ndma.gov.in/images/cbt/conference/Ms. Abha Mishra, UNDP.pdf (pg 1-21)

• http://www.hpsdma.nic.in/Training/Structural%20and%20non%20structural%20mitigation.pdf (pg 2-23)

• http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/19636/13/13_chapter5.pdf (pg 22-27)

• UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction, United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction,2009

• National Disaster Management Plan. A publication of the National Disaster Management Authority, Government of
India. May 2016, New Delhi

• National Policy on Disaster Management ,A publication of the National Disaster Management Authority,
Government of India, Oct 2009, New Delhi

• The Disaster Management Act,2005 (No. 53 of 2005), Ministry of Law and Justice, Dec 2005,New Delhi,

• Official website of the National Disaster Management Authority ( https://ndma.gov.in).

• Natural Hazards and Disaster Management,2006,(NCERT Textbook),The Secretary, Central Board of Secondary
Education,2 Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110092

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